经尿道和耻骨上穿刺激光治疗浅表征膀胱肿瘤临床观察

应用Ｎｄ：ＹＡＧ激光经尿道和耻骨上膀胱穿刺入路治疗浅表性膀胱肿瘤７４例，获得满意疗效。随访６３例，时间６－５４个月，有７例肿瘤复发（１１．１％。认为经尿道治疗困难时，经耻骨上膀胱穿刺入路消除了经尿道治疗时的死角。     

腹股沟和耻骨入路闭孔神经阻滞用于预防经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术病人闭孔神经反射效果的比较

经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术在切除膀胱侧壁肿瘤时可引起闭孔神经反射,造成大腿内收肌强烈收缩,导致膀胱穿孔,还可能使肿瘤切除不彻底致肿瘤细胞播散,甚至损伤盆腔血管.闭孔神经阻滞是预防闭孔神经反射的有效方法[1].耻骨入路闭孔神经阻滞因可阻滞闭孔神经总干,阻滞效果确切,是临床经典入路,但因闭孔神经总干位置较深、神经周围有血管伴行,因此穿刺困难,且易损伤周围血管.有研究表明,与耻骨入路闭孔神经阻滞比较,腹股沟入路阻滞闭孔神经分支,穿刺过程诱发伤害性刺激程度较轻,穿刺成功机率较高[2-4];也有研究表明,腹股沟入路闭孔神经阻滞穿刺成功率与耻骨入路闭孔神经阻滞相近[5].本研究拟比较腹股沟入路和耻骨入路闭孔神经阻滞用于预防经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术病人闭孔神经反射的效果,为临床应用提供参考.     

不同入路钬激光治疗表浅膀胱肿瘤

目的 :探讨不同入路钬激光 (Ho∶YAG)治疗表浅膀胱肿瘤 (SBC)的方法及疗效。方法 :采用钬激光经尿道及经皮入路共切除肿瘤 6 0例 ,肿瘤病理分级G1～G2 ,临床分期T1～T2 。结果 :手术均一次成功 ,无膀胱穿孔等并发症 ,激光手术时间 :6～ 38min ,平均 19min。平均出血量 <5ml,创面基底及创缘随机活检无肿瘤残留 ,术后均行丝裂霉素膀胱灌注。随访 3～ 2 4个月 ,平均 13个月 ,3例术后 6～ 8个月异位复发 ,复发率为 5 %。结论 :经尿道钬激光切除膀胱肿瘤简单易行 ,安全有效 ,对于无法经尿道途径得到满意治疗的SBC ,经皮膀胱肿瘤输尿管镜下钬激光切除术是一种较理想的微创的手术方法     

前列腺癌合并膀胱癌4例分析

目的探讨前列腺癌合并膀胱癌的诊断和治疗。方法总结156例前列腺腺癌患者资料，对其中4例合并膀胱移行细胞癌的患者进行分析。结果4例前列腺腺癌患者均接受B超、尿镜检和膀胱镜检查，发现同时合并膀胱移行细胞癌。其中2例接受经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术和双侧睾丸切除术；1例接受经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术和药物去势；1例接受经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术和耻骨后前列腺根治切除术。术后均接受膀胱灌注治疗。随访12。36个月，除1例膀胱癌复发接受再次电切手术外，其余均无肿瘤复发。结论有血尿、排尿刺激症状和长期吸烟史的前列腺癌患者以及准备行前列腺癌根治手术的患者应进行膀胱镜检查以除外合并膀胱肿瘤。     

经耻骨上膀胱穿刺尿动力学检查在前列腺增生患者中的应用

目的探讨经耻骨上膀胱穿刺尿动力学检查在前列腺增生（benign prostate hyperplasia, BPH）患者中应用的意义。方法36例BPH患者因不能经尿道插管或不能耐受疼痛接受该检查。采用16^#胸穿针于耻骨上穿刺入膀胱并置入硬膜外麻醉用导管，测定膀胱压，行压力-流率测定并观察膀胱顺应性、逼尿肌稳定性等指标。结果36例患者全部完成检查。无一例出现感染、血肿或尿外渗。结论经耻骨上膀胱穿刺尿动力学检查适用于不能经尿道置管的BPH患者，可减少检查带来的痛苦并排除测压管对检查结果的影响。     

经尿道电汽化治疗浅表膀胱肿瘤54例

目的探讨经尿道电汽化治疗浅表膀胱肿瘤的临床疗效。方法自1999年7月～2004年5月，采用经尿道电汽化治疗浅表膀胱肿瘤54例。结果经尿道膀胱肿瘤电汽化术效果同膀胱部分切除术相似，2例3个月后复发，6例半年后复发，3例1年后复发，1例2年复发。结论电汽化术可多次反复进行，适宜于膀胱肿瘤易复发需多次切除的病例。具有安全、损伤小、效果确切、可反复使用及并发症少等优点，可替代开放手术。     

经尿道膀胱肿瘤切除术45例临床分析

目的探讨经尿道膀胱肿瘤切除术的适应证、手术方法及其疗效评估。方法1999年9月～2002年9月收治膀胱肿瘤45例，其中行尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术35例，经尿道膀胱肿瘤电汽化切术10例。结果获得随访6个月～3年的42例中，肿瘤复发21例，其中原位复发9例，异位复发11例，复发肿瘤升级1例。结论经尿道途径切除膀胱肿瘤具有操作简单、损伤小、出血少、恢复快等优点。     

经尿道微波针凝治疗膀胱癌

报道２４例经尿道微波针凝治疗膀胱肿瘤的临床效果。结果显示：术中及术后未发生膀胱出血及膀胱穿孔，术后肿瘤部位活检未见肿瘤残留，手术时间和治疗效果与经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术相仿，但并发症少，住院时间缩短。术后２１例平均随坊４．１年，有２例非治疗部位发生肿瘤，而治疗部位无１例肿瘤复发。经尿道微波针凝具有简便、安全、不出血、有效及经济等优点，适用于无电切条件的医疗单位，其适应证为有蒂或直径≤２．５ｃｍ的广基膀胱肿瘤     

35例浅表性膀胱肿瘤经尿道电切术疗效分析

目的探讨浅表性膀胱肿瘤经尿道电切术的临床疗效。方法对35例浅表性膀胱肿瘤患者,实施经尿道电切术治疗,回顾性分析患者的临床资料。结果手术时间7～34 min,平均(16.4±4.5)min。未发生闭孔神经反射、电切综合征和继发性大出血等并发症。创面基底和创缘病理检查,无肿瘤残留。术后导尿管留置时间3～8 d,平均(5.3±1.1)d。随访12～29个月,平均(18.6±3.5)个月,肿瘤复发4例(11.43%)。结论经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术治疗浅表性膀胱肿瘤,疗效确切、操作简单、对组织损伤小、可重复治疗和安全性高等优势,是治疗浅表性膀胱肿瘤的可靠方法之一。     

根治性膀胱切除原位回肠新膀胱术后尿道肿瘤复发的原因及治疗

目的：探讨膀胱尿路上皮癌行根治性膀胱切除原位回肠新膀胱术后尿道复发的原因及治疗方法。方法：回顾403例膀胱尿路上皮癌行根治性膀胱切除原位回肠新膀胱术的患者资料,总结尿道肿瘤的复发率、原凼、诊断、治疗和预后。结果：6例患者出现尿道肿瘤复发,复发率为1．5％,均为男性。2例浸润性尿道肿瘤和1例尿道广泛表浅性乳头状瘤行全尿道切除术和新膀胱造瘘术,3例尿道表浅性乳头状瘤行经尿道肿瘤切除术和尿道内灌注化疗,术后2例复发,再次行全尿道切除术。2例浸润性尿道肿瘤和1例尿道广泛表浅性乳头状瘤在2年内因肿瘤复发或转移死亡。结论：膀胱多发原位癌、肿瘤侵犯前列腺尿道和基质、女性膀胱颈部是尿道复发主要原因。原位新膀胱的尿道复发率低于其他尿流改道术,全尿道切除术是尿道复发更可靠的治疗方案,尿道表浅性肿瘤的预后明显好于浸润性肿瘤。     

经皮膀胱肿瘤电切术治疗膀胱癌15例分析

目的：探讨经皮膀胱肿瘤电切术的临床应用价值。方法：采用经皮膀胱肿瘤电切术治疗15例男性表浅性膀胱肿瘤患者。结果：均一次手术成功，无膀胱穿孔等并发症发生，术后病理检查均为表浅性膀胱癌(移行细胞癌Ⅰ—Ⅱ级)，术后电切创面及周边位置随机活检未发现肿瘤残留，平均随访18个月，均无原位复发，异位复发3例，其中l例于术后6个月检出，2例于术后9个月检出。结论：对于经传统尿道电切术无法完整切除的膀胱肿瘤，可选择性地通过经皮膀胱肿瘤电切术可达到良好的治疗效果。     

前列腺增生症经膀胱切除术与经尿道电切术的比较与选择

为寻找治疗前列腺增生症有效的手术方法。对９６例采用耻骨上经膀胱前列腺切除术，同时对１４３例采用经尿道前列腺电切术，并将两者的临床资料进行比较。结果显示；两组术中输血例数，输血量及膀胱冲洗转清时间，保留尿管时间，并发切口感染例数均有极显著性差异，而两组并发尿失禁，尿道狭窄的例数无显著性差异。     

Incidence and pattern of bladder tumor recurrence following combined suprapubic prostatectomy and excision of a bladder tumor

We studied retrospectively 36 patients who had undergone combined suprapubic transvesical prostatectomy for benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) and excision of a simultaneous bladder tumor. The follow-up period ranged from 1 to 7 years (average 3 years) and included periodic cystoscopy and voided urine cytology. Thirteen recurrences out of 60 (21.7%) occurred at the bladder neck, in 8 out of 23 patients (34.8%) with recurrent tumors. We relate the high recurrence rate located at the bladder neck to the concurrent prostatectomy. We conclude that combined surgery for BPH and bladder tumor is not recommended since it predisposes the bladder neck to tumor implantation at surgery.     

Suprapubic mini-laparoscopy-assisted transurethral thulium laser excision of intravesical mesh after anti-incontinence sling procedures

ObjectivesWe present our innovative technique of excising intravesically exposed mesh resulting from anti-incontinence sling procedures using transurethral thulium laser assisted by a suprapubic transvesical mini-laparoscopic grasper.MethodsTwo patients agreed to anti-incontinence sling surgery for stress urinary incontinence several years ago prior to presentation. Because of symptom recurrence, they underwent repeat anti-incontinence sling surgery. One patient developed dysuria and mild lower abdominal pain gradually 1 month after the operation. Cystoscopy was performed and revealed exposed mesh at the left anterolateral wall, which might have resulted from missed intraoperative bladder perforation. The other patient presented with dysuria 2 years following the second sling procedure. Cystoscopy demonstrated a calcified mass attached to the right lateral wall. Bladder erosion by a previously implanted mesh was thought to be the cause. Intravesical mesh was removed transurethrally with thulium laser assisted by a suprapubic transvesical mini-laparoscopic grasper for the former patient. Vesicolithotripsy was performed for the latter patient first and the intravesical mesh was removed in the same manner as in the former patient.ResultsThe intravesical mesh was removed smoothly with thulium laser with the assistance of a suprapubic mini-laparoscopic grasper. As the procedure was minimally invasive, both patients recovered well after removal of the intravesical mesh. The irritative voiding symptoms also subsided following removal of the mesh.ConclusionRemoval of eroded or misplaced intravesical mesh after anti-incontinence sling procedures can be accomplished by transurethral laser excision with the assistance of suprapubic transvesical mini-laparoscopic instruments. The procedure is safe, effective, and minimally invasive, with a fast recovery.     

Implantation metastasis after a suprapubic catheter in a case of bladder cancer.

We report about a patient who was treated with a percutaneous suprapubic cystostomy in order to relieve repeated urinary retention. Two hours later a bladder tumor was found and the suprapubic catheter was removed. After transurethral resection of the bladder tumor the histological specimen showed a pT3 G3 squamous cell carcinoma. Because of the age and reduced performance status of the patient a radical cystectomy was contraindicated. In a second approach we performed again a transurethral resection of the bladder tumor simultaneously with a resection of the prostate. Eight weeks later the patient was admitted to our hospital because of reduced performance status and gross haematuria. We found a widespread bladder tumor with an implantation metastasis in the abdominal wall at the site where the suprapubic catheter was placed and multiple lung metastases. The patient died within one week after admission. The literature is reviewed and therapeutic strategies are discussed.     

Combined use of percutaneous and transurethral instruments in the preadolescent children with intravesical pathologies

The approach for the intravesical suspicious lesions or stones in the preadolescent children especially in boys is still a challenging problem. Open surgery, percutaneous suprapubic endoscopy or transurethral endoscopic approaches are the treatments of choice in children. However, there is a group in children between the ages of 10 and 12 years, which can be named as grey zone population; the length of the instruments is insufficient for transurethral intervention such as endoscopic stone extraction, transurethral bladder tumor resection especially for the lesion at the posterior bladder wall in this group. The aim of this study is to describe a new technique using laparoscopic instruments for percutaneous bladder stone and tumoral lesion and determines the efficacy of this procedure. Satisfactory results have been obtained in patients with these pathologies. In selected cases, operation time, urethral and mucosal damage, hospital stay, and cost can be decreased to a minimum with this simple technique.     

Trocar cystostomy during transurethral prostatic resection

A new suprapubic trocar for constant drainage of irrigating fluid during transurethralresection of the prostate was studied in 87 patients: The irrigating fluid height was 60 cm. above the prostatic fossa in 61 patients and 40 cm. in 26 patients. The absorption of irrigating fluid during resection was measured by volumetric and radioisotopic methods and was compared with and without use of trocar in the two patient groups. In the 40-cm. group, but not in the 60-cm. group, the use of trocar cystostomy lowered the total as well as the intravascular absorption of irrigating fluid to low and clinically insignificant amounts. The low bladder pressure (average 8 cm.) explained the low absorption. The use of the trocar in this group also resulted in lower blood loss per gram resected tissue and less operating time per gram tissue removed. Use of the trocar in transurethral prostatic resection represents a technical advantage over conventional techniques, since it allows uninterrupted resection at a low bladder pressure.     

前列腺摘除术后排尿困难19例报告

目的 探讨耻骨上前列腺摘除术后排尿困难的原因和治疗方法。方法 回顾性分析19例耻骨上前列腺切除术后排尿困难患者的临床资料。结果 耻骨上前列腺摘除术后排尿困难19例中膀胱颈梗阻10例,后尿道狭窄7例,腺体残留2例。经尿道电切10例,经尿道电汽化5例,开放手术2例,均一次成功治愈。2例仅行尿道扩张。结论 经尿道电切或电汽化是治疗前列腺术后排尿困难的较好方法。     

Retrospective analysis of traumatic bladder injury: does suprapubic catheterization alter outcome of healing?

The role of suprapubic catheters in traumatic bladder injuries is not well defined. Current literature suggests that suprapubic catheters are only necessary with large intraperitoneal bladder ruptures. The purpose of this study is to show that all bladder injuries can be managed with transurethral catheterization alone with a similar leak rate, morbidity, and healing time. Retrospective analysis was done of all patients with traumatic bladder injuries at a level I urban trauma center from June 1992 through June 2003. Medical records were reviewed and data analyzed according to type of bladder catheterization (i.e., transurethral or suprapubic). All patients with urethral injuries were excluded. Fifty-six patients met inclusion criteria. Twenty-seven patients suffered penetrating bladder injuries, and 29 bladder injuries were secondary to blunt trauma. Forty-seven patients were treated with transurethral catheter drainage, two were treated with suprapubic catheters, and seven were treated with both transurethral and suprapubic catheters. Forty patients had follow-up cystograms prior to catheter removal. Of the 47 patients treated with transurethral drainage alone, 3 (6%) developed urinary leaks. Of the 9 patients with suprapubic catheters, 2 (22%) developed urinary leaks. The mean time to removal of transurethral catheters was 15 days. The mean time to removal of suprapubic tubes was also 15 days. All study patients successfully healed their bladder injuries regardless of catheterization method. Suprapubic catheter drainage may increase morbidity without improving healing time. These results effectively support the decision to use transurethral catheter drainage alone in all patients with traumatic bladder injuries.