Sediment Metal Contamination in the Kafue River of Zambia and Ecological Risk Assessment

Zambia’s Kafue River receives wastes from various sources, resulting in metal pollution. This study determined the degree of contamination of 13 metals (Al, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Cd, Hg and Pb) in Kafue River sediment and the associated ecological risks at six sites in three different seasons. The level of contamination for most metals showed significant site and seasonal differences. The contamination factor and pollution load index indicated that concentrations of most metals particularly copper (Cu), cobalt (Co), manganese (Mn) and arsenic (As) were very high at sites within the Copperbelt mining area. The geoaccumulation index showed an absence of anthropogenic enrichment with Cd and Hg at all the study sites and extreme anthropogenic enrichment with Cu at sites in the Copperbelt mining area. Potential ecological risk showed that Cu and As were likely to cause adverse biological effects to aquatic organisms in the Copperbelt mining region of the Kafue River.     

Spatial and Temporal Variations of Heavy Metals in Surface Sediments in Bohai Bay, North China

Characteristics of the spatial and temporal distributions of selected heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb and Hg) in Bohai Bay, north China was examined. Surface sediment samples from 15 sites were collected and analyzed for the selected metals with atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) from the year of 1997–2007. Mean concentrations of metals in the 11-year period showed that Hg and Zn concentrations slightly fluctuated, while Cu, Cd and Pb concentrations in sediments varied with time. High levels of heavy metals occurred not only along the shoreline but also at some site in the inner part of the bay, suggesting the contamination sources of heavy metals from both terrestrial inputs and the atmospheric deposition. Compared with the environmental background values of selected heavy metals it indicated that anthropogenic activities influenced the sediment quality. The contamination factor \textCⁱ_f {\text{C}}^{i}_{f} , which is used to evaluate the pollution of the environment, showed that the contamination by selected heavy metals was moderate. Cd, Zn and Pb were the main polluting elements in this area.     

Characterization and Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in River Sediments on the Western Bank of Taihu Lake,China

In this study, nine heavy metals (Cd, Cr, As, Hg, Pb, Cu, Ni, Be, and Sb) in the sediments of 17 typical rivers on the western bank of Taihu Lake were determined. Several statistical methods were applied to analyze the distribution, sources, pollution status, and potential ecological risk of these metals. The mean concentrations of heavy metals in sediments other than Be exceeded their local background values. Geoaccumulation index and potential ecological risk index analyses demonstrated that most sediment samples were contaminated and may pose ecological risks, especially those from the Taihu Lake estuary. In particular, Cd concentrations indicated moderate contamination and potentially serious to severe ecological risk. Principal component, cluster, and correlation analyses demonstrated that Ni, Sb, Cr, and Cu were derived from industrial sources, whereas the other metals had complex origins.

     

某沿海工业区周边海水及土壤的重金属污染状况调查

[目的]了解某沿海工业区海水及土壤中重金属污染状况,提出减少环境污染的综合性建议,为制定该工业区环境保护的预防控制对策提供科学依据。[方法]选取矿石码头、煤炭码头、原油码头、散杂货码头临近海域为海水监测点,以发展备用区临近海域为对照区,采集各监测点和对照区的浅层海水及深层海水;选取钢铁厂、电厂、矿石码头、煤炭码头、原油码头为土壤监测点,以发展备用区为对照区,采集各监测点及对照区的表层土壤。采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪测定海水及土壤中As、Cu、Hg、Zn、Cr、Cd、Ni、Pb八种重金属元素含量,计算单项污染指数和综合污染指数。[结果]各监测点浅层海水中Cu、矿石码头的Hg单项污染指数均大于1,深层海水中Cu、Hg也均大于1,该海域海水主要受到这两种重金属元素的污染。综合指数评价结果显示,各监测区域海水均受到轻度污染,其中原油码头的浅层海水指数最高,为1.40;对照区最低,为1.11;深层海水以矿石码头最高,为1.45;对照区最低,为1.10。所有监测点的单项土壤污染指数均小于1,均未超过标准。钢铁厂、电厂、煤炭码头综合指数分别为1.52,1.46,1.44,属轻度污染;原油码头综合指数为0.92,尚清洁;矿石码头与对照区清洁。[结论]各监测区域海水均受到轻度污染;土壤较清洁。     

Spatial distribution of trace metals in sediments from urban streams of Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia

Elevated environmental concentrations of metals are usually associated with the impact of urbanization. The present study is focused on metal contamination in urban sediments. A field survey was carried out to determine the distribution of four metals, i.e., cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn), in the coastal urban area of Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia. Sediment samples were collected from 101 grids of 2x2 km. To map the spatial distribution of these metals, concentrations of each metal were plotted against the corresponding grid coordinate. Cd was below the detection limit (<0.03 microg/g) in all samples, whereas concentrations of Pb, Zn, and Cu fell into a wide range. Frequency distributions of Pb, Zn, and Cu concentrations indicated a similar pattern, in which the major proportion of the sites had a low metal concentration. Some sites, however, had extremely high metal concentrations, Zn up to 1257 microg/g, Pb up to 2666 microg/g, and Cu up to 448 microg/g. The data were used to define background concentrations for sediments in coastal zones of Indonesia ("reference values"). The proposed reference values are 25.6 microg/g, 132.2 microg/g, and 40.7 microg/g, respectively, for Pb, Zn, and Cu. The degree of metal contamination of each individual site was classified according to the calculated value of a combined pollution index, W. Four categories of the degree of metal contamination were proposed, i.e., unpolluted, slightly polluted, polluted, and heavily polluted. Based on this classification, from 101 sites investigated in the greater Semarang area, 51 are unpolluted, 36 slightly polluted, 9 polluted, and 5 heavily polluted.     

Cadmium, Copper, Lead and Zinc Contents of the Mangrove Oyster, Crassostrea corteziensis, of Seven Coastal Lagoons of NW Mexico

The ranges of concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn of the soft tissues of C. corteziensis collected in seven coastal lagoons of NW Mexico were 1.55–7.45, 17.50–166.36, 4.13–9.49 and 245.34–2,304.12 μg/g (dry weight), respectively. Their distributions were not consistent and there were no seasonal trends, indicating different point sources of the metals in each lagoon. The mean Cd and Pb concentrations were 5.34 and 6.30 μg/g (dry weight), which are higher than the values indicative of polluted areas. Our data indicate that only the levels of Cd are a possible health risk in six of these lagoons, and only in the case of regular local consumers. In one, Cu and Zn reach levels of concern.     

Levels, Spatial Distribution and Possible Sources of Heavy Metals Contamination of Suburban Soils in Tianjin, China

Representative soil samples (n = 86) of suburban areas in Tianjin (Xiqing, Dongli, Jinnan, Beichen) were evaluated for heavy metals. The results showed that the average concentration of Cr, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Pb and Hg in soil of Tianjin suburban was 101.0, 67.0, 100.6, 9.5, 0.49, 52.5 and 0.97 mg/kg, respectively. Pollution of Cr and Zn were minimal compared to the other elements while concentrations of Cd and Hg were higher than their natural background values. Spatial variations of Cd, Hg, Pb and Cu in soil were illustrated; Pollution status and comparison in the four districts were also investigated. Higher concentrations of Hg and Cd were found in soils of Beichen than others indicating that Beichen was suffering from metal contamination. Principal Component Analysis in combination with local specific environment suggested that heavy metal contamination had different origination. Wastewater and sludge irrigation, air deposition might be the most important sources. These results, especially the spatial distribution of pollutants, would be helpful to develop proper management strategies and decrease source pollution by various remediation practices in Tianjin, China.     

2017—2019年新疆博州农村土壤重金属监测结果分析

目的通过对新疆博州地区农业用地中重金属Pb、Cd、Cr、As、Hg的监测,掌握农村土壤环境污染状况判断新疆博州地区农村环境卫生健康危害因素。方法2017—2019年选取博州地区博乐市所辖的5个乡镇中的4个行政村作为监测点,采集5~20cm深表层土壤,共采样60份。依据《土壤环境质量标准》(GB 15618-2018)进行评价,采用单项指数法和内梅罗指数法评价Pb、Cd、Cr、As、Hg的污染程度。结果2017—2019年博州地区土壤重金属中Pb、Cr、As、Hg含量均低于农用地土壤污染风险筛选值和管制值,而Cd含量的超标样本为13份(超标率21.67%),Pb、Cd、Cr、As含量差异有统计学意义(分别P=0.005,P=0.007,P<0.001,P=0.027),而Hg含量差异无统计学意义(P=0.306)。Pb、Cr、As、Hg的单项污染指数Pi<1,为无污染状态,但元素Cd在2017—2018两年内出现单因子污染指数Pi>1,最大值为2.33。2017和2018年农村土壤综合污染指数为1.67和1.06,评价结果为轻度污染,而2019年农村土壤综合污染指数为0.72,评价结果为尚清洁。结论新疆博州地区部分农村环境土壤质量整体尚可,但部分地区重金属Cd污染值得关注。     

Contamination scale of atmospheric deposition for assessing air quality in Albania evaluated from most toxic heavy metal and moss biomonitoring

Pollution characterization on atmospheric deposition is assessed through the concentration level of most toxic trace metals (Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn) and metalloids (As) in moss samples to evaluate air quality of Albania. Moss biomonitoring method (Hypnum cupressiforme and Pseudoschleropodium purum collected from 44 sampling sites), followed by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP/AES) and epithermal neutron activation analysis (ENAA), is used in this study for trace metal analysis. Screening ecological risk of trace metals is performed to atmospheric deposition referred to the methodology given by different authors and by using moss species as bioindicator. Model used for risk assessment was based on contamination factors (CF), pollution loads index (PLI), and the potential ecological index (RI). The CF and PLI values were both indicated a moderate to high pollution scale to the whole territory under investigation. RI values indicate the presence of a high ecological risk and the risk of human exposure to trace metals, particularly in the areas with the highest element concentrations. Box-Cox transformation was applied to the concentration matrix data before Pearson’s linear correlation and factor analysis (FA). The most significant factors affecting the association of the elements and their probable sources of origin were extracted from FA. Three dominant factors were extracted that represent the association of Cr, Ni, and Co with mineral particle dust, industrial local emission sources, and the use of pesticides and herbicides in agriculture particularly in the south part of the country.     

Heavy Metal Pollution Characteristics in the Modern Sedimentary Environment of Northern Jiaozhou Bay,China

The particle size distribution characteristics of sediments and the concentrations of heavy metals in Jiaozhou Bay were investigated in this study. The average concentrations of Cu, Pb, Zn, Cr, Cd, Hg and As were 36.88, 29.60, 82.08, 77.48, 0.083, 0.048 and 11.00 mg/kg, respectively. The heavy metal concentrations were highest in the eastern sediments, followed by those at the top of the bay, and the lowest concentrations were observed in the central region. Overall, a decreasing trend from the center of the bay to the periphery was observed. Additionally, the distribution of heavy metals in sediments was not completely controlled by sediment particle size. The degree of heavy metal contamination was evaluated using the geoaccumulation index and Hakanson’s method. The results revealed that the level of heavy metal pollution in the sediments was relatively low and that the main pollution elements were Cu and Hg. In addition, the sediments are associated with various levels of potential ecological risk due to the high pollution levels of Hg and Cd.     

Soil Heavy Metal Contamination and Risk Assessment Around the Fenhe Reservoir,China

Heavy metal contamination in the soil around a water source is a particularly serious issue, because these heavy metals can be transferred into the water source and can pose significant human health risks through the contamination of drinking water or farmland irrigation water. In this paper, we collected surface soil samples from the area surrounding the Fenhe Reservoir. The concentrations of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, and Zn were determined and the potential ecological risks posed by the heavy metals were quantitatively evaluated. The primary inputs for As, Ni, and Zn were natural sources, whereas the other elements were derived from mainly anthropogenic sources. Hg displays more serious environmental impacts than the other heavy metals. The upper reaches of the reservoir, located in the northwest, display a higher potential ecological risk.     

Multivariate Analyses to Determine the Origin of Potentially Harmful Heavy Metals in Beach and Dune Sediments from Kizkalesi Coast (Mersin), Turkey

The aim of this study was to investigate variations in heavy metal concentrations and natural and artificial sources of heavy minerals in beach and dune sediments along Kizkalesi (Mersin) coast in Turkey. To this aim, sand sediment samples were collected from 20 locations throughout Kizkalesi coast and concentrations of Zn, Ni, Cu, Co, V, Mo, Ag, Sb, Sn, Cd, W, Hg, Pb, As, Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, S, K, Na, Cl, Ti, Mn and Cr were determined. Simple analyses (frequency histogram), multivariate analyses (Coefficient correlation, Cluster Analysis), Principal Component Analysis, Model Summary and ANOVA were used to analyze the concentration values. Al, Fe, Mg, Cl, Ti, Mn, Cr and Ni were dominant heavy metals. Principal Component Analysis revealed six principal components. It was confirmed by Cluster Analysis. Based on the Hierarchical Cluster analyses, three different general groups were formed at a 50% arbitrary similarity of Q-type level. The frequency histogram indicated that W, Ag, Co, V, Cu, As, Sn, Ni, Zn, Pb, Cr, Cl and Mg concentrations originated from the nearby area, while Mn, Ti, Al and Fe Mg concentrations came from either the nearby area or moderately remote sources. Data from the study area showed that the Model Summary (based on R(2)=100%) was sufficient for the statistical data and that the Model ANOVA (variations of Pb) had a high explanatory power. The region lying on Miocene carbonate rocks of the Tauride belt were affected by the contaminants of anthropogenic origin that included coastal deposits, coastal erosion, the Kizkalesi settlement area, urban wastes, Mersin-Antalya road extending parallel to the shoreline and disposal sites of hotels.     

Factors controlling physico-chemical characteristics in the coastal waters off Mangalore—A multivariate approach

Water quality parameters (temperature, pH, salinity, DO, BOD, suspended solids, nutrients, PHc, phenols, trace metals—Pb, Cd and Hg, chlorophyll-a (chl-a) and phaeopigments) and the sediment quality parameters (total phosphorous, total nitrogen, organic carbon and trace metals) were analysed from samples collected at 15 stations along 3 transects off Karnataka coast (Mangalore harbour in the south to Suratkal in the north), west coast of India during 2007. The analyses showed high ammonia off Suratkal, high nitrite (NO₂-N) and nitrate (NO₃-N) in the nearshore waters off Kulai and high nitrite (NO₂-N) and ammonia (NH₃-N) in the harbour area. Similarly, high petroleum hydrocarbon (PHc) values were observed near the harbour, while phenols remained high in the nearshore waters of Kulai and Suratkal. Significantly, high concentrations of cadmium and mercury with respect to the earlier studies were observed off Kulai and harbour regions, respectively.R-mode varimax factor analyses were applied separately to surface and bottom water data sets due to existing stratification in the water column caused by riverine inflow and to sediment data. This helped to understand the interrelationships between the variables and to identify probable source components for explaining the environmental status of the area. Six factors (each for surface and bottom waters) were found responsible for variance (86.9% in surface and 82.4% in bottom) in the coastal waters between Mangalore and Suratkal. In sediments, 4 factors explained 86.8% of the observed total variance.The variances indicated addition of nutrients and suspended solids to the coastal waters due to weathering and riverine transport and are categorized as natural sources. The observed contamination of coastal waters indicated anthropogenic inputs of Cd and phenol from industrial effluent sources at Kulai and Suratkal, ammonia from wastewater discharges off Kulai and harbour, PHc and Hg from boat traffic and harbour activities of New Mangalore harbour. However, the strong seasonal currents and the seasonal winds keep the coastal waters well mixed and aerated, which help to disperse the contaminants, without significantly affecting chlorophyll-a concentrations. The interrelationship between the stations as shown by cluster analyses and depicted in dendograms, categorize the contamination levels sector-wise.     

Metals in Feathers of Black-Crowned Night-Heron (Nycticorax nycticorax) Chicks from the New York Harbor Estuary

In heavily urbanized landscapes such as the New York Harbor Estuary, the local environment is subject to a variety of contamination sources. Environmental contaminants such as heavy metals and metalloids pose a risk to wildlife inhabiting the harbor. Metal concentrations in feathers indicate exposure and provide insight into the potential adverse effects on birds. In 2004 and 2005 down feathers were collected from 147 black-crowned night heron (Nycticorax nycticorax) chicks living on four island colonies in the New York Harbor Estuary, USA: Goose Island, Hoffman Island, North Brother Island, and Canarsie Pol. We examined geographical and interannual differences in concentrations of the metalloid arsenic (As) and the heavy metals cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), and mercury (Hg). Significant differences in metal concentrations were a function of location, with North Brother Island having the highest As concentrations and Goose Island having the highest Cr and Pb concentrations in feathers collected in 2004. In 2005, feather samples indicated Hoffman Island had the highest Cr concentrations and North Brother Island had the highest Pb and Hg concentrations. Concentrations of As, Cd, and Hg decreased significantly from 2004 to 2005 on North Brother Island, Hg on Hoffman Island decreased from 2004 to 2005, while Cr on Hoffman Island increased from 2004 to 2005. Cd and Pb concentrations were higher and As and Cr concentrations were generally lower than concentrations reported in previous studies. Further investigation is necessary on the declining population of herons in the New York Harbor Estuary to determine specifically if birds are experiencing adverse effects from metal contaminants, or if organic contaminants, such as organic Hg or polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), are playing a role in this population’s decline.     

Seasonal Dynamics of Dissolved Metals in Surface Coastal Waters of Southwest India

Spatial and temporal variations in concentration of dissolved metals viz. Copper (Cu), Lead (Pb), Chromium (Cr), Nickel (Ni), Zinc (Zn), Cadmium (Cd) and Mercury (Hg) in surface waters of southwest coast of India were studied. Concentrations of metals showed an aberration both temporally and spatially. Seasonal average concentrations of the analyzed metals followed the order Zn > Ni > Cu > Pb > Cd > Cr > Hg. The degree of contamination due to metal was determined by comparison with coastal water quality criteria. It established enrichment of Cu, Zn, Ni and Hg due to anthropogenic influence along southwest coast of India.     

Levels of Metals and Organochlorine Pesticides in Kidney,Liver, and Muscle Tissues of Wild Boars (Sus scrofa) from Hatay Province,Eastern Mediterranean Region,Turkey

Increases in the levels of environmental contaminants are reflected in wild animals, which are early indicators of pollution. Hatay is an ecologically important region with a high intensity of industrial and agricultural activities. This study aimed to investigate the contamination levels of metals and organochlorine pesticides associated with environmental pollution in tissues of wild boars from Turkey. The highest mean levels (mg kg⁻¹) of metals were 0.05 for As, 0.51 for Cd, 6.30 for Cu, 0.07 for Hg, 0.54 for Ni, and 0.57 for Pb in kidney tissues and 0.22 for Cr, 353.38 for Fe, 2.86 for Mn, and 46.76 for Zn in liver tissues. The Cd and Pb levels exceeded the maximum residue limits (MRLs) in some tissues. Among the studied pesticides, only p,p′-DDE contamination was quantified, and the mean levels were 3.6, 0.1, and 0.5 µg kg⁻¹ in liver, kidney, and muscle tissues respectively. In conclusion, Hatay Province requires monitoring in terms of environmentally important contaminants, mainly Cd, Pb, and DDT isomers.

     

Heavy Metal Pollution and Ecological Risk Assessment of the Agriculture Soil in Xunyang Mining Area,Shaanxi Province,Northwestern China

Mining is considered to be one of the most significant sources of environmental pollution with regard to heavy metals. Mineral mining causes large quantities of mercury, cadmium, and other elements to be released into the environment and naturally poses a serious threat to environment. This paper will analyze the pollution status of agricultural soil caused by the mining of heavy metals in various mining areas in the Xunyang County in the Shaanxi Province of China, an area in famous for its resource mining. Equally, it will look at the potential ecological risk assessment process that is used to analyze the ecological risks of mining heavy metals in agricultural soil located in the surrounding areas. Based on the soil investigation, As pose a moderate ecological risk on the Au mining area. In addition, the Hg metals pose a significantly high potential ecological risk and Cd metals pose a considerable potential ecological risk on the Hg mining area. In the Pb–Zn mining area, a significantly high potential ecological risk was mainly posed by Cd. These results suggest that many heavy metals pose a high potential ecological risk on the agricultural soil in these three mining areas in the Xunyang County, and may cause elevated heavy metal contents in crops, eventually jeopardizing the health of local residents who consume food grown in polluted soil.     

Assessment of Metal Accumulation and Ecological Risk Around Rize Harbor, Turkey (Southeast Black Sea) Affected by Copper Ore Loading Operations by Using Different Sediment Indexes

The purpose of the study was to determine metal pollution and ecological risk in the sediments around Rize Harbor. Metal concentrations (Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, As, Hg, Ni and Al), were determined in the sediments collected from 7 sites in November, 2010. Metal levels in the sediments were varied from 33.9 to 279.1 mg/kg for Cu, 82 to 383 mg/kg for Zn, 15.9 to 33 mg/kg for Pb, 4.9 to 12.3 mg/kg for As, 0.1 to 1.4 mg/kg for Cd, 0.01 to 0.07 mg/kg for Hg, 13.1 to 17.6 mg/kg for Ni, 1.5 % to 2.98 % for Al. Concentration of metals also was evaluated by enrichment factor, Sediment Quality Guideline (SQGs) of US EPA, and two sets of SQGs indices. A factor analysis was used to determine source of contamination. Two probable source types were identified as anthropogenic and crustal for metals, explaining 86.4 % of the total variance. Six sites were heavily polluted by Cu. Copper concentration in R1 station was found significant enrichment. Current concentration of copper would be expected to frequently be associated with the toxic effect on biota.     

Human health risk assessment of lead,cadmium, and mercury co-exposure from agricultural soils in the Tuzla Canton (Bosnia and Herzegovina)

The aim of this study was to assess the risk of human exposure to lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and mercury (Hg) through agricultural soil by considering both uncertainty and variability in key exposure parameters. For this reason we collected soil samples from 29 locations in the Tuzla Canton (Bosnia and Herzegovina) and measured their metal levels with inductively coupled plasma atomic emission or absorption spectrometry (ICP-AES and ICP-AAS, respectively). The levels of Pb ranged from 13.33 to 1692.33 mg/kg, of Cd from 0.05 to 3.67 mg/kg, and of Hg from 0.02 to 2.73 mg/kg. To estimate cancer and non-cancer risks we used deterministic and semi-probabilistic methods. Lead was found to involve higher health risk than the other two heavy metals. Its hazard index (HI) decreased between population groups (children>women>men) and exposure routes (ingestion>skin contact>inhalation). Our Monte Carlo simulations indicated that Pb HIs for both adult populations had a 0.6 % probability to exceed the threshold value of 1, while in children this probability was 14.2 %. Cd and Hg showed no probability to exceed the threshold in any scenario. Our simulation results raise concern about possible adverse health effects of heavy metals from soil, especially in children. It is very important to continue monitoring environmental pollution and assess human health risk, not only with respect to soil, but also with other important environmental compartments, such as air and water.KEY WORDS: cancer risk, deterministic methodology, heavy metals, Monte Carlo simulations, non-cancer risk, probabilistic methodology     

2017—2019年石家庄市PM2.5中重金属污染及健康风险评价

目的 了解2017—2019年石家庄市大气PM2.5中重金属元素的污染特征及来源,并对重金属的人群健康风险进行评价。 方法 采集2017—2019年每月10-16日和空气质量指数（air quality index, AQI）≥ 200条件下的大气PM2.5,利用富集因子法和地累积指数法判别元素的来源和污染程度,以及采用美国环境保护署推荐的健康风险评估模型对人群健康风险进行评价。 结果 采样期间,PM2.5及其重金属浓度的变化特征一致,均表现为采暖期>非采暖期（ZPM2.5 =-8.754,ZSb =-10.549,ZAs =-6.916,ZCd =-9.472, ZCr =-8.396,ZHg =-12.527,ZPb =-11.133, ZMn =-6.273, ZNi =-7.131,ZSe =-5.067,ZTl =-6.805,P<0.05）,各元素含量由高到低依次是Pb、Mn、Se、As、Sb、Cr、Cd、Ni、Tl、Hg。污染来源及程度评价表明:除Cr、Ni外,其他元素富集因子值均大于10;Cd、Cr、Se、Tl的地累积指数值均大于5。健康风险分析显示:不同人群中各元素的致癌和非致癌风险由高到低依次为成人、青少年、儿童;其中,儿童、青少年女性高于男性（Cr、Ni、Hg）,成人男性高于女性（As、Cr、Ni、Hg、Pb、Mn）。结论 石家庄市大气PM2.5中重金属污染主要受人为活动影响,其致癌和非致癌风险均在可接受水平之内。