声触诊组织量化鉴别诊断甲状腺实性结节的良恶性

目的 探讨声触诊组织量化技术(VTQ)在甲状腺实性结节良恶性鉴别诊断中的应用价值。方法 采用VTQ技术测量经病理证实的101例患者共129个甲状腺实性结节及周边甲状腺组织剪切波速度(SWV),以病理诊断为金标准,绘制SWV诊断甲状腺实性恶性结节的ROC曲线,获得结节SWV诊断恶性结节的最佳截点。结果 甲状腺实性恶性结节的SWV[(3.15±1.91)m/s]大于良性结节[(2.06±0.54)m/s,P<0.01]。以SWV=2.43 m/s为截点诊断甲状腺实性恶性结节的敏感度、特异度分别为67.80%(40/59)、91.43%(64/70)。甲状腺恶性结节与周边甲状腺组织SWV比值(1.56±0.86)大于良性结节与周边甲状腺组织SWV比值(1.00±0.29,P<0.01)。结论 VTQ技术可量化甲状腺结节硬度,对鉴别诊断甲状腺实性结节具有较高的应用价值。     

声触诊组织定量技术鉴别肝脏良恶性病灶

目的 探讨声触诊组织定量(VTQ)技术鉴别肝脏良恶性病灶的临床价值.方法 回顾性分析123例患者共143个肝脏病灶及周围肝实质的VTQ检查资料.测量病灶及同等深度周围肝实质的剪切波速度(SWV),并计算两者比值(R值).以病理结果为金标准,分别绘制病灶SWV值及R值鉴别肝脏良恶性病灶的ROC曲线并进行分析.结果 143个病灶中,恶性病灶63个,良性病灶80个.恶性病灶SWV值[(2.81±0.71)m/s]高于良性病灶[(1.57±0.55)m/s,P<0.05].恶性病灶SWV值高于周围肝实质[(1.93±0.46)m/s,P<0.05],良性病灶与周围肝实质SWV值[(1.43±0.45)m/s]差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).恶性病灶R值(1.49±0.42)高于良性病灶(1.13±0.34,P<0.05).以病灶SWV值及R值鉴别肝脏良恶性病灶的ROC曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0.91、0.77.以SWV 2.23 m/s为最佳截断点,诊断敏感度、特异度分别为88.9%、89.1%;以R值1.22为最佳截断点,诊断敏感度、特异度分别为81.5%、68.5%.结论 通过VTQ技术获得病灶SWV值及R值均可较准确地鉴别肝脏良恶性病灶,且SWV值优于R值.     

声脉冲辐射力成像技术鉴别甲状腺良恶性结节的应用价值

目的探讨通过声脉冲辐射力成像(ARFI)技术中的声触诊组织成像(VTI)和声触诊组织定量(VTQ)技术鉴别诊断甲状腺良恶性结节的临床价值。方法分析48例患者经手术或穿刺病理证实的甲状腺结节的VTI分级和VTQ测得的结节及结节周围组织的剪切波速度(SWV),结果进行统计分析,用ROC曲线评估其诊断效能。结果 VTQ检测甲状腺良性结节的SWV值为(2.05±0.25)m/s,范围1.45~2.44 m/s,95%可信区间1.95~2.15 m/s;良性结节周围组织的SWV值为(1.78±0.26)m/s,范围1.32~2.28 m/s,95%可信区间1.68~2.88 m/s。甲状腺恶性结节的SWV值为(3.57±1.29)m/s,范围2.33~7.28 m/s,95%可信区间3.06~4.09 m/s;恶性结节周围组织的SWV值为(1.85±0.29)m/s,范围1.23~2.36 m/s,95%可信区间1.73~1.96 m/s。良恶性结节比较差异有统计学意义(P0.01),恶性结节与其周围组织比较差异有统计学意义(P0.01),良性结节与其周围组织比较差异有统计学意义(P0.01),良恶性结节周围组织比较差异无统计学意义。以结节SWV≥2.416 m/s为诊断恶性结节的标准,其预测甲状腺恶性结节的敏感性88.89%,特异性96.43%,阳性预测值96.00%,阴性预测值90.00%,阳性似然比24.89,阴性似然比0.12。VTI≥Ⅲ级时诊断甲状腺恶性结节的敏感性81.48%,特异性78.57%,阳性似然比3.80,阴性似然比0.24,阳性预测值78.57%,阴性预测值81.48%,正确指数60.05%,准确性80.00%;与病理结果一致性可靠(Kappa=0.60)。结论 VTI可通过灰度分级、VTQ通过SWV值提供结节及组织的硬度信息,对甲状腺良恶性结节的鉴别诊断有重要价值。     

声脉冲辐射力成像技术鉴别诊断BI-RADS 4类病灶

目的 评价声脉冲辐射力弹性成像（ARFI）技术鉴别诊断乳腺影像报告与数据系统/超声诊断（BI-RADS-US）4类病变良恶性的价值。方法 选取120例乳腺疾病患者,对152个乳腺BI-RADS-US 4类病灶进行ARFI检查,利用声触诊组织定性成像（VTI）判断肿块的性质、范围,并计算病灶在弹性图像与灰阶图像上的面积比;以声触诊组织定量（VTQ）技术测量病灶与同层次周围乳腺组织的剪切波速度（SWV）比值。结果 乳腺良、恶性病灶在弹性图像与灰阶图像上的面积比分别为1.13±0.19和1.95±0.62（P<0.001）,良、恶性病灶与同层次周围乳腺组织的SWV比值分别为2.38±1.29 m/s和5.82±1.76 m/s（P<0.001）;面积比和SWV比值的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.917和0.938,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,95%可信区间面积比为86.80%~96.50%,SWV比为89.60%~97.90%。以面积比值1.43和SWV比值3.69作为最佳诊断界值,则ARFI诊断乳腺恶性肿瘤的准确率、敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值分别为89.47（136/152）%、76.19%（48/63）、98.88%（88/89）、97.96%（48/49）和90.13%（137/152）、80.95%（51/63）、96.63%（86/89）和94.44%（51/54）。结论 ARFI技术可有效提高鉴别诊断良恶性BI-RADS-US 4类乳腺病变的准确率。     

二维超声、实时组织弹性成像及声触诊组织量化技术诊断乳腺浸润性导管癌

目的 探讨二维超声(2D-US)、实时组织弹性成像(UE)及声触诊组织量化(VTQ)技术对乳腺浸润性导管癌(IDC)的诊断价值。方法 对188例患者共213个乳腺病灶术前分别行2D-US、UE及VTQ检查,对各病灶2D-US声像图表现进行超声乳腺影像报告数据系统(BI-RADS-US)分类,UE采用5级评分法判断结节性质,VTQ技术定量测定结节内剪切波速度(SWV)。绘制ROC曲线,比较2D-US、UE、SWV曲线下面积(AUC)。结果 2D-US诊断IDC的敏感度为82.35%(126/153),特异度为71.67%(43/60),准确率为79.34%(169/213)。UE诊断IDC的敏感度为86.27%(132/153),特异度为73.33%(44/60),准确率为82.63%(176/213)。良性及恶性结节的SWV别为(3.09±1.26)m/s、(6.83±2.18)m/s(P<0.05);以3.59 m/s作为诊断恶性病灶的最佳截断值,VTQ诊断IDC的敏感度为86.93%(133/153),特异度为76.67%(46/60),准确率为84.04%(179/213)。2D-US、UE、SWV诊断乳腺IDC的AUC分别为0.811、0.843、0.899,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论 US、UE及VTQ均有助于鉴别诊断乳腺良性结节及乳腺IDC,UE优于2D-US,VTQ可获得客观的量化指标,重复性好,优于UE和2D-US。     

声触诊组织定量技术在慢性肾病中的初步应用

目的 探讨声触诊组织定量(VTQ)技术评估慢性肾脏疾病(CKD)肾组织纤维化程度的价值。方法 对45例经肾组织活检证实的CKD患者进行VTQ以及常规超声检查。分析VTQ以及常规超声指标与患者临床及病理指标(CKD分期、肾小球硬化指数、肾小管萎缩面积以及肾间质纤维化面积)之间的相关性。结果 肾皮质SWV值CKD 1期为(2.74±0.57)cm/s, CKD 2期为(2.30±0.27)cm/s, CKD 3期为(2.85±0.26)cm/s, CKD 4期为(2.60±0.40)cm/s。统计分析显示肾皮质SWV值与CKD分期及病理指标间无相关性。讨论 VTQ技术可以测定的肾脏皮质的SWV值;但肾脏皮质SWV值与CKD分期及肾组织纤维化指标间无相关性。     

声辐射力脉冲技术鉴别诊断甲状腺良恶性结节

目的 探讨声辐射力脉冲（ARFI）技术鉴别甲状腺良恶性结节的价值。方法 对106例甲状腺结节患者于术前行ARFI检查,根据术后病理结果,分析甲状腺良恶性结节ARFI表现及ARFI对甲状腺良恶性结节的鉴别诊断价值。结果 甲状腺恶性结节声触诊组织成像（VTI）分级高于良性结节（Z=8.65,P<0.05）;以VTI≥4级作为恶性结节的标准,诊断敏感度、特异度分别为79.40%、96.80%。甲状腺良恶性结节的声触诊组织量化（VTQ）值差异有统计学意义（t=4.25,P<0.05）;以VTQ≥2.50m/s作为良恶性结节诊断点,其敏感度、特异度分别为75.00%、70.00%。联合应用VTI和VTQ,ARFI对甲状腺良恶性结节的诊断敏感度、特异度分别为95.24%、87.71%。结论 ARFI有助于鉴别诊断甲状腺良恶性结节。     

声脉冲辐射力弹性成像鉴别甲状腺结节良恶性的价值

目的探讨声脉冲辐射力(ARFI)弹性成像在甲状腺局灶性病变良恶性鉴别诊断中的价值。方法应用ARFI弹性成像声触诊组织定量(VTQ)技术检测甲状腺结节120个,记录结节的横向剪切波速度(SWV),并计算每个结节与其周围甲状腺组织的SWV比值。结果甲状腺良性和恶性结节的SWV平均值分别为(2.28±0.84)m/s(范围:0.61～9.00m/s)和(5.04±2.78)m/s(范围:2.32～9.00m/s)(P=0.000)。甲状腺良恶性病灶的SWV值分布情况有显著性差别。良性和恶性结节的病灶SWV与周围甲状腺组织的SWV比值平均值分别为1.14±0.42(范围:0.31～2.59)和2.39±1.43(范围:0.89～6.16)(P=0.000)。甲状腺良恶性病灶SWV与周围组织的SWV比值分布情况有显著性差别。将病灶SWV值及病灶SWV与周围组织的SWV比值用于鉴别甲状腺结节的良恶性,受试者工作特征曲线(ROC曲线)的曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0.849及0.806。结论 ARFI可反映甲状腺结节的弹性特征,对甲状腺结节的良恶性鉴别诊断有一定的帮助。     

超声引导下经皮微波消融治疗甲状腺良性结节疗效观察

目的 探讨超声引导下经皮微波消融(MWA)治疗甲状腺良性结节的有效性和安全性。方法 回顾性分析308例接受超声引导下经皮MWA治疗的甲状腺良性结节患者治疗及随访资料,观察术后并发症情况,记录并比较消融前结节体积及消融后结节体积及体积缩小率。结果 对308例患者共324个结节均成功完成消融。术中及术后并发症患者经对症处理后均恢复正常。甲状腺结节消融前平均体积为(12.17±20.16)cm³,最终消融后平均体积为(2.35±4.42)cm³,较消融前差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),最终消融后体积缩小率为(66.43±60.08)%。消融后1个月、3个月、6个月、12个月甲状腺结节体积均较消融前明显减小(P均<0.05)。消融前结节体积与最终消融后结节体积缩小率呈正相关(r=0.181,P=0.001)。结论 超声引导下经皮MWA治疗良性甲状腺结节疗效确切,且安全、微创。     

声脉冲辐射力弹性成像技术检测正常儿童肝脏弹性

目的 采用声触诊组织量化(VTQ)技术检测正常儿童肝脏弹性,比较不同年龄阶段正常儿童肝脏剪切波速度(SWV)测值。方法 对458名正常儿童进行声脉冲辐射力弹性成像(ARFI),分为新生儿组(0~28天)71名、婴儿组(29天≤年龄<1岁)53名、幼儿组(1岁≤年龄<3岁)61名、学龄前组(3岁≤年龄<6岁)86名、学龄期组(6岁≤年龄<10岁)112名、青春期组(10岁≤年龄<18岁)75名,比较各组间SWV差异;对40名青春期组儿童于平静呼吸状态下和屏气状态下测量SWV,分析呼吸动度对SWV值的影响;对35名学龄期及60名青春期儿童分别于不同取样深度测量SWV值,比较不同取样深度SWV值差异。结果 所有儿童肝脏平均SWV值为(1.11±0.08)m/s。各组间SWV值差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);呼吸动度和取样深度对SWV测值均无明显影响(P均>0.05)。结论 ARFI可用于儿童肝脏弹性检测,不同年龄段儿童肝脏SWV值无明显差异,以(1.11±0.08)m/s作为正常儿童标准肝脏弹性测值,可为儿童肝纤维化的研究提供参考。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.