三溴合剂的快速检测

目的：建立三溴合剂含量测定的快速检测方法。方法：用银量法、甲醛法、四苯硼钠法沉淀剩余滴定法分别测定总溴、演化铵、溴化钾的含量，再用总溴量减去溴化铵和溴化钾中Br^＋的含量计算出溴化钠的含量。结果：本法测定溴化铵的平均同收率为100．2％，RSD0．2％；演化钾的平均同收率为100.3％，RSD0.3％；溴化钠的平均回收率为99．7％，RSD0．5％。结论：本法简便、快速、准确．可用于三溴合剂3种主要成分的含量测定．便于各主成分的质量控制。     

紫外分光光度法测定盐酸环丙沙星的含量

目的：用紫外分光光度法测定盐酸环丙沙星的含量。方法：以0．01mol/L盐酸为溶剂采用紫外分光光度法进行含量测定，建立含量测定的质量控制方法。结果：盐酸环丙沙星含量测定平均回收率为100．15％，RSD为0．85％（n=6)。结论：用本法测定盐酸环丙沙星含量简便、快速，测定结果与药典方法基本一致。     

益母草注射液中铅、镉、砷、汞、铜残留量的测定

目的：建立测定益母草注射液中铅、镉、砷、汞、铜残留量的方法。方法：采用石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法测定铅、镉含量；氢化物发生-原子荧光法测定砷、汞含量；火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定铜含量。结果：铅、镉、砷、汞、铜的回收率（n=6）分别为116．4％，91．36％，108．5％，96．93％，81．17％。结论：该方法操作简便、快速，可用于中药注射液中铅、镉、砷、汞、铜残留量的测定。     

紫外分光光度法测定康可片可富马酸比索洛尔的含量均匀度

采用紫外分光光度法测定康可片中富马酸比索洛尔的含量均匀度，以０．１ｍｏｌ／Ｌ盐酸为溶剂，测定波长为２２２．０ｎｍ，平均回经为９９．９％，ＲＳＤ＝０．３０％（ｎ＝６），含量均匀度测定结果：Ａ＋１．８ｓ在８．５～１１．５之间，含量在９７．７５％～９８．５１％之间。     

吸光度线性组合分光光度法测定止痒醇溶液的含量

应用吸光度线性组合分光光度法，不经分离直接测定止痒醇溶液中苯醇和水杨酸的含量。以２６９、２７５和２９７ｎｍ为测试点，分别在各点测定苯酚和水杨酸等混合液的吸光度，通过线性组合计算苯酚含量，用单波长测定水杨酸含量，平均回收率分别为１００．６１％（ＲＳＤ＝０．８０％）和１００．０３％（ＲＳＤ＝０．９８％）。     

导数光谱法测定复方金霉素涂剂中两组分含量

目的 建立复方金霉素涂剂中盐酸金霉素和盐酸达克罗宁含量测定方法。方法 采用零阶导数在368mn波长处测定盐酸金霉素的含量；二阶导数在308mn波长处测定盐酸达克罗宁含量。结果 盐酸金霉素、盐酸达克罗宁平均回收率RSD分别为101．4％、0．7％，100．2％、1．1％。结论 该方法简便、快速、准确，可用于复方金霉素涂剂中盐酸金霉素和盐酸达克罗宁的含量测定。     

均匀设计在硫软膏含量测定条件选择中的应用

利用均匀设计，对硫软膏含量测定条件进行实验筛选，得出了适合硫软膏含量测定的条件，并用该条件对硫软膏进行测定，回收率达９９．６７％，ＲＳＤ＝０．３９０％，Ｓ＝０．３６８％。     

果糖二磷酸镁含量测定和有关物质检查

目的：建立果糖二磷酸镁的含量测定和有关物质检查的方法。方法：采用二苯胺比色法测定含量，将果糖二磷酸镁与二苯胺在酸性溶液中，96℃水浴反应显色，638am处测定吸收度；薄层层析法和磷钼酸比色法控制有关物质限量。结果：含量测定平均方法回收率为99．4％-101．8％，日内、日间精密度分别小于1．0％和1．6％。TLC对果糖、6-磷酸果糖和其他有关杂质的检出限量分别为0．25％，1．25％和1．25％。结论：本法可用作果糖二磷酸镁的常规质量控制。     

导数光谱法测定复方苯甲酸醇溶液中两组分含量

目的建立测定复方苯甲酸醇溶液中苯甲酸和水杨酸含量的方法。方法采用二阶导数光谱法在233nm波长处测定苯甲酸的含量，在319nm波长处测定水杨酸含量。结果苯甲酸、水杨酸质量浓度分别在12．16～60．80μg／mL和6．72—33．60μg／mL范围内二阶导数振幅线性关系良好（r=-0．9998和r=-0．99996），平均回收率分别为100．9％和100．5％，RSD分别为1．01％和1．00％（n=5）。结论所用方法简便、快速、准确，可用于复方苯甲酸醇溶液中苯甲酸和水杨酸的含量测定。     

复方泮托拉唑钠胃内漂浮片的制备及含量测定

目的制备复方泮托拉唑钠胃内漂浮片并对其含量进行测定。方法采用直接压片法制备，以高效液相色谱法测定其含量。结果制备的泮托拉唑钠胃内漂浮片体外漂浮性能良好；含量测定线性范围为0．275-1．650μg，r=0，9999，平均回收率为99．2％，RSD=0．41％。结论该制备方法简单、易操作。含量测定方法简便、准确，回收率高，可用于泮托拉唑钠胃内漂浮片的制备及含量测定。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.