Multiple-flap anoplasty in the treatment of rectal prolapse after pull-through operations for imperforate anus

Rectal prolapse is a frequent complication after pull-through operations for high imperforate anus. Mucosal prolapse causes soiling, occasional bleeding, and pain. Simple resection of the redundant mucosa is unsatisfactory and leads to frequent recurrences or strictures. In 1982, Millard and Rowe reported a technique designed to correct rectal prolapse using two perineal flaps, thus providing a skin-lined anal canal. We have operated on two patients using the same technique. A three-flap anoplasty was used in nine other patients. With an average follow-up of 13 months, none of out patients presented recurrence of the prolapse or a significant stenosis. This procedure is safe and physiologically sound. The skin-lined anal canal provides some sensation where it is lacking. The functional and esthetic results are gratifying and we are now using the three-flap anoplasty as a primary procedure in the correction of high imperforate anus.     

Percutaneous transperineal pouch localization in low imperforate anus: a new approach

Patients who have an imperforate anus with associated infralevator, or low rectal pouch, are candidates for a perineal anoplasty. However, in the absence of a perineal fistula, intraoperative localization and isolation of the rectal pouch can be difficult. We have developed a technique to facilitate isolation and dissection of the rectal pouch for perineal anoplasty in patients with a low imperforate anus who do not have a perineal fistula present. Pouch localization is carried out preoperatively by fluoroscopic percutaneous transperineal placement of a Fogarty embolectomy catheter through the center of the anal wink. We have used this technique successfully in four consecutive patients who had a low imperforate anus, in the absence of a perineal fistula, with the pouches 1.0 to 1.5 cm from the perineum. Results have been excellent, and the dissection of the rectal pouch was facilitated greatly by the presence of the inflated Fogarty balloon.     

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目的 探讨先天性肛门闭锁（IA）合并先天性巨结肠（HD）的诊治策略，提高肛门成形术后腹胀，便秘的诊治水平。方法 对1980－1999年162例IA术后腹胀，便秘的4例患儿的临床资料进行分析。结果 4例患儿中3例为低位IA，一期经会阴肛门成形术后出现腹胀，便秘，2例存在肛门狭窄，另1例为高位IA并多发畸形。术前诊断为IA合并HD行巨结肠根治术3例，其中1例肛门狭窄合并急性机械性肠梗阻于术中取材冰冻诊断为HD，术后病理诊断为继发性巨结肠；保守治疗1例为肛门狭窄并发继发性巨结肠，经扩肛和灌肠后症状消失。最后诊断为IA合并HD2例。4例均获得满意的治疗效果。结论 肛门狭窄是肛门成形术后腹胀，便秘的常见原因，IA合并HD极少见，，可通过肛门指检，钡灌肠和病理组织学检查进行诊断与鉴别。     

Posterior sagittal approach: megasigmoid resection and anal reconstruction for severe constipation and fecal incontinence after anoplasty

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to present the technique of megasigmoid resection and anal reconstruction by complete posterior sagittal approach for the children with severe constipation and fecal incontinence after anoplasty. METHODS: Six patients (age, 2 to 18 years) born with imperforate anus and originally treated with perineal anoplasty suffered from intractable constipation and fecal incontinence. Contrast enema showed massive dilated and aperistaltic rectosigmoid colon with fecal impaction. Resection of the dilated bowel and anal reconstruction were completely performed by posterior sagittal approach. RESULTS: The mean operating time was 205 minutes (range, 125 to 265 minutes) and the average length of resected colon was 23.3 cm (range, 10 to 40 cm). There were no intraoperative or postoperative complications. By 2 to 4 months after the operation, all patients obtained voluntary bowel movement. On follow-up at 6 to 24 months postoperative, no patient had constipation or required use of the laxatives again. Four of 6 patients suffered from grade 1 soiling, and the other 2 had grade greater than 1 soiling. None had urinary retention or incontinence after the procedure. CONCLUSION: Resection of dilated rectosigmoid colon and anal reconstruction for the patients with severe constipation and fecal incontinence after anoplasty can be performed successfully using a posterior sagittal approach.     

Combined posterior sagittal and three-flap anoplasty in the repair of anorectal anomalies

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to describe a new technique for the repair of high and intermediate imperforate anus. METHODS: From 1989 to 1999, 22 children with high and intermediate imperforate anus (17 boys, 5 girls) were operated on with a combination of a posterior sagittal and 3-flap perineal anoplasty. Long-term clinical follow up (to a maximum of 10 years) was done in all patients as well as a recent phone interview with a questionnaire regarding bowel function and degree of satisfaction with the result of the surgical correction. A continence ratio (CR, patient score/maximum possible score) was obtained by a blinded interviewer. RESULTS: A continence survey was obtained in 19 patients. The average CR was 0.68. The CR for high anomalies was 0.62 and for intermediate anomalies was 0.78 (0.84 for girls and 0.64 for boys). Patients with sacral anomalies had a CR of 0.58. Two patients with Trisomy 21 had associated Hirschsprung's disease and were excluded from analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Advantages of this combined surgical approach are excellent anatomic exposure, the ability to limit rectal mobilization to a minimum, reduction of the incidence of mucosal prolapse, the new skin-lined anal canal may assist attainment of continence by providing a "sensory warning zone," and, finally, the cosmetic appearance is satisfactory.     

Reoperation by anterior perineal approach for missed puborectalis

Poor postoperative continence in patients operated for high imperforate anus may result from an inadequate bowel pull-through behind the puborectal muscle. Between 1979 and 1983, we used the anterior perineal approach for reoperations in five such cases (3 males, 2 females). In all of them, preoperative continence was socially unacceptable. Each time it was possible to identify a partially or totally missed puborectal muscle. Although some complications occurred postoperatively, all patients acquired a socially acceptable level of continence with a mean follow-up of 4.5 years. Preoperative and postoperative rectal manometries are presented. The anterior perineal approach not only provides adequate exposure of the urethra and puborectal muscle, but also has the advantage of operating through an area that has not been previously dissected.     

Results after posterior sagittal anorectoplasty: a new approach to high imperforate anus

Six patients, 3 to 12 months of age have undergone posterior sagittal anorectoplasty for high imperforate anus. A rectourethral fistula was present in all patients. The operative procedure performed was the method of de Vries and Pena, utilizing electrostimulation and identification of the external sphincter muscles. One patient required an abdominal operation as well as the perineal approach. There were no complications. Serial assessment was carried out over a period of 4 months to 2 1/2 years. Normal continence was achieved in three patients. Anorectal manometry was performed in five patients. Four of five patients had normal rectal sensation and normal mean anal canal pressures. These results suggest that this procedure is applicable to the young infant with high imperforate anus, and a satisfactory result can be anticipated.     

腹腔镜辅助中位肛门闭锁成形术11例报告

目的 探讨腹腔镜辅助中位肛门闭锁成形术的可行性。方法 腹腔镜监视下,游离松解直肠;断离修补直肠尿道（阴道）瘘管,其中6例经腹腔镜离断修补,4例经会阴切口离断修补;然后在电刺激仪的引导下经会阴肌肉中心1.0cm左右小切口向盆底肌肉中心分离形成隧道,最后将直肠从隧道中拖出,与会阴皮肤吻合,同时关闭结肠造瘘口。结果 11例患儿均在腹腔镜辅助下完成肛门成形术,腹腔镜手术操作时间平均32.8min（25～78min）,出血量平均5.3ml（2～10ml）,无需要输血者。术后11d去除尿管或膀胱造瘘管,无尿道瘘或憩室出现,无切口感染发生。11例术后随访3～66个月,平均45个月。根据肛门功能临床评分标准评分（6分法）,排便优8例（72.7%）,良3例（27.3%）。结论 腹腔镜辅助中位肛门闭锁成形术处理直肠泌尿系瘘方便,辨认盆底肌中心准确及避免切口污染等优点,是治疗中位肛门闭锁有效方法。     

重建肛门外括肌和直肠肛管角治疗先天性肛门闭锁肛门成形术后大便失禁(附32例报告)

目的:观察重建肛门外括肌和直肠肛管角治疗先天性肛门闭锁肛门成形术后大便失禁的临床疗效。方法:对32例先天性肛门闭锁肛门成形术后大便失禁患者用股薄肌重建肛门外括肌并重建直肠肛管角。结果:32例患者术后随访1年,肛门功能优19例,良9例,较好4例,无效者未发现,总满意率为87·5%(28/32)。结论:用股薄肌重建肛门外括肌并重建直肠肛管角,术后患者肛门功能满意率高,患者生活质量明显提高。     

Anterior perineal anorectoplasty for intermediate and high imperforate anus

Anterior perineal anorectoplasty is a new technique for the repair of high imperforate anus. This technique allows direct access and clear visualization of the puborectalis sling and rectal pouch; division of the fistula and mobilization of the rectum can be precisely performed under direct vision, thereby reducing injury to surrounding structures; the pull-through of the rectum is readily facilitated; it obviates the need to change the position of the patient during the procedure; and mobilization of the rectum required to pull the rectum through is minimal, hence the late complication of mucosal prolapse is avoided. Details of the operative procedure are described herein.     

Anterior perineal anorectoplasty for intermediate and high imperforate anus

Anterior perineal anorectoplasty is a new technique for the repair of high imperforate anus. This technique allows direct access and clear visualization of the puborectalis sling and rectal pouch; division of the fistula and mobilization of the rectum can be precisely performed under direct vision, thereby reducing injury to surrounding structures; the pull-through of the rectum is readily facilitated; it obviates the need to change the position of the patient during the procedure; and mobilization of the rectum required to pull the rectum through is minimal, hence the late complication of mucosal prolapse is avoided. Details of the operative procedure are described herein.     

Hem-o-10k在腹腔镜肛门成形术中的应用

目的探讨Hem-o—lok在腹腔镜肛门成形术处理直肠尿道瘘中的价值。方法2012年1月～2013年12月采用腹腔镜治疗15例中高位肛门闭锁,在距球部、膜部或膀胱颈部尿道0．5cm处应用Hem—o—lok夹闭瘘管处理直肠尿道瘘。结果均在腹腔镜辅助下完成肛门成形＋尿道瘘修补术,腹腔镜手术（包括会阴手术）操作时间90～150min（平均120rain）。出血量10～20ml（平均15m1）,无需要输血者,无术中并发症发生。术后7d拔除尿管,无排尿困难。15例随访2～12个月（平均5个月）,术后排尿功能基本正常,无尿道瘘复发,无尿道狭窄发生,肛门外观正常,2例患儿轻度直肠黏膜脱垂。结论腹腔镜辅助下Hem-o-lok夹闭处理直肠尿道瘘,更加精准、方便,降低手术难度,可取得满意的治疗效果。     

Laparoscopically assisted anorectal pull-through for high imperforate anus: three years' experience

PURPOSE: We describe our three-year experience with the laparoscopically assisted anorectal pullthrough for high imperforate anus using laparoscopic muscle electrostimulation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From March 2001 to January 2004, 7 patients with a diagnosis of high anorectal malformation underwent laparoscopically assisted anorectal pull-through. The patients, all males aged from 4 to 9 months (mean age, 5.8 months), presented with a rectourethral fistula. The associated malformations noted were sacral malformation, laryngeal stenosis, urethral duplication, multicystic kidney, nonpalpable testis, and esophageal atresia. All patients were treated with a colostomy in the newborn period followed by a delayed laparoscopically assisted anorectal pullthrough. Laparoscopy included stimulation of the puborectal muscle, using a modified Pe?a electrostimulator introduced through a trocar. All patients underwent a postoperative period of anal dilatation. RESULTS: In 6 cases the laparoscopically assisted anorectal pull-through was successful; there was 1 conversion to the open technique, due to strong tension from the colostomy. CONCLUSION: Although longer follow-up to evaluate continence is to come, laparoscopically assisted anorectal pull-through should be considered for the correction of the high imperforate anus and, according to our experience, it represents the gold standard. It offers the advantage of good visualization of the fistula and the surrounding structures and minimally invasive abdominal and perineal wounds.With the laparoscopic Pe?a stimulator the direct observation of the contraction of the puborectalis sling allows an evaluation of the functional contractility and an accurate colonic pullthrough in the center of the muscle complex.     

Minimally invasive surgery for anorectal malformation in boys: a multicenter study

INTRODUCTION: The laparoscopic pull-through for high imperforate anus in boys has recently been developed in France and Benelux. The purpose of this study was to evaluate technical difficulties and surgical complications of this approach.Patients and Methods: This report was based on a retrospective study from January 2002 to December 2007,including 34 patients from 10 centers. The rectourinary fistula found in 33/34 cases was bulbar in 10, prostaticin 20, and cervical in 3.Results: Patients were 3.7 months old (range, 1.6-10.4) at surgery. Fistula was cut without closure in 11 cases or divided and closed on the genitourinary side with a suture in 15, with clips in five and linear stapler in two.Median operative duration was 152 mm (range, 80-410). The main per-operative complication, occurring in five cases, was leakage of stools from the rectum after the fistula section, requiring in one case a second laparoscopic procedure for washing and for all five cases intravenous antibiotics. Median hospital stay was 6 days(range, 3-15). During the follow-up, patients experienced eight anal stenoses and three prolapses, requiring in three cases perineal redo surgery.Conclusion: The laparoscopic approach of high imperforate anus allowed an easy control of the fistula and helped to determine the accurate passage through the levator ani. Nevertheless, technical points have to be improved,such as coprostasis before fistula section to avoid stool leakage, rectum tacking to prevent prolapse,and calibration of muscle channel to avoid stenosis.     

Congenital malformations of anus and rectum: Report of 162 cases

One hundred sixty-two cases of anal and rectal abnormalities were reported from the Boston Children's Hospital.The embryology of the anorectal region is reviewed. The malformations under discussion are believed to represent arrests or aberrations in development of the anus or rectum in the seventh or eighth week of fetal life.The cases are classified into four groups which had the following characteristics: (1) Stenosis of the anus; (2) membranous obstruction of the anus; (3) imperforate anus, but with separation of the rectum from the anus; (4) anus and anal canal normal, but separation of the rectum from the anal pouch. The external anal sphincter muscle was present in all four types. Associated with these anal and rectal obstructions there were fistulae in 52 per cent of the patients, connecting the rectum with the bladder, urethra, vagina, fossa navicularis, or the perineum.The symptoms and physical signs were essentially those of acute bowel obstruction when there was an imperforate anus or atresia of the rectum. In those cases of anal stenosis or in those instances of rectal atresia in which there was a large associated fistula, there was less evidence of intestinal obstruction. Fistulae with the urinary tract were manifested by the presence of urinary infection or by the passage of fecal material and flatus through the urethra.X-ray examination was a valuable aid in determining the distal extent of the rectal pouch in cases of imperforate anus or rectal atresia. This could be readily accomplished by taking a flat plate with the baby in the inverted position, thus allowing gas to outline the rectum. Due to the fact that some time was required for gas to reach the lower intestinal tract, the method was not wholly reliable in the first fifteen to twenty hours of life.The essential in treatment of these rectal and anal abnormalities was to establish a continuity of epithelium between the rectum and skin and thus prevent scar formation with constriction. To provide adequate anal control, the external sphincter muscle was always employed. In the stenoses (Type 1) repeated dilatations were usually all that was necessary, but when the anal canal was unyielding, it had to be excised and the rectal mucosa brought down to cover the defect. In the membranous imperforate anus (Type 2) simple cruciate incision and dilatations sufficed. The rectal atresias (Types 3 and 4) were treated by a perineal operation (when the pouch was low enough) and the rectum was brought down to the skin through the anal sphincter muscle. When the pouch was high and prohibited a successful perineal operation, a colostomy was resorted to. In Type 3 atresias 86 per cent of the cases were amenable to treatment by the perineal approach. In Type 4 atresias, 66 per cent of the cases were amenable to treatment by the perineal operation.There were 43 deaths in the series, giving a mortality of 26 per cent. At least 12 of these deaths were directly due to other associated congenital abnormalities, leaving an expected mortality rate of about 19 per cent for anorectal abnormalities and their complications. By groups the mortality rates were: Type 1, 9.5 per cent; Type 2, 16.6 per cent; Type 3, 24.8 per cent; Type 4, 61.6 per cent.The lower fistulae (rectoperineal, rectofossa navicularis, and rectovaginal) were relatively easy to close when the rectal obstruction was corrected in the first few days of life. The higher fistulae (rectourethral and rectovesical), however, were very difficult to reach through a perineal incision in a newborn infant, hence it was found best to delay treatment of such communications until the patient attained an age of eight or nine years.     

Imperforate anus, malrotation, and Hirschsprung's disease with double zonal aganglionosis: an extremely rare combination

The author describes an extremely rare case of coexistence with imperforate anus, malrotation, and double zonal aganglionosis.A colostomy was performed on a 2-day-old male infant at the proximal sigmoid colon, because the finding of an invertgram revealed an intermediate type of imperforate anus. At the age of 1 month, a distal colostogram showed the low type without fistula. An upper gastrointestinal series revealed malrotation. At 4 months of age, Ladd's procedure and an anoplasty were done. The function of the colostomy was not good. At laparotomy, a narrowing terminal ileum was removed for being a suspected intestinal obstruction. Histologic findings of the removed ileum revealed aganglionosis. A rectal suction biopsy showed the positive finding of acetyl cholinesterase staining. Therefore, the patient was diagnosed with extensive aganglionosis. At 9 months of age, a 1-stage ileoendorectal pull-through with a right colon onlay patch was performed. Histologically, a skipped ganglionic bowel segment at the right colon, a double zonal aganglionosis, was found among the extensive aganglionosis. Although the ganglionic right colon was used for the colon patch, which was placed for antiperistaltic movement, postoperatively the bowel function was excellent.The author herein describes an extremely rare case of coexistence of imperforate anus, intestinal malrotation, and double zonal Hirschsprung's disease. A case with this association, to the author's knowledge, has not been reported previously in the literature.     

High-pouch imperforate anus treated by electromagnetic bougienage and subsequent perineal repair.

Four male infants with imperforate anus were treated by electromagnetic bougienage and subsequent perineal anoplasty with division of rectourethral fistula. Each had high-pouch imperforate anus of the supralevator type, with rectourethral fishtula at or above the level of the membranous urethra. Perineal anoplasty was accomplished in all four, with division of the rectourethral fistula, avoiding the need to do a sacral-abdominal-perineal procedure, as had been customary previously in similar cases.     

Tracheal agenesis with bronchoesophageal fistulas —A case report—

Although tracheal agenesis is presently considered to be a rare and fatal anomaly, an increasing number of institutions have been reporting such cases. Reported herein, is a clinical and necropsy report of a premature infant whose tracheal agenesis was associated with bronchoesophageal fistulas and an imperforate anus. Accidental esophageal intubation enabled a perineal anoplasty to be performed under general anesthesia and allowed him to survive for 14 days.     

经会阴离断直肠末端一期手术治疗先天性肛门闭锁并肛前瘘

目的总结经会阴离断直肠末端一期手术治疗先天性肛门闭锁并肛前瘘的初步经验。方法回顾性分析19例临床资料,其中肛门闭锁合并直肠前庭瘘9例、直肠阴道瘘2例、直肠会阴瘘7例和直肠尿道瘘1例。均经会阴离断直肠末端一期行经会阴肛门成形和肛前瘘修补手术。结果所有患者手术顺利,术后恢复良好,平均随访3年(1个月~6年),瘘管未复发,肛门排便和控便功能满意。结论经会阴离断直肠末端一期肛门成形和肛前瘘修补治疗先天性肛门闭锁并肛前瘘创伤小,疗效满意。     

Sacral nerve stimulation in the treatment of bowel dysfunction from imperforate anus: A case report

IntroductionBowel dysfunction (fecal incontinence and constipation) presents in over 50% of patients after treatment of congenital anal malformations. Sacral nerve stimulation (SNS) for the treatment of fecal incontinence improves function in the majority of patients. We present a case report of the treatment of bowel dysfunction with sacral nerve stimulation in a patient with a history of an imperforate anus.Presentation of caseA twenty year-old female with a history of imperforate anus at birth, repaired during infancy with anorectoplasty, presented with fecal incontinence and constipation. Since childhood, she had been suffering from intermittent constipation with worsening fecal incontinence in early adulthood. Examination revealed mild anal stenosis and mucosal prolapse. Endoanal ultrasound demonstrated intact internal and external sphincter with low resting and squeeze pressures on anal manometry. Flexible sigmoidoscopy was normal. The patient underwent permanent sacral nerve stimulation with a primary goal of improvement in continence and, secondarily, for the alleviation of intermittent chronic constipation.DiscussionAt 15 month follow-up, the patient had improvement in fecal incontinence (CCIS of 14 pre-SNS to 1 post-SNS), constipation (CCCS of 28 pre-SNS to 20 post-SNS), and quality of life (FIQOL improved in lifestyle (3.7), coping/behavior (3.4), self perception (3.9), and social embarrassment (4.5).ConclusionSacral nerve stimulation for the treatment of bowel dysfunction in adults secondary to imperforate anus can be performed safely and with good results.