中国2002年急性弛缓性麻痹病例监测系统运转情况分析

中国 2 0 0 2年急性弛缓性麻痹 (AFP)病例监测系统运转良好 ,各项监测指标均达到世界卫生组织和卫生部的要求。 2 0 0 2年AFP病例监测系统共报告 5 5 86例 ,其中AFP病例 5 4 15例。根据病毒学诊断标准 ,5 395例为非脊髓灰质炎 (脊灰 )AFP病例 ,2 0例为临床符合脊灰病例 ,未发现本土或输入脊灰野病毒病例。 5 4 15例AFP病例覆盖 31个省、自治区、直辖市的 2 0 5 2个县 ,占全国总县数的 71 7%。全年含零病例报告的县每月均 >90 %。 2 0 0 2年全国 <15岁儿童非脊灰AFP病例报告发病率为 1 89/10万 ,合格粪便标本采集率为 89%。     

中国2000年急性弛缓性麻痹病例监测系统运转情况分析

2000年全国急性弛缓性麻痹(AFP)病例监测系统共报告AFP病例5332例,按病毒学分类标准,5315例为非脊髓灰质炎(脊灰)AFP病例,17例为临床符合脊灰病例,未发现本土及输入的脊灰野病毒病例.5332例AFP病例分布在2111个县(市、区、旗,下同)中,占全国总县数的73.73%(2111/2863).全年报告"零"病例的县数每月均>90%.15岁以下儿童非脊灰AFP病例报告发病率为1.86/10万,合格粪便标本采集率为88.80%,其它各项监测指标也均达到了世界卫生组织(WHO)和卫生部的要求,这一年我国所在的WHO西太平洋区宣布实现了无脊灰目标.为维持我国无脊灰状态,仍需保持高质量敏感的AFP病例监测系统,确保能及时发现、识别、报告任何脊灰野病毒病例.     

中国2003年急性弛缓性麻痹病例监测系统运转情况分析

中国 2 0 0 3年急性弛缓性麻痹 (AFP)病例监测系统运转良好 ,各项评价指标均达到世界卫生组织和卫生部的要求。 2 0 0 3年AFP病例监测系统共报告 5 30 0例 ,其中AFP病例 5 1 0 7例。根据病毒学诊断标准 ,5 0 1 7例中 5 0 86例为非脊髓灰质炎 (脊灰 )AFP病例 ,2 1例为临床符合脊灰病例 ,未发现本土或输入脊灰野病毒病例。 5 1 0 7例AFP病例覆盖 31个省 (自治区、直辖市 )的 1 96 3个县 (区、市、旗 ,下同 ) ,占全国总县数的 6 8 6 %。全年每月进行含零病例报告的县 >90 %。全国 2 0 0 3年 <1 5岁儿童非脊灰AFP病例报告发病率为 1 79/1 0万 ,合格粪便标本采集率为88%。     

中国2005年急性弛缓性麻痹病例监测系统运转情况分析

目的评价中国(未包括香港、澳门特别行政区和台湾地区)2005年急性弛缓性麻痹(AFP)病例监测系统运转情况。方法分析31个省(自治区、直辖市)报告的2005年AFP病例数据库。结果2005年AFP病例监测系统共报告病例5 847例,其中AFP病例5 425例,非AFP病例422例。按病毒学分类标准,5 409例被排除脊髓灰质炎(脊灰),16例为临床符合脊灰。<15岁儿童非脊灰AFP病例报告发病率为1.94/10万。2005年AFP病例监测系统发现了中国首例免疫缺陷疫苗衍生脊灰病毒(iVDPV)病例,未发现本土或输入脊灰野病毒病例。AFP病例报告县(区、市、旗,下同)2 060个,占全国总县数的72.0%。结论中国2005年AFP病例监测系统保持较高的质量,各项监测指标均达到世界卫生组织和卫生部的要求。     

中国2006年急性弛缓性麻痹病例监测系统运转情况分析

目的评价中国(未包括香港、澳门特别行政区和台湾地区,下同)2006年急性弛缓性麻痹(AFP)病例监测系统运转情况。方法分析31个省(自治区、直辖市,下同)报告的AFP病例数据库。结果中国2006年AFP病例监测系统共报告6 111例,其中AFP病例5 635例,非AFP病例476例。按病毒学分类标准,5 625例被排除脊灰,10例为临床符合脊灰。<15岁儿童非脊灰AFP病例报告发病率为2.02/10万。2006年报告AFP病例的县(区、市、旗,下同)2 049个,占全国总县数的65.1%。结论中国2006年AFP病例监测系统保持较高的质量,各项监测指标均达到世界卫生组织和卫生部的要求。     

安徽省保持无脊髓灰质炎状态进展

目的　评价当前保持无脊髓灰质炎 (脊灰 )情况 ,巩固无脊灰成果。方法　利用EPIinfo软件对安徽省急性弛缓性麻痹 (AFP)病例监测系统及常规免疫报告系统的数据进行分析。结果　安徽省 2 0 0 1～ 2 0 0 3年 <1 5岁儿童非脊灰AFP病例报告发病率均 >1 /1 0万 ,报告的AFP病例分布于 1 0 2个县 (市、区 ,下同 ) ,占全省总县数的 97.1 % ,监测系统敏感性较好 ;AFP病例监测系统各项监测指标均达到要求 ,但个别地区仍有差距。AFP病例免疫史分析显示 ,每年约有 2 0 %的病例未全程免疫。结论　为保持无脊灰 ,今后应继续加强AFP病例监测和免疫工作 ,直到全世界消灭脊灰     

上蔡县1992-2001年急性弛缓性麻痹病例监测报告

目的 了解脊灰疫情专报系统AFP病例监测情况。方法 AFP监测报告系统统计资料分析。结果 上蔡县急性弛缓性麻痹（AFP）监测系统1992-2001年共报告AFP病例43例。经临床病学，病原学诊断，无确诊脊髓灰质炎（脊灰）病例，15岁以下非脊灰AFP病例的年平均报告发病率为1.58/10万；病例的及时报告率，及时调查率，及时采便送检率和及时随访率均达100%；双份大便的合格采集率为95.35%；县，乡医疗卫生单位AFP快速报告和常规报告系统报告的完整率，准确率，及时率均为100%；病例报告的特异度为95.35%(2/43)。结论 连续10年来无AFP病例的漏报，有关指标均达到了卫生部规定的标准。     

潍坊市2001—2012年急性弛缓性麻痹病例流行病学分析及监测系统运行情况评价

目的分析潍坊市2001-2012年急性弛缓性麻痹(Acute Flaccid Parelysis,AFP)病例流行病学特征,评价监测系统运行情况。方法采用描述流行病学方法,分析潍坊市AFP病例流行病学特征;按照世界卫生组织(WHO)和卫生部规定的各项监测指标,评价监测系统运行情况。结果潍坊市2001-2012年共报告AFP病例314例。根据病毒学诊断标准,314例均为非脊髓灰质炎(脊灰)(Non-Polio,NP)AFP(NPAFP)病例。AFP病例报告发病率在1.52/10万~2.40/10万之间,年平均报告发病率2.09/10万。AFP发病者中以5岁以下儿童为主,占76.11%。病例中服苗史≥3剂次285例,占90.76%。合格粪便样本采集率为93.63%。从37例AFP病例粪便样本中分离到非脊灰肠道病毒(Non-Polio Enterovirus,NPEV),分离率11.78%。结论潍坊市2001-2012年AFP病例监测系统各项指标以市为单位,均达到WHO和卫生部要求。为保持无脊灰状态,应保持高水平脊灰疫苗免疫接种率,提高AFP病例监测系统质量。     

铁岭市2001-2010年急性弛缓性麻痹病例监测情况分析

目的分析铁岭市2001-2010年急性弛缓性麻痹(AFP)病例监测情况,保持全市无脊髓灰质炎(脊灰)状态。方法对2001-2010年全市报告的AFP病例进行描述流行病学分析。结果 2001-2010年铁岭市共报告AFP病例69例,无脊灰确诊病例,AFP病例报告发病率在1.17/10万~2.16/10万之间。各县(市、区)年均报告发病率在1.02/10万~3.94/10万之间,其中昌图县有5年报告发病率未达到1/10万的标准。下半年报告病例49例,占71.01%。AFP发病者中以5岁以下儿童为主,占53.62%。病例中服苗史≥3剂次53例,占76.81%。合格粪便样本采集率为92.75%。从3例AFP病例粪便样本中分离到非脊灰肠道病毒,分离率为4.35%。结论铁岭市AFP病例监测系统各项指标,以市为单位,均达到国家标准。为保持无脊灰状态,应保持高水平脊灰疫苗免疫接种率,提高AFP病例监测系统质量。     

陕西省2003年急性弛缓性麻痹病例监测系统运行状况分析

目的　评价陕西省2 0 0 3年急性弛缓性麻痹(AFP)病例监测系统运行状况,维持无脊髓灰质炎(脊灰)状态。方法　采用描述流行病学方法。结果　陕西省2 0 0 3年AFP病例监测系统共报告178例,其中16 5例为AFP病例,<15岁儿童非脊灰AFP病例报告发病率为1 .89/ 10万,其它各项监测指标均达到世界卫生组织和卫生部要求。省疾病预防控制中心脊灰实验室收到15 4例粪便标本,其中合格粪便标本14 1例,合格粪便标本采集率为85 .5 % ,分离出1株脊灰Ⅱ型疫苗株病毒,非脊灰肠道病毒13株,分离率8 .4 %。结论　要维持无脊灰状态,应继续保持高质量的AFP病例监测,保证高水平的口服脊灰疫苗接种率。     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.