H5N1型高致病性禽流感病毒血凝素蛋白及神经氨酸酶的B细胞抗原表位预测

目的预测H5N1亚型高致病性禽流感病毒HA蛋白和NA蛋白的B细胞表位,为基于B细胞表位的预防性疫苗设计提供依据。方法基于HA蛋白和NA蛋白的蛋白质序列,采用Kyte-Doolittle的亲水性方案,Emini方案,Karplus方案和Jameson-wolf抗原指数方案,并辅以MAGE蛋白的二级结构柔性区域分析,预测HA蛋白和NA蛋白的B细胞表位。结果分别预测出了6条血凝素蛋白(Hemagglutinin,HA)以及6条神经氨酸酶(Neuraminidase,NA)B细胞优势表位。结论这些B细胞表位可为禽流感疫苗的研制提供实验依据。     

肿瘤抗原MAGE—12的表位及二级结构预测

目的 预测肿瘤抗原MAGE－12的α－螺旋二级结构、B细胞表位和MAGE－12的HLA－A2限制性CTL表位。方法 用Garnier-Robson和Chou-Fasman方案预测肿瘤抗原MAGE－12的α－螺旋二级结构;用Kyte-Doolittle亲水方案预测肿瘤抗原MAGE－12的B细胞表位;用简单基序（simple motifs)和延展基序（extended motifs）对肿瘤抗原MAGE－12的HLA－A2限制性CTL表位进行预测。结果 MAGE－12可以含有较多的α－螺旋;B细胞识别的表位可能在82－93残基（QSDEGSSNEE－QE）或附近和3－14残基（LEQRSQHCKPEE）或附近;发现1个HLA－A2限制性CTL表位为FLWGPRALV（271－279）。结论 用亲水性方案和基序法预测肿瘤抗原MAGE－12的B细胞表位和MAGE－12的HLA－A2限制性CTL表位,为实验方法探索MAGE－12的表位提供有用线索。     

肿瘤相关抗原CEA的B细胞表位预测

目的分析癌胚抗原（carcinoembryonic antigen,CEA）的B细胞表位,为肿瘤治疗提供理论基础。方法以CEA的完整氨基酸序列为研究基础,采用Hopp＆Woods的亲水性方案,Emini表面可及性方案和Jameson-Wolf抗原指数方案,辅以CEA的二级结构及其柔性区域分析,预测CEA的B细胞表位。结果预测的B细胞表位可能位于CEA的N端第150～160、168～172、207～211、332～338、372～377、467～472、485～490、507～516、580～584区段。结论应用多参数预测CEA的B细胞表位,可进一步用于CEA相关肿瘤治疗性表位疫苗的分子设计和研究。     

肿瘤抗原MAGE-A3新的HLA-A2限制性CTL表位的发现与鉴定

目的:鉴定肿瘤抗原MAGE－A3新的HLA-A2限制性CTL表位。方法:采用CTL表位预测的基序法与二级锚点相结合预测 MAGE-A3的 HLA-A2限制性CTL表位;用计算机分子模拟进行表位的初步筛选;以标准51Cr释放试验检测特异性CTLs诱导活性。结果:在所筛选的4个候选CTL表位中,MAGE-A3201-209可在体外有效诱导特异性CTLs的产生,杀伤靶细胞。结论:MAGE-A3201-209为肿瘤抗原MAGE-A3的新的HLA-A2限制性CTL表位。为基于MAGE-A3的肿瘤治疗性多肽疫苗的设计、研究奠定了基础。     

蛇毒C型凝集素家族结构及抗原表位预测

目的:预测和设计蛇毒C型凝集素家族蛋白(CLPs)共同B细胞抗原表位肽。方法:利用expasy蛋白质数据库在线软件Align对CLPs进行序列比对。运用DNAstar和Antheprot软件对蛇毒CLP家族的二级结构和表面特性,如亲水性、表面可及性、免疫原性、柔韧性等,综合各结果预测其抗原表位。采用Swiss-model和SEPPA在线工具进行三维结构和空间表位预测。结果:蛇毒CLP家族存在多个潜在的抗原表位位点,其中46～58区和98～110区肽段为可能的B细胞表位区。结论:综合考虑以上2个肽段家族同源性和表面特征,确定N端附近的46KTWADAEKFCTEQ58为蛇毒CLP可能的共同抗原区。     

基于免疫信息学的SARS-CoV-2 表位筛选及疫苗分子设计分析

目的：基于新型冠状病毒（SARS-CoV-2）全病毒或Spike蛋白作为免疫原可能存在的无关抗原表位干扰，筛选鉴定优势保护性抗原表位，构建候选多价表位疫苗。方法：以免疫信息学确定诱导主要中和抗体、激活细胞免疫应答的细胞保护性抗原表位，以Raptor X、trRosetta预测蛋白疫苗的二级、三级结构，并对候选蛋白疫苗进行二硫键的设计及对接分析，以C-ImmSim服务器模拟预测分析多表位疫苗的免疫原性和免疫应答。结果：实验筛选了Spike蛋白免疫原性强的B细胞表位，具有高保守性和人群覆盖度广的IFN-γ、IL-4阳性的Th表位及CTL表位，计算模拟验证了疫苗的免疫应答特性。结论：信息学分析结果初步显示候选表位疫苗具有良好的平衡体液免疫和细胞免疫应答能力。     

人衰变加速因子的二级结构与B细胞表位预测

目的分析预测人衰变加速因子的二级结构特征及B细胞表位。方法比较Chou&Fasman经典方案和基于多重序列比较的PHDsec二级结构预测方案的预测准确率,应用较优方案对DAF的二级结构进行预测分析;运用Hopp&Woods的亲水性方案及PHDacc可及性方案预测DAF的亲水性和可及性,结合DAF的二级结构特征,分析预测DAF的B细胞表位。结果PHDsec方案对SCR的预测准确率明显高于Chou&Fasman方案,DAF的SCR1-4中无α螺旋,仅包含β折叠及袢;推测最可能的抗原表位位于Pro73-Val79、Arg130-Leu139及Glu156-Cys163;SCR1、SCR2与SCR3、SCR4在亲水性及二级结构分布方面具有较大差异。结论研究的分析预测结果将有助于确定DAF的B细胞表位及其生物学活性部位。     

应用免疫信息学技术预测严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2(SARS-CoV-2)的抗原表位

目的运用免疫信息学技术预测严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2(SARS-CoV-2)的B细胞、细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(CTL)和辅助T(Th)细胞的抗原表位。方法从NCBI数据库检索SARS-CoV-2蛋白序列,根据抗原性≥0.5和氨基酸数≥100进行筛选,最终的蛋白序列用于后续的抗原肽的预测。用蛋白质结构预测软件Phyre2进行三维结构的预测、蛋白质模型结构的细化软件GalaxyRefine优化蛋白的三维结构,最后用蛋白质结构同源建模SWISS-MODEL系统对优化后的结构进行准确性评估。蛋白序列用于CTL、Th细胞和线性B细胞抗原肽预测,三维结构用于结构性B细胞抗原预测。免疫表位数据库和分析资源(IEDB)预测SARS-CoV-2的CTL和Th细胞抗原表位,B细胞线性抗原肽预测软件Bepipred Linear Epitope Prediction 2.0和B细胞结构抗原肽预测软件ElliPro-Epitope prediction based upon structural protrusion分别预测B细胞线性和结构抗原肽。结果从NCBI数据库获得了27个SARS-CoV-2的蛋白序列,去掉抗原性0.5和氨基酸数100的蛋白质后,最终选定9个蛋白进行后续抗原肽预测。最终获得了24个CTL、20个Th细胞、12个B细胞线性表位和16个B细胞结构表位。结论获得的抗原表位可用于后续多表位疫苗的设计,相较于只针对单种蛋白靶点的抗原表位而言,多靶点抗原表位具有更强的免疫原性,这些抗原表位对SARS-CoV-2疫苗而言,具有一定的参考价值。     

人偏肺病毒黏附蛋白的二级结构及B细胞表位初步预测

目的预测人偏肺病毒G蛋白的二级结构及B细胞表位。方法分别采用SOPMA方法及HMMTOP程序预测G蛋白的二级结构和跨膜区域；综合分析蛋白的柔性结构、亲水性、表面可及性与抗原性指数，预测G蛋白的抗原表位。结果G蛋白的二级结构主要为柔性区域，占62．1％；廿螺旋占22．37％；β-折叠占15．53％；N端第32～51位氨基酸残基为跨膜区。B细胞表位位于G蛋白N端55—77、80-104、111～126、130～167、178—210区段。结论应用多参数预测G蛋白的二级结构与B细胞表位，为进一步研究蛋白特征、单克隆抗体制备及表位疫苗研制奠定了基础。     

E血清型沙眼衣原体主要外膜蛋白B细胞表位的预测

基于E血清型沙眼衣原体(Chlamydia trachomatis,CT)主要外膜蛋白(Major outer membrane protein, MOMP)氨基酸序列,采用Hopp-Woods的亲水性方案、Emini表面可及性方案、Jameson-Wolf 抗原指数方案和Janin可及性方案等,辅以对MOMP蛋白的二级结构中的柔性区域及跨膜区域的分析,预测CT MOMP蛋白的B细胞表位.推测最有可能的B细胞表位位于MOMP蛋白N端第73～81区段、217～225区段、第377～386区段、第261～270区段和第161～175区段内或它们的附近.用多参数预测CT MOMP蛋白的B细胞表位,为进一步研究蛋白特性及表位疫苗研制奠定了基础.     

MAGE-A3 is highly expressed in a cancer stem cell-like side population of bladder cancer cells

Cancer stem cells (CSCs), which have the abilities of tumor-initiating, self-renewal and differentiation, are thought to cause post-therapeutic recurrence and the progression of cancer. However, CSCs are commonly resistant to current cancer therapies including chemotherapy and radiotherapy. In this study, we isolated cancer stem celllike side population (SP) cells from human bladder cancer cell line SW780 by a flow cytometry-based SP technique. SP cells were only about 3.6% of SW780 cells and showed higher expression of ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 2 (ABCG2) and CD133. In vitro assay of tumor sphere growth as well as in vivo assay of xenograft transplantation confirmed the higher tumorigenicity of isolated SP cells. These data indicated that SP cells were enriched with CSCs of bladder cancer. Furthermore, we determined the expression of melanoma antigen family A, 3 (MAGEA3), one of the most studied cancer testis (CT) antigens, in these SP and main population (MP) cells derived from SW780 cells. SW780 SP cells representing CSCs of bladder cancer showed an up-regulated expression of MAGE-A3 and a positive coexpression of MAGE-A3 and CD133, indicating that MAGE-A3 was a novel CT antigen preferentially expressed in the CSCs of bladder cancer. In summary, our findings confirmed the existence of cancer stem cell-like SP cells in bladder cancer cells, and further indicated that MAGE-A3 is a novel CSC antigen and therefore may serve as an immunotherapeutic target for CSCs of bladder cancer.     

A MAGE-A4 peptide presented by HLA-A2 is recognized by cytolytic T lymphocytes.

The MAGE-encoded antigens that are recognized by cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) are shared by many tumors and are strictly tumor specific. Clinical trials involving therapeutic vaccination of cancer patients with MAGE antigenic peptides or proteins are in progress. To increase the range of patients eligible for therapy with peptides, it is important to identify additional MAGE epitopes. We have used a method to identify CTL epitopes, which selects naturally processed peptides. CD8(+) T cells, obtained from individuals without cancer, were stimulated with autologous dendritic cells infected with a recombinant adenovirus containing the MAGE-A4 coding sequence. Responder cell microcultures that specifically lysed autologous EBV-transformed B cells infected with vaccinia-MAGE-A4 were cloned using autologous stimulator cells infected with a Yersinia enterocolitica carrying the MAGE-A4 sequence. An anti-MAGE-A4 CTL clone was obtained and the epitope was found to be decapeptide GVYDGREHTV (amino acids 230-239) presented by HLA-A2 molecules. The CTL clone lysed HLA-A2 tumor cells expressing MAGE-A4. This is the first reported antigenic peptide encoded by MAGE-A4. It may be valuable for cancer immunotherapy because MAGE-A4 is expressed in 51% of lung carcinomas and 63% of esophageal carcinomas, whereas about 50% of Caucasians and Asians express HLA-A2.     

肿瘤抗原MAGE-A家族成员进化关系的初步研究

目的：探讨肿瘤抗原MAGE-A家族成员间的同源性，发现公共CTL表位对抗肿瘤逃逸。方法：采用1999DNNAstar软件Windwow95/98平台支持下的蛋白质核酸序列编辑、分析工具对MAGE-A家族成员进行开放阅读框、蛋白及其CTL序列同源性分析井构建种系发生树。结果：表明MAGE-A家族核苷酸同源性高达57．6％-98.0％，种系发生树显示各成员来源于同一祖先井在不同时间分野，且部分CIL表位高度相似。结论：MAGE-A 家族成员来自于同一祖先的同一家族，在肿瘤细胞中表达存在异质性，故此研究结果将有利于在发展肿瘤治疗性细胞免疫疫苗中选择合适的CTL表位。     

利用MHC-I/肽结合的预测与免疫学实验相结合的方法鉴定肿瘤抗原表位

目的:建立中国人群常见的人类白细胞抗原(HLA)分子限定的肿瘤抗原免疫表位的鉴定技术,为分离及鉴定肿瘤特异性T细胞以及克隆肿瘤抗原特异性T细胞受体基因提供实验基础。方法:以肿瘤/睾丸抗原NY-ESO、MAGE-A1和KK-LC-1作为模型,选用中国人群常见的HLA-I分型,利用主要组织相容性复合体(MHC)/肽预测软件对这3个抗原的MHC-I类表位进行预测。用PCR技术测定健康志愿者的HLA分型,以志愿者含有的中国人群常见HLA-A*11:01和HLA-B*46:01分型选择预测的抗原表位,设计合成KK-LC-1长肽,进行T细胞刺激实验,用ELISPOT和流式细胞仪分析产生干扰素γ(IFN-γ)的T细胞数量和CD137上调反应,以验证肽对T细胞特异性刺激的有效性。对其中一个反应最好的KK-LC-1长肽,开展短肽的验证。结果:(1)3个肿瘤/睾丸抗原在我国人群35种常见HLA分型中存在众多的强结合表位,在不同蛋白质的序列中分布不均匀;(2)KK-LC-1长肽可刺激T细胞产生T细胞活化反应,即释放IFN-γ和T细胞上调CD137分子,与预测的HLA分型基本吻合;(3)KK-LC-1短肽比长肽刺激效果更好,有更精确的抗原表位。结论:利用MHC/肽预测法并结合抗原特异性刺激实验可快速鉴定肿瘤抗原的T细胞表位;根据长肽的结果缩短肽段,可确定抗原表位。本研究为快速确定肿瘤抗原表位提供了新的途径。     

Immunogenicity of recombinant <Emphasis Type="Italic">Mycobacterium bovis</Emphasis> bacille Calmette–Guèrin clones expressing T and B cell epitopes of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Mycobacterium tuberculosis</Emphasis> antigens

Recombinant Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette–Guèrin (rBCG) expressing three T cell epitopes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) Ag85B antigen (P1, P2, P3) fused to the Mtb8.4 protein (rBCG018) or a combination of these antigens fused to B cell epitopes from ESAT-6, CFP-10 and MTP40 proteins (rBCG032) were used to immunize Balb/c mice. Total IgG responses were determined against Mtb8.4 antigen and ESAT-6 and CFP-10 B cell epitopes after immunization with rBCG032. Mice immunized with rBCG032 showed a significant increase in IgG1 and IgG2a antibodies against ESAT-6 and MTP40 (P1) B cell epitopes and IgG3 against both P1 and P2 B cell epitopes of MPT40. Splenocytes from mice immunized with rBCG018 proliferated against Ag85B P2 and P3 T cell epitopes and Mtb8.4 protein whereas those from mice-immunized with rBCG032 responded against all Ag85B epitopes and the ESAT-6 B cell epitope. CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ lymphocytes from mice immunized with rBCG018 produced primarily Th1 type cytokines in response to the T cell epitopes. Similar pattern of recognition against the T cell epitopes were obtained with rBCG032 with the additional recognition of ESAT-6, CFP-10 and one of the MTP40 B cell epitopes with the same pattern of cytokines. This study demonstrates that rBCG constructs expressing either T or T and B cell epitopes of MTB induced appropriate immunogenicity against MTB.     

High expression of MAGE-A9 in tumor and stromal cells of non-small cell lung cancer was correlated with patient poor survival

Melanoma associated antigen-A (MAGE-A) is an oncogene and correlated with tumor initiation and development. However the roles of MAGE-A9 in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are still unknown. We investigated MAGE-A9 mRNA expression in 18 tumor tissues of NSCLC by qRT-PCR and MAGE-A9 protein expression in 213 NSCLC samples of tissue arrays by immunohistochemical staining. We assessed the relationship between MAGE-A9 expression and clinical parameters. The results showed that the high expression of MAGE-A9 protein in NSCLC tumor cells were commonly present in squamous cell carcinomas (P = 0.030). It was also related to larger tumor diameter, lymph node metastasis and later stage grouping with TNM classification (all P < 0.05). Whereas the expression of MAGE-A9 in stromal cells was higher in squamous cell carcinomas as well. Cox regression univariate and multivariable analysis revealed that MAGE-A9 expression in tumor cells of NSCLC (P < 0.001) is an independent prognostic factor in five-year overall survival rate. We concluded that the molecular assessment of MAGEA9 could be considered to improve prognostic evaluation and to identify eligible patients for potential target therapy.     

Heterogeneity of monoclonal antibody-reactive epitopes on mycobacterial 30-kilodalton-region proteins and the secreted antigen 85 complex and demonstration of antigen 85B on the Mycobacterium leprae cell wall surface.

Proteins of the antigen 85 complex in the 30-kDa region secreted by live mycobacteria are important in the immune response against mycobacterial infections and may play an important biological role in the host-parasite interaction. In the present study, we have characterized epitopes of the 30-kDa-region proteins and the antigen 85 complex by using a panel of 13 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) reacting with these antigens, 6 of which have not been described before. By using five previously characterized related secreted proteins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, MPT44 (85A), MPT59 (85B), MPT45 (85C), MPT51 (27 kDa), and MPT64 (26 kDa), we have identified at least 10 different MAb-reactive epitopes on the proteins of the antigen 85 complex. A heterogeneous distribution of epitopes was observed within the components of the antigen 85 complex. Two distinct epitopes specific for antigen 85B and two other epitopes restricted to the 85A and 85B components were recognized. Two of them were shared with a previously unidentified 27-kDa protein present in M. tuberculosis culture fluid from which all MPT proteins were derived. The rest of the MAb-reactive epitopes were found to be present mostly in antigens 85A and 85B and to a lesser extent in antigen 85C. None of these MAbs recognized component 85C alone nor did they bind to the related MPT51 and MPT64 proteins. Interestingly, most of the MAbs reacted with purified native proteins of the antigen 85 complex but not to them in their denatured forms. In contrast, reactivity of the MAbs with the cytosol fraction of M. tuberculosis in immunoblotting revealed that they bound to a closely related cytosolic 30-kDa protein(s) even when they were denatured. Heterogeneity of these MAb-reactive epitopes of the antigen 85 complex was further evident as they were found to be distributed in various patterns among 19 different mycobacterial species. By using fusion proteins of the Mycobacterium leprae 30/31-kDa antigen 85 complex, we have localized at least six different epitopes within amino acid residues 55 to 266 of the M. leprae antigen 85 complex. Finally, by immunohistochemical analysis, we have demonstrated the in situ expression of one of the novel MAb-reactive epitopes specific for antigen 85B on the cell wall surface of M. leprae within macrophages in lepromatous leprosy lesions and thus provide direct evidence for the presence of the B component of the antigen 85 complex on the surface of intact M. leprae.     

旋毛虫抗原分子克隆及其T细胞和B细胞表位预测

目的 克隆旋毛虫肌幼虫Mr21 000抗原蛋白基因(Ts21),预测其T细胞和B细胞表位.方法 旋毛虫(河南地理株)感染小鼠后收集肌幼虫,提取肌幼虫总RNA,应用RT-PCR技术获取目的基因Ts21,构建重组质粒pUC18-Ts21并测序,应用生物信息分析软件预测其T细胞和B细胞表位.结果 成功构建克隆载体pUC18-Ts21.旋毛虫Mr21 000抗原的T细胞表位位于第9～23、135～150位氨基酸位点;B细胞表位位于第31～35、53～56、98～104、124～130、133～157、160～172位氨基酸位点.结论 成功克隆了旋毛虫河南地理株肌幼虫Mr21 000抗原的编码基因,T细胞和B细胞表位预测结果表明该抗原蛋白具有较好的抗原性,可作为旋毛虫病免疫诊断和预防的候选抗原.