医院内耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌感染分析

目的 探讨医院耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)感染的原因及预防方法。方法 对332例医院MRSA感染病例分析发生的各种因素。结果 医院MRSA感染332例中老年人198例(59．64％)，气管切开152例(45．79％)，使用呼吸机者215例(64．41％)，长期使用广谱抗生素者285例(85．81％)。结论 改善机体状况，合理使用抗生素能减少医院MRSA感染的发生，万古霉素对该感染治疗有效。     

新生儿医院感染耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的分析

耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（ＭＲＳＡ）是医院感染的重要致病菌，致病力强。新生儿机体抵抗力低，ＭＲＳＡ对他们的健康造成威胁。本文对我院医院感染中的新生儿的病原体调查中发现：ＭＲＳＡ已成为新生儿感染中的重要致病菌，占金黄色葡萄球菌的４７．０％，且多重耐药。文章还对临床合理选用抗生素提供了参考。     

耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌医院感染干预措施的探讨

耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)已成为医院感染的重要致病菌之一,而重症监护病房是MRSA感染的高发区。结合我院神经外科重症监护室(NICU)MRSA感染所采取的相应干预措施,报道如下。     

耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌和表皮葡萄球菌医院感染调查分析

目的 分析耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）和耐甲氧西林表皮葡萄球菌（MRSE）医院感染的危险因素,防止感染暴发和流行.方法 采用前瞻性监测方法,对58 422例住院患者发生的MRSA、MRSE医院感染病例进行调查分析.结果 我院两年内共发生MRSA、MRSE医院感染173例;年龄≥60岁118例,感染前使用≥3种抗菌药物114例,有侵入性操作100例,有≥3种严重基础疾病62例;感染部位为呼吸道105例,分布在ICU 59例.结论 MRSA、MRSE医院感染的危险因素主要是高龄、住院时间过长、不规范使用抗菌药物、侵入性操作、严重的基础疾病等;高发科室为ICU、神经科和器官移植科;高发部位是呼吸道.     

耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌医院感染调查分析

目的了解我院耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)的医院感染,防止医院MRSA发生和暴发流行. 方法对我院2002年1～12月发生的14例MRSA医院感染病例进行回顾性分析. 结果 2002年共分离出MRSA 26株,占金黄色葡萄球菌的27.37%,其中14株为医院感染株;MRSA医院感染者主要来自外伤(7例)、重度烧伤(4例)患者,其次是恶性肿瘤(2例)和脑出血患者(1例);其中大多数病例接受了气管插管、使用呼吸机等侵入性操作;感染部位多分布在皮肤和软组织、手术切口和下呼吸道;MRSA感染前均使用≥两种抗菌药物,其中三代头孢菌素的应用频率最高. 结论严重的基础疾病、接受侵入性操作、长期应用广谱抗菌药物可能是MRSA感染的危险因素,必须加强抗菌药物合理应用的管理和严格的消毒隔离措施.     

耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌医院感染现状及耐药性分析

目的监测耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）医院感染现状及耐药性,为临床合理选用抗菌药物提供参考。方法药敏试验及MRSA检测均采用琼脂扩散（K—B）法,操作及结果判断按美国临床实验室标准化委员会（NCCLS）规定进行。结果52株金黄色葡萄球菌,其中MRSA为38株,占73．1％;甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌（MSSA）为14株,占26．9％。结论MRSA检出率不断升高,MRSA除对万古霉素外,显示多重耐药,应加强与重视MRSA的检测与报告,合理使用广谱抗生素,及时发现病例,隔离和治疗患者。     

耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌医院感染临床分析

目的：为了引起广大医务人员对耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）引起医院感染的高度重视，以预防医院MRSA的发生和暴发流行。方法：对我院1999年1－12月发生的12例MRSA引起的医院感染进行分析。结果：MRSA可由于广谱抗生素的应用、MRSA寄殖免疫功能低下、介入性医疗操作等因素诱发。结论：广泛开展MRSA前瞻性检测，积极治疗并隔离MRSA患者及携带者，严格执行消毒隔离措施，严重控制广谱抗生素的应用，是预防MRSA感染的重要措施。     

耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌感染的临床和耐药性

目的通过对重症监护病房(ICU)耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌( MRSA)感染的分析,探讨正确治疗和防治措施,以预防医院MRSA的发生和流行. 方法对我院ICU 2002年7月1日～2003年1月30日近7个月的追踪观察,对100例MRSA引起的医院感染进行回顾性临床和耐药性分析.结果我院ICU病房7个月内共发生金黄色葡萄球菌感染 104例,其中MRSA感染 100例,占金黄色葡萄球菌感染的95.5%,均全部使用过广谱抗生素,使用≥2种抗生素占43%(OR值1.46,95%CI 1.44 ～3.07),接受＞3种侵入性操作占58%(OR值4.70,95%CI 2.17 ～ 10.19);＞3种基础疾病占51%(OR值2.78,95%CI 1.30～ 5.92). 结论重症监护病房中MRSA的感染率极高,必须引起重视,控制MRSA的感染应积极进行病原学监测、及时发现病例、隔离和治疗患者、合理使用广谱抗生素、严格消毒隔离措施、认真洗手等.     

耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌医院感染危险因素调查

目的 探讨耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)医院感染危险因素,为控制MRSA医院感染提供依据.方法 收集院内感染MRSA患者(观察组)与未发生院感患者(对照组)各110例,运用非条件Logistic回归和卡方检验统计分析MRSA医院感染危险因素.结果 单因素分析显示,包括入院状态等多种因素在观察组和对照组的分布差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);多因素分析显示,入院状况急、住院时间超过15 d、合并其他感染、过多(≥4种)使用抗菌药、机械通气、导尿、胃管、静脉置管、入住ICU及血红蛋白值过高均是诱发MRSA医院感染的危险因素(P＜0.05).结论 MRSA医院感染危险因素主要包括患者入院状况、合并其他感染、抗生素种类、入住ICU、应用激素、有创操作以及血红蛋白值等因素.     

耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌医院感染影响因素调查

研究医院耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)感染状况及其流行的影响因素,提出有效的预防与控制措施,进一步加强医院的感染管理.2007年10月至2008年8月从某医院住院患者送检标本中分离出92株金黄色葡萄球菌,经鉴定共发现52株MRSA,同时记录患者基本情况,对其临床易感因素进行分析.MRSA感染部位以下呼吸道最多,其次为胃肠道和泌尿道,其他部位较少.年老者、体弱免疫低下者、重症急救患者、接受侵袭性检查和治疗及大量应用广谱抗菌药物者为MRSA的易感人群,医务人员手卫生不合格是MRSA感染的危险因素.应加强对重症监护室的病人易感因素的监控,强调合理应用抗菌药物,以降低医院MRSA感染的发生.     

Spread and control of a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in an academic hospital

Between December 1988 and March 1989 twelve patients in the Utrecht University Hospital developed an infection with a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Twenty other patients and 39 personnel members became colonized with the same MRSA strain. In spite of early isolation measures, progression of this epidemic was probably caused by the extreme degree of contagiousness of the first patient, who had a drug-induced allergic skin eruption. It seems likely that spread occurred via personnel and via a computer tomographic scanner. To contain the epidemic it was necessary to institute a special isolation ward with dedicated personnel. Although several MRSA strains have been introduced in the University Hospital since 1986, the strain we describe here is the only one which spread epidemically.     

Surveillance and control of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in French hospitals.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the way French hospitals conduct surveillance for, and control infections caused by, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and to evaluate the incidence of these infections. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of sample surveillance data. SETTING: Representative sample of French hospitals. PARTICIPANTS: Representative sample of 38 French public hospitals. METHODS: Hospitals were selected randomly in 1996, taking into account their location and number of beds. Administrative data, surveillance denominators used, antimicrobial resistance rates, and infection control practices were analyzed for the period 1990 to 1995. The same 38 centers were contacted 3 years later, in 1998, to reassess their surveillance and control activities. RESULTS: French hospitals were slow to implement MRSA surveillance programs; only 5% had such programs in 1990, when the median incidence per admission (0.37%) and per patient-days (0.04%) of MRSA infections was already high. Despite the implementation of surveillance programs in 66% of French hospitals in 1995 and 87% in 1998, the MRSA infection rates remained stable from 1990 to 1995 and increased from 1995 to 1998. The proportion of French hospitals having a policy for the transfer of MRSA-infected patients to other hospitals increased from 47% in 1995 to 61% in 1998, whereas screening for MRSA colonization (42%-53%) and isolation for colonized or infected patients (87%-89%) remained stable. CONCLUSIONS: This first national survey showed that French hospitals probably were not optimally prepared to control and prevent MRSA infections, since they were slow to respond to the growing problem.     

肿瘤患者耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌医院感染耐药性分析

目的研究肿瘤患者耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)医院感染现状及耐药性,以指导临床合理选用抗菌药物并为预防与控制医院感染提供科学依据。方法严格按照《全国临床检验操作规程》进行MRSA分离、鉴定,采用K-B法进行药敏试验,依据CLSI最新拆点判读结果。结果 67株葡萄球菌属中金黄色葡萄球菌18株,占26.87%,其中MRSA12株,MRSA分离率66.67%;MRSA主要分离自痰标本5株,占41.67%,其次是腹水标本3株,占25.00%;科室来源主要为肿瘤内科及肿瘤外科,分别占50.50%、41.67%;MRSA除对替考拉宁、夫西地酸、万古霉素等100.00%敏感外,对常用抗菌药物均存在较高的耐药性,MRSA对苯唑西林和青霉素耐药率100.00%,对氨基糖苷类、大环内酯类等抗菌药物耐药率>80.00%,未发现耐万古霉素菌株。结论了解MRSA感染的分布与特征、监测其耐药性,有助于临床及时采取合理的防治措施,有效预防与控制MRSA医院感染的暴发流行。     

Recurring methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in a football team

An outbreak of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) skin and soft tissue infection (SSTI) occurred in a college football team from August to September 2003. Eleven case-players were identified, and boils were the most common sign. Linemen had the highest attack rate (18%). Among 99 (93% of team) players with cultured specimens, 8 (8%) had positive MRSA nasal cultures. All available case-players' MRSA isolates characterized had the community-associated pulsed-field type USA300. A case-control study found that sharing bars of soap and having preexisting cuts or abrasions were associated with infection. A carrier-control study found that having a locker near a teammate with an SSTI, sharing towels, and living on campus were associated with nasal carriage. Successful outbreak control measures included daily hexachlorophene showers and hygiene education.     

Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus skin infections in a religious community

In September 2004, an outbreak of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) skin and soft tissue infections (SSTI) was reported among members of a religious community. We conducted a retrospective cohort study on all 175 community members; performed a nasal carriage survey, and environmental swab testing. We identified 24 MRSA cases (attack rate 14%). In multivariate analysis, sauna use [odds ratio (OR) 19.1, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.7-206.1] and antimicrobial use within 12 months before infection (OR 11.7, 95% CI 2.9-47.6) were risk factors for infection. MRSA nasal carriage rate was 0.6% (1/174). Nine of 10 clinical isolates and an isolate from an administrative office within the community had the pulsed-field gel electrophoresis type USA300. Targeted hygiene improvement, wound care, and environmental cleaning were implemented. We describe the first reported outbreak of MRSA SSTI in a religious community. Adherence to appropriate personal and environmental hygiene might be critical factors in controlling transmission.     

Methamphetamine use and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus skin infections

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections and methamphetamine use are emerging public health problems. We conducted a case-control investigation to determine risk factors for MRSA skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) in residents of a largely rural southeastern community in the United States. Case-patients were persons >12 years old who had culturable SSTIs; controls had no SSTIs. Of 119 SSTIs identified, 81 (68.1%) were caused by MRSA. Methamphetamine use was reported in 9.9% of case-patients and 1.8% of controls. After we adjusted for age, sex, and race, patients with MRSA SSTIs were more likely than controls to have recently used methamphetamine (odds ratio 5.10, 95% confidence interval 1.55-16.79). MRSA caused most SSTIs in this population. Transmission of MRSA may be occurring among methamphetamine users in this community.     

Effect of delayed infection control measures on a hospital outbreak of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

All patients positive for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) at the University Hospitals of Geneva, Switzerland, between 1989 and 1997 (N = 1771) were included in a cohort study to evaluate the consequences of delayed containment of a hospital-wide outbreak occurring during a 4-year absence of MRSA control measures. The effects of efforts to control both the MRSA reservoir and the number of bacteraemic patients were assessed. Intensive infection control measures were initiated in 1993 and included patient screening, on-site surveillance, contact isolation, a computerized alert system, and hospital-wide promotion of hand hygiene. An increase in the rate of new MRSA-infected or -colonized patients was observed between 1989 and 1994 (from 0.05 to 0.60 cases per 100 admissions), which subsequently decreased to 0.24 cases in 1997 (P<0.001). However, the proportion of laboratory-documented methicillin-resistant isolates among all S. aureus showed little variation in the years from 1993 onwards (range, 19-24%), reflecting the result of an increase in the number of screening cultures. The annual number of patients with MRSA bacteraemia strongly correlated with the hospital-wide prevalence of MRSA patients (R(2)= 0.60; P = 0.01) and the rate of new MRSA patients (R(2)= 0.97; P<0.001). Consequently, the attack rate of nosocomial MRSA bacteraemia served as an excellent marker for the MRSA patient reservoir. In conclusion, despite delayed implementation, infection control measures had a substantial impact on both the reservoir of MRSA patients and the attack rate of MRSA bacteraemia.     

Epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus at a children's hospital.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the relative contribution of and risk factors for both community-acquired and nosocomial methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: 270-bed, tertiary-care children's hospital. PARTICIPANTS: All MRSA-infected children from whom MRSA was recovered between October 1, 1999, and September 30, 2001. METHODS: Demographic, clinical, and risk factor data were abstracted from medical records. Categorical variables were analyzed using the chi-square or Fisher's exact test and continuous variables were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney test. RESULTS: Of the 62 patients with new MRSA infection, 37 had community-acquired MRSA and 25 had nosocomial MRSA. Most community-acquired MRSA infections were of the skin and soft tissue, the middle ear, and the lower respiratory tract. Nosocomial MRSA infections occurred in the lower respiratory tract, the skin and soft tissue, and the blood. Risk factors for infection, including underlying medical illness, prior hospitalization, and prior surgery, were similar for patients with community-acquired MRSA and nosocomial MRSA. History of central venous catheterization and previous endotracheal intubation was more common in patients with nosocomial MRSA. Only 3 patients with community-acquired MRSA had no identifiable risk factor other than recent antibiotic use. Resistance for clindamycin, erythromycin, and levofloxacin was similar between strains of community-acquired MRSA and nosocomial MRSA. CONCLUSIONS: Similarities in patient risk factors and resistance patterns of isolates of both community-acquired and nosocomial MRSA suggest healthcare acquisition of most MRSA. Thus, classifying MRSA as either community acquired or nosocomial underestimates the amount of healthcare-associated MRSA.