高频彩超对小儿阴囊急症的诊断及鉴别诊断价值

目的:分析小儿阴囊急症的高频超声图像特征,探讨高频彩超对小儿阴囊急症的诊断及鉴别诊断价值。方法:回顾分析我院2014年1月至2016年1月因阴囊急症而行彩色多普勒血流显像(CDFI)检查的256例患儿(起病时间2 h至3 d,年龄2 d至14岁)睾丸的形态、结构、内部回声及血供情况,并与临床手术及病理结果进行对照分析比较。结果:256例阴囊急症患儿中急性睾丸扭转23例,其中16例患儿行坏死睾丸切除术,有12例行对侧睾丸固定术;7例患儿行扭转睾丸复位,予保留并行睾丸固定术。超声特征:患儿患侧睾丸不同程度增大或缩小,内部回声不均匀,可见不规则片状低回声,可伴有睾丸鞘膜积液。CDFI:患侧睾丸内无明显血流信号,周围血流信号丰富。急性睾丸附件扭转116例,超声特征:睾丸上极上方或睾丸上极与附睾头间类圆形或椭圆形异常回声结节,早期为低回声,后逐渐增高,内部回声不均匀,呈"网格样"。附睾增大,可伴有患侧睾丸增大、阴囊壁增厚。CDFI:增大附睾或睾丸血流丰富,结节内未见血流信号。急性附睾炎103例,超声特征:患儿患侧附睾明显不同程度肿大,内部回声不均匀,CDFI:患侧附睾内血流信号丰富。急性睾丸炎6例,超声特征:患侧睾丸肿大,内部回声呈低回声,回声尚均匀。CDFI:患侧睾丸内部血流丰富。腹股沟嵌顿疝15例,超声特征:可见疝囊突入阴囊,阴囊明显增大,其内可见肠系膜及肠管。CDFI:可见血流信号。急性阴囊壁血肿及水肿8例。超声特征:阴囊壁均匀或不均匀增厚。CDFI;阴囊壁可见血流信号。结论:高频彩超对小儿阴囊急症具有较高敏感性及特异性,可为临床医生诊断及鉴别诊断提供可靠的诊断依据,是临床首选的影像学检查方法。     

彩色Dopplar超声诊断睾丸扭转的临床意义

目的　探讨彩色Dopplar超声 (colorDopplarflowimagining ,CDFI)在睾丸扭转诊断中的价值及可能的误诊因素。方法　回顾分析 2 3例睾丸扭转病例 ,总结其发病及诊断过程和CDFI检查的失误率。结果　首次就诊临床误诊 19例 (19/2 3) ,CDFI首次检查误诊 8例 (8/2 3)。病程 <6h到 16d不等 ,19例睾丸坏死丧失睾丸。结论　结合临床诊断的有针对性的CDFI检查是早期诊断睾丸扭转和防止睾丸扭转误诊的主要方法     

146例小儿阴囊急症的诊治分析

目的:总结小儿阴囊急症的诊断及急诊手术探查治疗的经验。方法:回顾性分析10年来收治的146例小儿阴囊急症的临床资料。急性附睾炎68例(46.5%),睾丸扭转48例(32.8%),睾丸附件扭转19例(13%),其余为急性阴囊感染,急性睾丸炎,特发性阴囊水肿,阴囊血肿。前3种疾病共135例,占92.4%。结果:急诊手术探查95例(65%),急性附睾炎51.4%(35/68),睾丸扭转95.8%(46/48),睾丸附件扭转73.6%(14/19)。48例睾丸扭转者中,37例睾丸梗死,结论:小儿阴囊急症的正确诊断十分重要,对疑有睾丸扭转的应积极手术探查。     

TWIST评分在小儿阴囊急症中的应用

睾丸扭转是小儿泌尿外科的常见阴囊急症之一,可发生在各个年龄阶段,其中＜1岁和13～16岁为两个高发年龄段,其临床表现不典型,需早期与其他阴囊急症相鉴别,例如睾丸附件扭转或睾丸附睾炎,如不能早期诊断与处理,容易导致睾丸坏死[1-2].目前睾丸扭转的诊断主要是依赖于临床症状查体和彩色多普勒血流显像(CDFI),但超声检查容...     

超声检查在睾丸肿瘤诊断与鉴别诊断中的价值初探

目的:探讨超声检查在睾丸肿瘤诊断与鉴别诊断中的价值。方法:对我院1998～2005年172例睾丸肿块的超声图像结合其手术及病理结果进行回顾性分析。结果:172例睾丸肿块中超声诊断50例睾丸血肿,13例睾丸囊肿,26例睾丸炎性结节,25例睾丸结核,58例睾丸肿瘤;睾丸肿瘤中50例为生殖细胞瘤,其中精原细胞瘤41例,非精原细胞性生殖细胞瘤(NSGCT)9例;6例为非生殖细胞瘤;3例为继发性肿瘤。超声检查发现典型精原细胞瘤、畸胎瘤、表皮样囊肿、间质细胞瘤及多发性的恶性淋巴瘤具有较为特征性的声像图。结论:超声检查可以对睾丸肿瘤作出初步的诊断和鉴别诊断,为进一步治疗方案的制定提供依据,是睾丸肿瘤的首选影像学检查方法。     

彩色多普勒超声在精索扭转诊断和鉴别诊断中的价值

目的 :应用彩色多普勒超声鉴别精索扭转和急性睾丸炎。　方法 :回顾性分析 13例急性睾丸疼痛病人的彩色多普勒血流显像 (CDFI)表现和治疗情况。　结果 :8例显示睾丸内血流信号稀疏或消失 ,诊断为精索扭转 ,其中 1例手法复位成功 ,7例手术探查并得以证实。其余 5例显示患侧睾丸血流信号丰富 ,诊断为急性睾丸炎或睾丸附睾炎 ,经抗生素治疗后症状好转 ,超声复查显示血流减少。　结论 :CDFI在精索扭转诊断和鉴别诊断中具有重要意义 ,可作为急性睾丸疼痛病人的首选检查方法     

阴囊急症临床特点分析

目的:探讨阴囊急症的鉴别诊断与治疗方法。方法:回顾性总结316例阴囊急症患者的临床特点,结合文献进行分析。结果:急性附睾炎117例(37.0%),急性睾丸炎76例(24.1%),急性鞘膜炎39例(12.3%),急性阴囊感染23例(7.3%),睾丸损伤21例(6.6%),特发性阴囊水肿17例(5.4%),睾丸扭转16例(5.1%),阴囊坏疽7例(2.2%)。手术治疗81例,非手术治疗235例。其中1例阴囊坏疽拒绝手术引流而死于中毒性休克。睾丸扭转患者Prehn's征均阳性,经手术治疗后恢复良好。结论:阴囊急症对男性健康危害较大,早期准确诊断十分重要,尽早采用针对性的处理措施是关键。     

UE联合CDFI鉴别诊断乳腺良恶性疾病的价值分析

探讨超声弹性成像(UE)联合彩色多普勒超声(CDFI)鉴别诊断乳腺疾病良恶性的价值。病理学确诊的乳腺癌患者80例(恶性组)、乳腺良性疾病患者80例(良性组),两组患者均接受UE、CDFI检查,对比两组患者乳腺肿块超声特征、UE硬度评分,以病理学检查结果作为准计算两种方法单独及联合应用诊断乳腺癌良恶性疾病的价值。结果显示,恶性组和良性组的肿块形态规则情况、边缘完整性、微钙化灶检出率、后方回声衰竭情况、肿块内血流分级、RI≥0.7的占比比较,差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05);恶性组UE评分≥4分的患者检出率83.8%显著的高于良性组患者的12.5%(P0.05);UE、CDFI联合应用鉴别诊断乳腺肿块性质的灵敏度为96.3%、特异度为90.00%、漏诊率为3.75%、误诊率为10.00%。结果表明,UE联合CDFI对临床鉴别诊断乳腺良恶性疾病具有较高的价值。     

阴囊内良性囊肿性病变的超声诊断

目的:总结阴囊内良性囊肿性病变的声像图特征。方法:回顾分析96例阴囊内良性囊肿性病变的超声表现。结果:96例阴囊内良性囊肿性病变,18例位于睾丸,其中睾丸内囊肿9例,睾丸网管状扩张5例,表皮样囊肿2例,皮样囊肿2例;78例位于附睾中,精液囊肿75例,附睾精液淤积症3例。探头频率升高,可以更清晰地观察阴囊内囊肿的图像信息,可以对阴囊内良性囊肿性病变和睾丸恶性肿瘤内囊性变、睾丸鞘膜积液进行鉴别诊断。同时使睾丸网管状扩张、附睾精液淤积症诊断成为可能。结论:超声检查是评价阴囊内良性囊肿性病变的首选和具有重要价值的影像学方法。     

彩色多普勒超声诊断阴囊疾病118例临床分析

目的 探讨彩色多普勒超卢(CDFI)对阴囊疾病的诊断价值.方法 回顾性分析1996年-2006年采用二维超声和CDFI观察的118例患者睾丸、阴囊内结构和血供情况的超声资料,并经手术和病理检查及临床随访证实.结果 118例患者中,12例急性睾丸炎,18例慢性附睾炎,5例附睾结核,4例附睾炎性结节,3例附睾尾部脓肿,5例精液囊肿,28例睾丸肿瘤,7例阴囊及睾丸血肿,25例精索静脉曲张,10例鞘膜积液,1例睾丸肉芽肿.结论 CDFI作为一种经济实用、直观,无创并可重复性的检查方法,是目前诊断阴囊疾病首选方法.     

Etiology of acute scrotum at surgical exploration in children, adolescents and adults.

Between January 1970 and December 1989, 171 patients underwent scrotal exploration for acute scrotum (an acute painful swelling of the scrotum or its content), at our hospital. Of 70 children scrotal explorations, torsion of appendages was found in 33 cases (47%). Torsion of testis was found in 24 patients (34%). Of the 84 adolescent scrotal explorations performed, 72 (86%) had torsion of testis, and 8 (9%) had torsion of appendages. Of 17 adults, torsion of testis was found in 15 cases (88%). These results clarify that unnecessary explorations are much more common in children (66%) than in adolescents and adults (14%). We therefore suggest using radionuclear scans and/or Doppler ultrasound to facilitate clinical diagnosis in the children group.     

Intraskrotales Lipoblastom im Kindesalter

Based on a case report of an intrascrotal lipoblastoma in childhood, we present the preoperative diagnostic algorithm and the main differential diagnoses in testicular and paratesticular tumors as well as their surgical management. An 8-week-old infant was admitted with a scrotal tumor known since birth. MRI showed a pinnate vessel supply, originating in the left internal iliac artery. The tumor was exposed operatively and could be completely removed. Intrascrotal lipoblastoma are rare. Like most testicular and paratesticular tumors in childhood lipoblastomas are benign. Today ultrasound and Doppler sonography are basic tools for diagnosis and surgical planning in testicular and scrotal tumors in childhood. In some cases MRI can provide additional important information for surgical planning. In contrast to adults testis sparing surgery is favoured in children.     

Cystic dysplasia of the testis: a very rare paediatric tumor of the testis

OBJECTIVES: To describe a case of cystic dysplasia of the testis (CDT), an uncommon cause of scrotal swelling in the pediatric patient. Clinic, therapy, fertility, and radiographic and pathologic findings are discussed and the 30 previously reported cases are reviewed. METHODS: A 9-year-old boy presented with asymptomatic scrotal swelling. A scrotal ultrasound showed a multicystic scrotal mass in the rete testis and an ipsilateral renal agenesis. The growth in size of the mass forced the authors to perform an operative exploration. RESULTS: Intraoperative findings included a multicystic mass in the rete testis of the right testicle. Testicle-sparing total removal of the multicystic mass was performed and the pathologic examination revealed a benign, multilobulated configuration of the cysts in the region of the rete testis. These findings were similar to those found in previously reported cases of CDT. Ipsilateral renal agenesis is the most common associated anomaly. As a pathogenetic factor, mal-junction of the Wolffian duct in the 5th week of gestation is most creditable. CONCLUSIONS: CDT is a rare cause of pediatric scrotal mass. When feasible, a testicle-sparing approach should be considered and all patients should undergo evaluation for associated urologic anomalies.     

Brucella orchitis: a rare cause of testicular enlargement

The differential diagnosis of the acutely enlarged testis includes numerous benign and malignant disease processes. Most are treated with radical orchiectomy due to difficulty in differentiating between these disorders preoperatively. Saving the involved testis, prevention of recurrent infectious disease in the opposite testis and prevention of systemic manifestations of testicular disease are but a few of the reasons for accurate diagnosis of the acute scrotum. We report a rare case of brucellosis presenting as an acute scrotal mass and stress the importance of accurately identifying the specific etiology of testicular pathology to prevent long-term morbidity.     

Cystic dysplasia of the rete testis

Cystic dysplasia of the rete testis (CDT) represents a diagnostically challenging condition in the pediatric population. We report a new case of CDT that differs in presentation from the majority of other cases in the literature in that the child complained of scrotal pain and had a solid mass on ultrasound. Based on this experience and a review of the literature, we recommend including CDT in the differential for all pediatric scrotal masses regardless of whether the mass is painless or painful, cystic or solid. As CDT is a benign lesion, we propose an individualized treatment of CDT.     

Experience with testis sparing surgery for testicular teratoma

PURPOSE: Testicular teratoma is a rare neoplasm affecting the pediatric population and has classically been reported to be the second most common testis tumor in children behind yolk sac tumors. Testicular teratomas are benign and partial orchiectomy may be considered. We describe our single institution experience with testicular teratoma and definitive treatment with testis preserving surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed the pathology records at our institution for all testicular and paratesticular tumors diagnosed between 1976 and November 2002 in males younger than 18 years. We specifically examined the prepubertal incidence of teratoma, including epidermoid cysts, and our experience with testis preserving surgery. Preoperative and postoperative ultrasonography images were used to calculate the atrophy index following surgery. Patients were contacted for long-term followup. RESULTS: Of 77 primary testicular and paratesticular tumors 38 were diagnosed in prepubertal boys (age younger than 13 years) including 11 mature teratomas and 5 epidermoid cysts. Mean patient age at treatment was 34.4 months (range 4 months to 10 years). All boys presented with a painless scrotal mass, cystic foci within an intratesticular mass on ultrasound and a normal alpha-fetoprotein level. Of the 16 boys with benign teratomas 13 (81%) were treated with a testis sparing procedure. At a mean 7-year followup no patient has presented with recurrent tumor in the ipsilateral or contralateral testicle. Postoperative physical examination and scrotal ultrasound were obtained in 9 patients at a median followup of 10.2 months, and there was no evidence of testicular atrophy or persistent discomfort. CONCLUSIONS: Unlike previously published series based on tumor registries, benign teratoma was the most common pediatric testicular tumor treated at our institution. Our single institution experience with testis preservation and long-term followup confirms the role and safety of this technique. Testis sparing surgery remains our technique of choice for testicular teratoma.     

Metachronous bilateral torsion of the testicular appendices

BACKGROUND: Torsion of the appendix testis is a common cause of scrotal pain in children and a common cause for surgical exploration of the pediatric scrotum. The first case of metachronous bilateral torsion of the testicular appendices managed by a non-operative approach is reported. METHODS/RESULTS: A case report and a computer-assisted review of the literature are presented. Physical findings of a tender, mobile mass over the anterior surface of the testis characterize the presentation. Doppler findings of normal blood flow to the testes with increased flow to the adjacent appendix testis can be utilized as an adjunct to diagnosis. Ultrasonographic findings of a pedunculated mass with a central hypoechoic area at the superior aspect of the testis support the diagnosis. Accurate non-operative diagnosis of torsion of the appendix testis permits successful conservative management with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents. CONCLUSIONS: Improvements in ultrasonographic and Doppler imaging of torsion of the appendix testis have facilitated the diagnosis of this entity and decreased the need for surgical exploration of the scrotum.     

The value of scrotal ultrasound in patients with suspected testicular tumour

A prospective study was designed to assess the value of scrotal ultrasound in the diagnosis of testicular neoplasm. Comparison of findings yielded by ultrasound with those made on surgical exploration of the scrotal contents in 56 patients showed a sensitivity of 94.6%, specificity of 57.9% and an overall accuracy of ultrasound of 82.1%. While capable of distinguishing intra-from extratesticular structure, scrotal ultrasound is not specific enough to differentiate a tumour from benign diseases involving testicular parenchyma. Still, it may add new information to the clinical examination of the scrotum, and reduce the number of probatory surgical procedures in patients with the finding of an intrascrotal mass. This paper describes the ultrasound pictures of a normal testis, testicular tumours and extratesticular disease that are most often considered in the differential diagnosis of testicular tumours.     

阴囊急症93例诊断分析

目的 总结阴囊急症患者的临床特点及超声图像特征,提高早期诊断及鉴别诊断的准确率.方法 首先观察93例阴囊急症患者的临床表现及体征;其中78例患者先用二维超声检测睾丸、附睾的位置、大小、形态及回声强弱,再用彩色多普勒观察睾丸、附睾的血供情况,并与临床、手术及病理结果进行对照.结果 93例阴囊急症患者具有相似的临床表现和体征.78例患者经二维超声与彩色多普勒超声检查,28例病侧睾丸血流消失或减少,睾丸内血流阻力指数增高,超声诊断睾丸扭转,与手术病理结果相符.结论 阴囊急症患者的临床表现多样性,易误诊.二维超声结合彩色多普勒超声在阴囊急症患者的诊断中具有较强的敏感性和特异性,是目前鉴别睾丸扭转与急性睾丸附睾炎的首选方法.     

Scrotal dermoid extending to the posterior urethra through a corpus cavernosum in a child

A 3-year-old boy presented with an asymptomatic intertesticular mass increasing in size. Plasma tumor markers (α-fetoprotein and β-human chorionic gonadotrophin) were negative. The mass had a pattern similar to testicular parenchyma but no discernable blood flow on scrotal Doppler ultrasound. Magnetic resonance imaging scan showed that it reached the posterior urethra after passing through the right corpus cavernosum with a progressive tapering extending into the pelvis. The mass was excised surgically and histologically found to be consistent with a dermoid cyst. Such rare benign lesions should be considered in the differential diagnosis of painless scrotal masses in children. Its anatomy was accurately defined by magnetic resonance imaging and was essential to minimize the risk to adjacent structures.