西昌市吸毒人群HIV感染模式研究

目的：了解四川省西昌市吸毒人群吸毒方式及性行为与HIV感染的关系.方法：采用现况调查对四川省西昌市吸毒人群的社会人口学、共用注射器具静脉吸毒方式、伙伴人数和性行为情况与HIV感染的关系进行调查.同时采集血样进行HIV和梅毒抗体检测.结果：吸毒人群619人中,HIV感染率为8.6%（53/619）,其中静脉吸毒者的HIV感染率为10.1%（33/327）.在单因素分析和控制其他因素分析中,至今共用注射器具静脉吸毒的伙伴总人数与HIV感染差异均有统计学意义.趋势性检验发现随着至今共用注射器具静脉吸毒的伙伴人数的增加,吸毒人群HIV感染率也在增加.在多因素Logistic回归模型分析中,发现与HIV感染差异有统计学意义的变量是共用注射器具静脉吸毒的伙伴总人数（1～3人OR=2.47,95%CI为1.21～5.04;≥4人OR=5.13,95%CI为2.30～11.46）和彝族（OR=3.71,95%CI为2.04～6.75）.结论：吸毒人群共用注射器具静脉吸毒的社会网络大小与HIV感染有关.     

共用注射器静脉吸毒与HIV感染关系的研究

目的探讨吸毒人群共用注射器静脉吸毒与HIV感染的关系。方法于2004-05/07,采用横断面研究调查四川省西昌市吸毒人群的社会人口学、吸毒频率、共用注射器静脉吸毒的次数和伙伴人数以及性行为特征。同时采集血样进行HIV和抗体检测。结果调查吸毒人群451人,HIV感染率为15.1%(68/451),其中静脉吸毒人群HIV感染率为17.8%(66/370)。在多因素Logistic回归模型分析中,与HIV感染关系有统计学意义的变量是彝族(OR=2.91;95%CI,1.67～5.10)、至今共用注射器具静脉吸毒的总次数(1～19次OR=4.67;95%CI,2.35～9.26;20次及以上OR=4.20;95%CI,1.52～11.61)和至今共用注射器具静脉吸毒的伙伴人数7人及其以上(OR=2.17;95%CI,1.01～4.68)。结论吸毒人群共用注射器具静脉吸毒的社会网络大小与其HIV感染有关,需通过降低共用注射器具静脉吸毒的次数和伙伴人数来控制HIV的传播流行。     

静脉吸毒人群丙型肝炎病毒抗体阳转随访研究

目的 调查四川省某地区静脉吸毒人群丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)血清抗体阳转情况及其危险因素,以了解该人群HCV流行的态势.方法 以社区为基础在四川省西昌市招募HCV血清抗体阴性的静脉吸毒人群107人,每6个月随访高危吸毒行为和性行为情况,采集血样检测HCV血清抗体.结果 队列随访2年,静脉吸毒人群队列保持率为81.3%(87/107),HCV阳转率为38.45/100人年.在多因素Poisson回归模型分析中,性别(RR,2.59;95%CI,1.18～5.65)、年龄(RR,0.52;95%CI,0.28～0.96)、近3个月静脉注射频率≥7次/周(RR,2.68;95% CI,1.33～5.42)和近3个月共用针头或注射器(RR,2.22;95%CI,1.11～4.45)是HCV血清抗体阳转的危险因素.结论 静脉吸毒人群HCV新发感染率高,应采取有效的干预措施以减少静脉吸毒人群的共用注射器行为和高危性行为.     

钦州市吸毒人群性传播疾病感染状况及HIV感染影响因素分析

目的了解钦州市吸毒人群人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)、丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)和梅毒(TP)的感染状况,探讨HIV感染的影响因素,为制定疾病防控策略提供科学依据。方法选取2014年4月～2016年7月在钦州市辖区内活动的吸毒人员作为研究对象,通过问卷调查收集相关信息,并采集5.0 mL静脉血进行HIV、HCV及梅毒抗体检测。结果 3 148例研究对象中,男女性别比为37.9:1;平均(32.66±7.59)岁;HIV、HCV和梅毒感染率分别为4.7%、59.5%和3.6%;女性HCV和梅毒感染率高于男性(P0.05),采用注射方式吸毒者HIV和HCV感染率则明显高于非注射方式吸毒者(P0.05);多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,年龄≥41岁(OR=9.50, 95%CI:1.25～72.38)、离异或丧偶(OR=1.83, 95%CI:1.06～3.17)、曾经共用针具(OR=2.95, 95%CI:2.06～4.22)和感染HCV(OR=6.43, 95%CI:3.32～12.46)是吸毒人群感染HIV的危险因素;在婚(OR=0.64, 95%CI:0.42～0.97)和知晓艾滋病相关知识(OR=0.55 95%CI:0.34～0.87)是吸毒人群感染HIV的保护因素。结论钦州市吸毒人群HIV、HCV和梅毒的感染率较高,感染HIV的影响因素较多,应针对各个因素制定综合干预措施,控制相关疾病的传播蔓延。     

不同地区及途径HIV/HCV合并感染状况调查

目的 了解中国不同地区、不同感染途径人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)合并丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)感染情况.方法调查既往有偿采供血173人、静脉吸毒89人和性途径194人的HIV感染者人口学、感染途径、献血/卖血史、吸毒史、同性性行为史、婚外性行为史及检测HCV-IgG抗体.结果 总HCV-IgG抗体阳性率63.24%;既往有偿采供血、静脉吸毒和性途径HIV感染者HCV-IgG阳性率分别为95.40%,98.88%,18.04%;合并HCV感染的危险因素为既往有偿采供血(OR=89.84,95%CI=40.31～200.24)和静脉吸毒感染(OR=363.72,95%CI=48.90～∞);河南省和新疆维吾尔族自治区性途径合并HCV感染率分别为19.81%,25%,明显高于辽宁省的2.94%(P＜0.01).结论 HIV感染者总HCV-IgG阳性率显著高于我国一般人群.经性接触感染HIV者的HCV感染率显著低于经静脉吸毒和经血途径.经吸毒感染HIV和经既往有偿采供血感染HIV是感染HIV的危险因素.经性感染HIV由于地域和性伴不同,HCV合并感染率差异有统计学意义.     

社区静脉吸毒人群人类免疫缺陷病毒感染现状

目的　了解四川省凉山彝族自治州静脉吸毒人群人类免疫缺陷病毒 (HIV)感染率及其危险因素。方法　于 2 0 0 2年 11月 8～ 2 9日 ,以社区招募方式调查凉山彝族自治州地区静脉吸毒人群的社会人口学、静脉吸毒共用注射器具和性行为方式与HIV感染的关系。采集血样进行HIV和梅毒抗体检测。结果　提供知情同意和符合纳入标准的 379人 ,HIV感染率为 11 3% (43人 )。在单因素χ2 分析中 ,民族、近 3个月共用注射器具总次数、近 3个月共用棉球和梅毒感染与HIV感染有关。在多因素logistic回归模型分析中 ,近 3个月共用注射器具总次数 (OR =2 2 8;95 %CI为 1 18～ 4 4 3)和梅毒感染 (OR =3 10 ;95 %CI为 1 4 8～ 6 4 8)与HIV感染有关。结论　近 3个月共用注射器具总次数和梅毒感染与HIV感染有关。     

2016－2018年台山市吸毒人群丙肝感染水平和影响因素分析

目的 为了解台山市吸毒人群丙肝感染情况及影响因素,为制定吸毒人群的丙肝预防控制措施提供依据。 方法 以2016－2018年新进入台山市戒毒所及看守所的吸毒者为研究对象,对研究对象进行问卷调查并采集静脉血检测丙肝抗体。 结果 共调查吸毒人员1 159人,丙肝抗体阳性共734人,阳性率为63.3%,单因素分析结果显示,不同年龄、婚姻状况、户籍、是否注射吸毒、是否共用针具、最近一年商业性行为安全套使用频率、最近一次吸食毒品后发生性行为使用安全套情况、目前主要使用的毒品类型的丙肝感染率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),多因素logistic回归分析结果显示:注射吸毒(OR=9.247,95%CI：6.440~13.278)、年龄30~ <40岁(OR=6.843,95%CI：3.833~12.217)、40~岁(OR=18.111,95%CI：9.994~32.820)、两类毒品混用 (OR=1.980,95%CI：1.213~3.234)是吸毒人群感染丙肝的危险因素。 结论 台山市吸毒人群丙肝感染率较高,注射吸毒、30岁及以上年龄、两类毒品混用是其危险因素。     

四川省西昌市静脉吸毒人群梅毒感染状况研究

[目的]了解四川省西昌市静脉吸毒人群梅毒感染情况及其影响因素。[方法]于2005年10～11月在西昌市对静脉吸毒人群进行调查，调查内容包括社会人口学、毒品使用、共用注射器具静脉吸毒以及性行为情况等．同时采集血样进行梅毒抗体检测。[结果]在招募的325名静脉吸毒者中，梅毒感染率为17．2％（56／325），其中男性和女性的梅毒感染率分别为12．8％（35／273）和40．4％（21／53）。多因素Logistic回归模型分析结果显示，女性（OR：4．95；95％CI：2．49～9．83）、彝族（OR：2．44；95％CI：1．25-4．76）和近1个月与临时性伴发生非保护性性交（OR：2．61；95％CI：1．30～5．24）与静脉吸毒人群梅毒感染的关系有统计学意义。[结论]四川省西昌市静脉吸毒人群梅毒感染率高，迫切需要采取措施来提高该地区静脉吸毒人群中安全套的使用。     

云南省保山市美沙酮门诊吸毒人群HCV感染影响因素分析

目的分析保山市美沙酮维持治疗吸毒人群HCV感染状况及其影响因素。方法 2015年7月采用抽样调查的方法对保山市MMT吸毒人员进行问卷调查和血清学检测,调查问卷由中国疾病预防控制中心统一设计,内容包括调查对象的人口学基本信息、丙肝知晓率、吸毒方式、吸毒年龄、接受干预等情况。同时抽取5m L静脉血进行HCV抗体检测。使用EpiData 3.0建立数据库和SPSS 19.0软件包进行数据处理和统计分析。结果 MMT吸毒人群HCV感染率55.50%(222/400),HCV总知晓率为62.50%(250/400);HCV感染者和非感染者丙肝知晓率分别为70.27%(156/222)和52.81%(94/178),差异有统计学意义(χ~2=12.852,P0.01);非条件logistic回归分析显示,未婚(OR=5.539,P=0.029,95%CI:1.191~25.745)、知晓丙肝(OR=2.266,P=0.033,95%CI:1.070~4.802)和首次吸毒年龄≥30岁(OR=0.467,P=0.002,95%CI:0.287~0.760)是美沙酮维持治疗吸毒人群丙肝感染的影响因素。结论保山市MMT吸毒人群HCV感染比较高,对未婚、丙肝知晓率低和首次吸毒年龄小于30岁的吸毒者应加强健康教育和干预,预防感染HCV。     

静脉吸毒共用注射器具方式和性行为与丙型肝炎病毒感染关系的研究

目的 了解四川省凉山州某地区静脉吸毒人群共用注射器具方式及性行为与丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)感染的关系。方法 以社区为基础使用标准化问卷调查静脉吸毒人群人口学特征和静脉吸毒共用注射器具方式、性行为情况;通过检测研究对象的HCV抗体确定是否感染HCV。结果 在静脉吸毒379人中,静脉吸毒人群HCV感染率为对71.0％(269/379)。单因素分析结果显示近3个月共用针头或注射器和既往感染梅毒在HCV感染方面差异有统计学意义。趋势性检验发现随着共用针头或注射器、共用洗针头或注射器水的频率以及共用注射器具伙伴数的增加HCV的感染率也在增加。多因素分析结果显示,近3个月共用针头或注射器。既往感染梅毒是HCV感染的危险因素,其OR值分别为1.468(95％CI:1.045～2.061)和2.914(95％CI:1.327～6.398)。未见性行为对HCV感染的影响。结论 需考虑采用定群血清流行病学研究来进一步阐明静脉吸毒共用注射器具方式及性行为同HCV感染的关系及其联系强度。     

南京地区强制戒毒人群HCV感染的流行病学调查

目的：了解南京地区吸毒人群中丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）感染现状,分析吸毒方式、社会特征、性行为特征等和HCV感染的关系,为制定干预措施提供科学依据。方法：以南京市强制戒毒所587名戒毒人员作为调查对象,制定统一的调查问卷进行调查,并采集静脉血检测HCV抗体。结果：587名吸毒者HCV抗体总阳性率为61．7％。毒品滥用的种类、方式、滥用时间长短是HCV感染率高低的重要影响因素。静脉注射毒品组显著高于其他方式组（X^2=138．97,P=0．000）;吸食海洛因者显著高于吸食其他毒品者（X^2=76．82,P=0．000）;吸毒时间长短与HCV感染率呈趋势性相关（X^2=104．37,P=0．000）;而是否共用注射器及共用频率与HCV感染率未见显著性差异（X^2=0．00,P=0．958;X^2=0．41,P=0．524）。该人群不同性别、民族和职业间HCV感染率无显著性差异,而不同年龄和文化程度之间有显著性差异（X^2=6．44,P=0．011;X^2=8．41,P=0．004）。安全套的使用在遏制吸毒人群HCV感染方面具有着重要的作用。结论：南京地区吸毒人群的HCV感染率总体较高,多个性伴侣,安全套使用率低,以及静脉注射吸毒等高危行为普遍存在,应采取综合干预措施,控制HCV的传播,降低感染率。     

上海市嘉定区吸毒人员艾滋病流行病学调查分析

目的了解上海市嘉定区社区吸毒人员艾滋病、梅毒和丙肝感染情况,性病艾滋病知识知晓情况,以及吸毒、性行为状况,评估社区吸毒人员艾滋病防治效果。方法由镇（街道）禁毒社工对社区吸毒人员进行问卷调查,并采集血样进行血清学检测。结果2009年、2012年分别调查290人、283人,未检出HIV感染者;梅毒RPR阳性率分别为2．41％、3．18％：丙肝阳性率分别为27．93％、29．79％;艾滋病基本知识知晓率分别为83．79％、89．75％。2009年、2012年调查对象主要使用海洛因、冰毒和摇头丸等毒品,曾注射过毒品的比例分别为42．76％、43．82％,其中与别人共用过针具的比例分别为5．65％、6．90％。最近一个月发生性行为的比例分别为32．76％、43．82％;最后一次性行为使用安全套的比例分别为46.32％、50．81％：最近一年曾发生过商业性行为的比例分别为2．07％、5.30％。多元Logistic回归分析结果显示,年龄越大,知识得分越低,曾注射吸毒的比例越高;年龄越大,安全套使用率越低。结论嘉定区吸毒人员梅毒、丙肝感染率高,艾滋病知识知晓率有所提高,存在注射吸毒、共用注射器及不安全性行为等危险因素。应采取降低吸毒危害和经性传播的综合性干预措施。     

HCV and HIV infection and co-infection: injecting drug use and sexual behavior, AjUDE-Brasil I Project

This study aimed to characterize sexual and drug-use behaviors in injecting drug users (IDUs) in relation to single hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and HCV/HIV co-infection. The sample consisted of 272 IDUs enrolled in the AjUDE-Brasil I Project, a cross-sectional multi-center study conducted in five Brazilian cities in 1998. Data were collected with a structured questionnaire using self-reported risk behavior, and HCV and HIV serological status used ELISA on filter paper. IDUs were clustered in four distinct groups: HCV/HIV seronegative; HCV mono-infected; HIV mono-infected; and HCV/HIV co-infected. Active sharing of injecting equipment was associated with HCV infection (p = 0.001). Sexual behavior variables, especially male same-sex sexual relations, were consistently associated with HIV infection. HCV/HIV co-infection was associated with both sexual and drug use variables. It was possible to distinguish different behavioral indicators for HCV and HIV infection and co-infection in this population.     

HIV seroprevalence among street-recruited injection drug and crack cocaine users in 16 US municipalities.

OBJECTIVES: This study deter- mined human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) seroprevalence and factors associated with HIV infection among street-recruited injection drug users and crack cocaine smokers. METHODS: An analysis was performed on HIV serologies and risk behaviors of 6402 injection drug users and 3383 crack smokers in 16 US municipalities in 1992 and 1993. RESULTS: HIV seroprevalence was 12.7% among injection drug users and 7.5% among crack smokers. Most high-seroprevalence municipalities (>25%) were located along the eastern seaboard of the United States. In high-seroprevalence municipalities, but not in others, HIV seroprevalence was higher for injection drug users than for crack smokers. Among injection drug users, cocaine injection, use of speedballs (cocaine or amphetamines with heroin), and sexual risk behaviors were independently associated with HIV infection. Among crack smokers, sexual risk behaviors were associated with HIV infection. CONCLUSIONS: Injection drug users and crack smokers are at high risk for HIV infection.     

Prevalence and correlates of abscesses among a cohort of injection drug users

Recent studies have indicated that injection-related infections such as abscesses and cellulitis account for the majority of emergency room visits and acute hospitalizations accrued by local injection drug users. The objective of this analysis was to examine the prevalence and correlates of developing an abscess among a cohort of injection drug users in Vancouver and to identify socio-demographic and drug use variables associated with abscesses at baseline. We examined abscesses among participants enrolled in a prospective cohort of injection drug users. Categorical variables were analyzed using the Pearson's chi-square test and continuous variables were analyzed using the Wilcoxon signed rank test. Among 1 585 baseline participants, 341 (21.5%) reported having an abscess in the last six months. In a logistic regression model that adjusted for all variables that were associated with having an abscess at p < 0.1 in univariate analyses, female gender [odds ratio (OR) = 1.7, [95%CI: 1.2 – 2.4]; p = 0.002), recent incarceration (OR = 1.7, [95%CI: 1.3 – 2.2]; p < 0.001), sex trade involvement (OR = 1.4 [95% CI: 1.0 – 2.0]; p = 0.03), frequent cocaine use (OR = 1.5 [95%CI: 1.2 – 2.0]; p = 0.002) and HIV serostatus (OR = 1.5, [95%CI: 1.2 – 2.0]; p = 0.003) were positively associated with having an abscess. Explanations for these associations require further study, and interventions are needed to address this highly prevalent concern.     

A randomized intervention trial to reduce the lending of used injection equipment among injection drug users infected with hepatitis C

Objectives. We evaluated the efficacy of a peer-mentoring behavioral intervention designed to reduce risky distributive injection practices (e.g., syringe lending, unsafe drug preparation) among injection drug users with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection.Methods. A randomized trial with a time-equivalent attention-control group was conducted among 418 HCV-positive injection drug users aged 18 to 35 years in 3 US cities. Participants reported their injection-related behaviors at baseline and at 3- and 6-month follow-ups.Results. Compared with the control group, intervention-group participants were less likely to report distributive risk behaviors at 3 months (odds ratio [OR]=0.46; 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.27, 0.79) and 6 months (OR=0.51; 95% CI=0.31, 0.83), a 26% relative risk reduction, but were no more likely to cite their HCV-positive status as a reason for refraining from syringe lending. Effects were strongest among intervention-group participants who had known their HCV-positive status for at least 6 months. Peer mentoring and self-efficacy were significantly increased among intervention-group participants, and intervention effects were mediated through improved self-efficacy.Conclusions. This behavioral intervention reduced unsafe injection practices that may propagate HCV among injection drug users.Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is an important public health problem, with an estimated global prevalence of 3%1 and a prevalence rate ranging from 65% to 95% among injection drug users.2^–10 HCV may cause liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma; only 15% to 20% of infected individuals spontaneously recover without treatment.11 As a result of limited efficacy, tolerability, and availability,12^–17 treatment has not substantially reduced the burden of HCV, although improved treatment provision to injection drug users may reduce the burden more effectively.The combined effects of high HCV prevalence among injection drug users, a persistently infectious carrier state, high transmissibility, and lack of an effective vaccine call for interventions intended to change behaviors among injection drug users both with and without HCV infection. One study showed promise in reducing unsafe injection behaviors associated with HCV acquisition (receptive risk),18 but we know of no studies that have evaluated the efficacy of an intervention focused on reducing behaviors that can transmit HCV (i.e., distributive risk behaviors). We report the results of a randomized, controlled trial evaluating a 6-session intervention aimed at reducing distributive risk behaviors among injection drug users with HCV infection.     

四川省西昌市商业性女性性服务者艾滋病病毒检测情况及其影响因素研究

目的了解四川省西昌市社区商业性女性性服务者(FSW)近1年艾滋病病毒(HIV)检测情况及其影响因素。方法对西昌市社区404名FSW进行一对一问卷调查,调查其社会人口学、高危行为特征,并进行HIV和梅毒抗体检测。结果调查对象HIV和梅毒感染率分别为1.5%(6/404)和12.1%(49/404)。有35.2%(142/404)的调查对象近1年参加过HIV检测。多因素logistic回归分析显示,从事性服务工作时间长(OR=3.0,95%CI为1.9～4.7)、与性消费者交易1次收费高(OR=2.1,95%CI为1.6～3.9)、近1个月新性伴数少(OR=1.65,95%CI为1.05～2.59)、知道哪里可以检测HIV(OR=2.69,95%CI为1.69～4.28)是FSW近1年参加过HIV检测的影响因素。结论该地区FSW HIV检测率较低,应对其加大宣传教育力度,强化该人群的危险意识,以提高其HIV检测的接受利用程度。     

The contribution of two Brazilian multi-center studies to the assessment of HIV and HCV infection and prevention strategies among injecting drug users: the AjUDE-Brasil I and II Projects

This study assessed 1,144 Brazilian injecting drug users (IDUs) recruited on the street through outreach syringe exchange programs by two multi-center cross-sectional studies: 287 IDUs were recruited during the AjUDE-Brasil I Project and 857 during the AjUDE-Brasil II Project. IDU characteristics related to drug use and sexual behavior, and legal and health conditions for the two studies were compared, using decision tree and logistic regression for each individual study, with HIV infection as the outcome. Fifty-two percent of IDUs were HIV-infected in AjUDE I versus 36.5% in AjUDE II. In both studies, HIV infection was independently associated with: mean background HIV prevalence for each site (OR = 2.17; 10.66), HCV seropositive status (OR = 19.79; 15.48), and men who reported ever having sex with other men (OR = 2.10; 2.09). Incarceration (OR = 1.41) and 8 or more years of injecting drug (OR = 2.13) were also associated with HIV in AjUDE II. The high HIV infection rates and high prevalence of both parenteral and sexual risk behaviors in the context of syringe-exchange programs are of great concern and demand thorough surveillance and renewed prevention strategies.     

Deportation Along the U.S.–Mexico Border: Its Relation to Drug Use Patterns and Accessing Care

Since migration has been linked to new drug trends and risky behaviors, and deported individuals face unique economic and social stressors, we investigated behaviors of injection drug users (IDUs) from Tijuana, Mexico in relation to deportation history. In 2005, IDUs ≥18 years old who injected within the prior month were recruited by respondent-driven sampling, administered a questionnaire, and underwent antibody testing for HIV, HCV, and syphilis. Logistic regression compared IDUs who reported coming to Tijuana due to deportation from the U.S. versus others in the study. Of 219 participants, 16% were deportees. Prevalence of HIV, HCV and syphilis was 3, 95 and 13%, respectively. Deportees had lived in Tijuana for a shorter time (median: 2 vs. 16 years), were more likely to inject multiple times/day (OR: 5.52; 95%CI: 1.62–18.8), but less likely to have smoked/inhaled methamphetamine (OR: 0.17; 95%CI: 0.17–0.86). Deportation history was inversely associated with receiving drug treatment (OR: 0.41; 95%CI: 0.19–0.89), recent medical care (OR: 0.37; 95%CI: 0.13–1.00), or HIV testing (OR: 0.44; 95%CI: 0.19–1.02). Deportees had different drug use patterns and less interaction with public health services than other study participants. Our study is an indication that migration history might relate to current risk behaviors and access to health care. More in-depth studies to determine factors driving such behaviors are needed.