肠球菌属医院感染的耐药性分析

目的了解2007-2011年粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌在医院感染中的检出率及对常用抗菌药物的耐药性,指导临床合理用药。方法采用法国生物梅里埃公司全自动细菌鉴定系统VITEK-32型和VITEK Compact进行菌株鉴定,采用GPS110和GP535药敏卡测定其对11种抗菌药物的敏感性。结果 2007年4月-2011年4月医院感染标本中共检出粪肠球菌43株、屎肠球菌50株,50株屎肠球菌主要来自手术切口分泌物、尿液标本,分别占42.0%、16.0%;43株粪肠球菌同样主要来自手术切口分泌物、尿液标本,分别占39.5%、23.3%;屎肠球菌对环丙沙星、青霉素G、左氧氟沙星、氨苄西林耐药率均较高,分别为86.0%、90.0%、74.0%、84.0%,而粪肠球菌分别为53.5%、37.2%、44.2%、27.9%,屎肠球菌对上述抗菌药物的耐药率均高于粪肠球菌,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);屎肠球菌对万古霉素、替考拉宁、利奈唑胺均敏感;粪肠球菌仅1株对替考拉宁耐药,对万古霉素和利奈唑胺均敏感;4年未检出耐万古霉素肠球菌属。结论粪肠球菌与屎肠球菌在医院感染中的耐药性明显不同,在治疗其引起的感染时应按药敏试验结果用药。     

148例儿童肠球菌性尿路感染临床特点与耐药性分析

目的 分析儿童肠球菌性尿路感染的临床特点,了解其病原菌的分布及耐药性,为临床预防与治疗儿童肠球菌属感染提供依据.方法 对住院的肠球菌性尿路感染148例患儿临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 病原菌以屎肠球菌和粪肠球菌为主,两者对抗菌药物均有比较高的耐药性,屎肠球菌对各种抗菌药物的耐药率明显高于粪肠球菌；屎肠球菌检出耐青霉素菌株68株,对青霉素耐药率为79.1％；检出对呋喃妥因、万古霉素、利奈唑胺耐药菌株分别为4、4、2株,耐药率分别为4.7％、4.7％、2.3％；多药耐药菌株检出率85.7％；粪肠球菌检出耐青霉素菌株10株,耐药率为1 6.7％；检出对呋喃妥因、利奈唑胺耐药菌各1株,耐药率为1.7％；未检出耐万古霉素粪肠球菌；粪肠球菌多药耐药菌株检出率67.2％；婴幼儿、肾脏疾病以及过度使用抗菌药物及免疫抑制剂是医院感染、主要易患因素.结论 肠球菌属是导致尿路感染的较常见致病菌,临床表现无明显特异性,耐万古霉素及耐利奈唑胺肠球菌属有增加趋势,多药耐药现象严重.     

2007-2009年屎肠球菌及粪肠球菌的耐药性分析

目的了解医院近年来屎肠球菌和粪肠球菌的耐药性变迁,为临床合理使用抗菌药物及控制医院感染提供依据。方法用ATB细菌鉴定仪鉴定菌种,对2007-2009年临床分离的156株屎肠球菌和136株粪肠球菌,用纸片扩散法检测氨苄西林等10种抗菌药物的敏感性,并对药敏试验结果进行分析。结果收集的156株屎肠球菌和136株粪肠球菌中,屎肠球菌对红霉素、氨苄西林、青霉素G、左氧氟沙星、呋喃妥因、高浓度庆大霉素、四环素、万古霉素、替考拉宁、利奈唑胺的耐药率分别为98.1%、96.8%、96.8%、95.5%、93.6%、86.5%、66.7%、3.2%、1.9%、0。粪肠球菌对红霉素、四环素、左氧氟沙星、高浓度庆大霉素、呋喃妥因、氨苄西林、青霉素G、万古霉素、替考拉宁、利奈唑胺的耐药率分别为80.9%、72.8%、61.8%、43.3%、36.8%、17.6%、17.6%、0、0、0。结论医院临床分离的粪肠球菌对氨苄西林和青霉素G的耐药性较低,3年比较,屎肠球菌耐药性均明显高于粪肠球菌。     

利奈唑胺对肠球菌属的体外抗菌活性研究

目的评价利奈唑胺对肠球菌属的体外抗菌活性。方法对2008年1月-2009年10月从临床标本中分离的连续、非重复的186株肠球菌属进行菌种鉴定,并检测其对利奈唑胺等10种抗菌药物的体外抗菌活性,药敏结果导入WHONET 5.4软件进行统计分析。结果 186株肠球菌属中共检出10株耐万古霉素肠球菌(VRE)、14株对万古霉素中介肠球菌,屎肠球菌、粪肠球菌、其他肠球菌VRE的检出率分别为4.8%、1.3%和18.5%;所有菌株对利奈唑胺的敏感率均为100.0%。结论利奈唑胺对肠球菌属具有很高的体外抗菌活性。     

肠球菌的菌种分布和耐药性分析

目的 为了解深圳市人民医院临床分离的肠球菌的菌种分布和耐药性。方法 用Kirby-Bauer法对全院2001年7月至2003年7月临床分离的206株肠球菌进行药敏试验并对其菌种分布进行分析。结果 206株肠球菌中以粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌分离频率最高,分别占总体的65％和16％。粪肠球菌对替考拉宁、万古霉素、氨苄西林的耐药率低,分别为0、1．5％和4．8％;屎肠球菌对万古霉素和替考拉宁的耐药率均为0,其它肠球菌对万古霉素的耐药率为5．6％;粪肠球菌对氨苄西林的耐药率显著低于屎肠球菌。约30％的肠球菌高耐庆大霉素。结论万古霉素、替考拉宁对肠球菌有较强的抗菌作用,但VRE的出现应引起高度重视。氨苄西林对不同肠球菌的抗菌作用存在显著差异,29．7％的粪肠球菌、50％屎肠球菌和25．7％的其它肠球菌为高耐庆大霉素。     

肝癌患者腹水肠球菌属感染及耐药研究

目的 了解肝癌患者腹水肠球菌属感染现状及其耐药状况,指导临床医师合理选择抗菌药物.方法 收集2007-2012年医院住院的肝癌患者腹水培养检出的157株肠球菌属,分析其耐药性.结果 对住院的475例肝癌患者进行腹水培养,检出肠球菌属157株,其中粪肠球菌72株占45.86％,屎肠球菌47株占29.94％,铅黄肠球菌27株占17.20％,鹑鸡肠球菌9株占5.73％;肠球菌属对四环素、利福平耐药率均＞75.0％,而对万古霉素、利奈唑胺及替考拉宁的敏感率均＞90.0％,另外高水平氨基糖苷类耐药比例近50.0％;屎肠球菌仍旧是耐药性最严重的肠球菌属.结论 肝癌患者腹水肠球菌属感染以粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌为主,铅黄肠球菌等较为少见的肠球菌的比例正在逐渐增加,多药耐药和高耐药现象相当严重.     

249株肠球菌属对抗菌药物的敏感性分析

目的 了解全身感染和泌尿系感染粪肠球菌、屎肠球菌对抗菌药物的敏感性,为临床提供治疗依据.方法采用琼脂稀释法对249株来自临床送检的无菌体液、血液及尿液分离出的肠球菌属进行药敏试验,测定其MIC值.结果 249株肠球菌属中,粪肠球菌117株、屎肠球菌132株,粪肠球菌在尿中的分布68.4%高于屎肠球菌50.0%,而血液及其他无菌部位中分离的屎肠球菌(50.0%)高于粪肠球菌(31.6%);粪肠球菌对加替沙星、环丙沙星、青霉素G、氨苄西林、高浓度庆大霉素的敏感性均高于屎肠球菌,而屎肠球菌对米诺环素的敏感性(74.8%)明显高于粪肠球菌(23.7%);249株肠球菌属除1株粪肠球菌对万古霉素中度敏感外,对替考拉宁和利奈唑烷100.0%敏感;无论粪肠球菌还是屎肠球菌对红霉素几乎100.0%耐药;粪肠球菌对高浓度庆大霉素的敏感率39.5%高于屎肠球菌15.3%;血液中粪肠球菌对10种抗菌药物的敏感性高于尿液,血液中屎肠球菌对加替沙星、环丙沙星、青霉素G、氨苄西林和红霉素5种抗菌药物均100.0%耐药.结论粪肠球菌、屎肠球菌对不同的抗菌药物的敏感性差异有统计学意义,在治疗时,应根据耐药特点及菌种间的耐药性差异来选择相应的治疗方案,目前万古霉素、替考拉宁和利奈唑烷仍然是治疗肠球菌属引起感染的最好药物.     

2010年度卫生部全国细菌耐药监测报告:革兰阳性菌耐药监测

目的 总结全国2010年临床分离革兰阳性菌耐药性.方法 用常规方法培养分离革兰阳性菌;采用纸片法、微量稀释法或E-test法测定细菌药物敏感性;用WHONET 5.6软件,对卫生部全国细菌耐药监测网所属129所医院2010年临床分离革兰阳性菌的药物敏感性进行分析.结果 临床共分离83 195株革兰阳性菌,葡萄球菌属51 570株,占62.0％,肠球菌属20 315株,占24.4％,链球菌属9004株,占10.8％;耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌和溶血葡萄球菌的检出率分别为54.9％、79.4％和88.7％;未发现耐万古霉素和利奈唑胺的葡萄球菌属;屎肠球菌和粪肠球菌对万古霉素的耐药率分别为3.8％和0.8％,未发现耐利奈唑胺肠球菌属.结论 利奈唑胺、万古霉素和替考拉宁对革兰阳性菌仍有很高抗菌活性,葡萄球菌属中甲氧西林耐药率仍然较高,耐万古霉素肠球菌属分离率仍很低.     

162株肠球菌的耐药性分析

目的 了解解放军第174医院临床分离肠球菌对各种抗菌药物的耐药性.方法 采用标准纸片扩散法(K-B法)对临床分离的肠球菌属细菌进行体外药敏试验.结果 共分离到162株肠球菌属细菌,其中粪肠球菌86株(53.1％)、屎肠球菌47株(29.0％)、鸟肠球菌17株(10.5％)、鹑鸡肠球菌8株(4.9％).肠球菌在临床各种标本中的分布主要为尿液29.0％,脓及分泌物21.0％,胆汁17.9％,痰16.0％和血液8.0％.肠球菌属细菌对万古霉菌、替考拉宁和利奈唑胺仍保持高度敏感性,检出万古霉素耐药的粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌各1株,万古霉素中介的粪肠球菌1株.粪肠球菌对呋喃妥因、氨苄西林、青霉素G、替卡西林和环丙沙星耐药率较低,分别为3.5％、7.0％、9.3％、9.3％和23.3％,对高浓度庆大霉素耐药率为31.4％;屎肠球菌耐药性明显高于粪肠球菌,对呋喃妥因、氨苄西林、青霉素G、替卡西林和环丙沙星耐药率分别为25.5％、80.9％、83.0％、80.9％和59.6％,对高浓度庆大霉素耐药率为44.7％.结论 肠球菌对多种抗生素不同程度耐药且呈多重耐药,临床应依据体外抗菌药物敏感性试验合理选用抗生素.     

系统性红斑狼疮患者革兰阳性球菌感染病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的 了解系统性红斑狼疮(SLE)患者革兰阳性球菌感染病原菌的种类、分布及耐药状况,指导临床医师合理使用抗菌药物.方法 应用ATB Expression自动细菌鉴定系统对菌种进行鉴定,用K-B纸片扩散法对病原菌进行药物敏感性试验.结果 481例SLE患者并发革兰阳性球菌感染122例,感染率为25.4%,例次感染率54.5%;共分离出病原菌262株,主要为金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、溶血葡萄球菌、粪肠球菌、屎肠球菌;179株葡萄球菌属中检出耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌(MRS)124株,占69.3%;57株对红霉素耐药而克林霉素敏感的葡萄球菌属中,D试验阳性26株,占45.6%;替考拉宁和万古霉素对MRSA和MRCNS的抗菌活性高;粪肠球菌对青霉素、氨苄西林、呋喃妥因、替考拉宁和万古霉素的耐药率低;屎肠球菌仅对替考拉宁和万古霉素敏感;粪肠球菌及屎肠球菌对高浓度庆大霉素的耐药率为62.5%和74.2%;未检出耐替考拉宁及万古霉素肠球菌.结论 调查结果表明,SLE患者并发细菌感染的临床表现无特异性,对SLE患者并发革兰阳性球菌感染的治疗和抗菌药物的选用具有重要参考价值.     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.