可膨胀髓内钉治疗多发伤合并肱骨干骨折

目的探讨可膨胀髓内钉治疗多发伤合并肱骨干骨折的方法和疗效。方法采用可膨胀髓内钉治疗多发伤合并肱骨干骨折患者共17例。记录并发症、骨折愈合时间和肩关节功能。结果17例均获得了随访。时间12～24个月．骨折均愈合,愈合时间12～28周。根据Neer肩关节功能评定标准进行评价,优12例．良4例,可1例．优良率94．12％。无感染及神经损伤等并发症。结论可膨胀髓内钉无需锁钉。而是通过膨胀稳定骨折端．固定牢靠,手术时间短。出血少,是治疗多发伤合并肱骨干骨折较为理想的方法。     

Emergency versus delayed repair of severe brachial plexus injuries

Emergency or early surgery for brachial plexus injury is advisable because emergency nerve surgery is technically easier and because the overall results are better. In cases involving vascular injury, preoperative arteriography is indispensable. The blood supply must be reestablished and the brachial plexus completely explored and, if possible, repaired. In cases not involving vascular injury, violent trauma with fractures of the shoulder often produces lesions in the same brachial plexus. Regardless of associated vascular or bone injuries, brachial plexus lesions should be repaired within the first days after injury (provided that there are no contraindications related to age or general health). If combined vascular and nerve injuries are involved, immediate emergency surgery is mandatory. With early surgery, exploration is easier, shorter grafts are needed, and neurotization is possible in lesions in which the roots have been pulled out.     

Humeral shaft fractures as predictors of intra-abdominal injury in motor vehicle collision victims

To assess the utility of humeral shaft fractures as predictors of organ injuries and skeletal injuries in multiply injured patients involved in motor vehicle collisions (MVCs). A prospectively collected database of multiply injured motor vehicle occupants with an Injury Severity Score (ISS) greater than 12 admitted to a level I regional trauma centre during a 102-month period (January 1992 to June 2000) was reviewed to assess skeletal and organ injuries associated with a humeral shaft fracture. The effect of occupant location within the vehicle, the point of collision, and the use of a seat belt restraint was also examined to identify trends in injury patterns. Data from 1070 motor vehicle occupants - 65 with concomitant humeral shaft fractures and 1005 without humeral shaft fractures - revealed that 63% of motor vehicle occupants who sustained humeral fractures were drivers, compared with 77% in the non-humeral fracture group. Those patients who sustained a humeral shaft fracture had a significantly greater number of liver injuries (p = 0.022), forearm/hand fractures (p < 0.001), tibial fractures (p < 0.01) and femoral fractures (p < 0.01) compared with controls. A lateral collision impact showed a trend towards increased splenic and hepatic injuries within the humeral shaft fracture group. The presence of a humeral shaft fracture in a multiply injured patient involved in a MVC is significantly associated with an increased incidence of both upper and lower extremity fractures and liver injury. Moreover, humeral shaft fractures may serve as a predictor of potential intra-abdominal pathology in multiply injured trauma patients involved in MVCs.     

The results of plating humeral shaft fractures in patients with multiple injuries. The Sunnybrook experience

Excellent results can be achieved by plating fractures of the shaft of the humerus in patients with multiple injuries. This helps in nursing care and in the management of other injuries. In 38 patients admitted to a regional trauma centre, 39 humeral shaft fractures were plated. There were 27 men and 11 women, with an average age of 31.5 years. Fourteen of the humeral fractures were compound and 20 had significant comminution; 23 were fixed by a plate on the day of admission and all 39 by the twentieth day. Follow-up of 34 fractures showed that all had united, 33 primarily. All patients but one had a fully functional shoulder and no patient with a fractured humerus alone had lost any elbow movement. Complications were rare--one case each of non-union, fixation failure and infection. No permanent nerve injuries were produced at operation. The plating of fractures of the humerus in these circumstances has been shown to produce excellent results and has a place in the management of the patient with multiple injuries.     

Humeral shaft fracture with brachial artery injury

The management of ten patients with fracture of the humeral diaphysis and concomitant injury to the brachial artery was analyzed retrospectively for examination of the factors contributing to preservation of limb viability and function. Of ten treated fractures, eight were rigidly stabilized with either a plate or an external fixation device. Seven of the vascular injuries required an interpositional graft. Three arteries were repaired with an end-to-end anastomosis. Two of these repairs failed in patients whose fractures were not rigidly stabilized, and one of these patients required amputation. Fasciotomy was performed in five cases. Seven patients retained normal or functional extremities despite ligation of the brachial artery in two individuals. Preoperative arteriography was of equivocal value, and it doubled the patient's transit time from the emergency room to surgery. The use of a temporary intraluminal vascular shunt to perfuse the limb at surgery and the semi-invasive rigid stability afforded by contemporary external fixators are important advances in the management of these complex injuries. In civilian practice, the prioritized guidelines the authors suggest for care of combined major skeletal and vascular trauma to the arm are: resuscitation of the patient; arteriogram, which is nonessential in open injuries but helpful in closed trauma; intraoperative perfusion of the limb with a temporary shunt; rigid bony stabilization; wound debridement; vascular repair with an autogenous vein graft; neurorrhaphy; and assessment of the need for fasciotomy.     

Five years' clinical experience with the unreamed humeral nail in the treatment of humeral shaft fractures

With the development of interlocking nail systems especially designed for the upper arm, standards for the operative treatment of humeral shaft fractures have appeared to change. The trumpet-like shape of the medullary cavity does not allow stable splinting with a nail alone, and therefore the bone--nail complex is commonly stabilized with interlocking bolts. Between June 1996 and June 2001, 51 fractures of the humeral shaft were treated operatively at the BG Unfallklinik Ludwigshafen with the unreamed humeral nail (UHN; Synthes). All nails were inserted by the retrograde technique. Ninety-five percent of the patients showed excellent or good shoulder function at follow-up examinations. For elbow function, 91.4% of the patients showed excellent or good results. Three out of four patients with poor elbow function had suffered from an additional injury to the brachial plexus; one patient developed heterotopic ossification. Intraoperative complications were: one iatrogenic lesion of the radial nerve, two intraoperative shaft fractures, one split at the insertion point, and one supracondylar fracture. As implants we used 7.5 mm nails in 36 cases and 6.7 mm nails in 15 cases. Among the 47 patients undergoing follow-up examinations, we found two cases of non-union. All patients were pain-free. Thirty-seven patients were very satisfied, six satisfied and four dissatisfied with the therapy. Decisive criteria for the use of a new implant are a high safety standard and simple reproducibility; these appear to be fulfilled by retrograde nailing of humeral fractures with the UHN. Interlocking nailing with the UHN enriches the range of therapeutic options for humeral shaft fractures.     

Radial nerve transection after ballistic humeral shaft fractures: A retrospective cohort study

IntroductionRadial nerve palsy following fracture of the humeral shaft is common. However, the incidence of nerve transection in the setting of ballistic trauma is unknown. The purpose of this study was to estimate the incidence of radial nerve transection after ballistic fracture of the humerus.MethodsPatients presenting to an urban, level-1 trauma center with a ballistic fracture of the humeral shaft were retrospectively reviewed. Patient demographics, clinical exam on presentation, and operative data were reviewed to determine the incidence of radial nerve palsy on initial examination, the incidence of operative treatment, the incidence of how frequently the nerve was directly visualized, and the incidence of radial nerve transection.ResultsOne-hundred and thirteen ballistic humeral shaft fractures were identified. Of these, 30 (26.5%) patients had a complete radial nerve palsy on exam. Of patients with a radial nerve palsy, on exam 20 were taken to the operating room and the nerve was visualized in 17 of those cases. There 2 were partially lacerated nerves and 12 nerves were completely transected. Thus, in patients with a complete nerve deficit on examination who underwent operative treatment with nerve exploration, the rate of nerve transection was 70.6%. The lower bound rate of nerve transection for all patients with radial nerve palsy (assuming all unexplored nerves were intact) was 40.0%.ConclusionThe rate of nerve transection in patients with humerus shaft fractures with associated radial nerve palsies is likely higher than the rate of nerve transection in similar injuries caused by blunt mechanisms. The authors recommend early exploration and fixation of these injuries.     

Pediatric fractures of the humerus

Humeral shaft fractures constitute only 3% of fractures in children younger than age 16 years. They are most common in children younger than 3 and older than 12 years old. They can be classified according to the fracture pattern, location, and tissues damaged. Fractures resulting from minor trauma may be caused by an occult unicameral bone cyst. Each age group requires different diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. Fractures at birth are seen mostly with macrosomic and breech presentation. In children younger than 3 years, humeral fractures often are linked to child abuse. In those older than 10 years, fractures are related to direct or indirect trauma. Sports activities have been reported also to cause injuries in skeletally immature patients. Most humeral fractures are controlled nonoperatively; however, potential operative indications include open fractures, multiple trauma, bilateral injuries, compartment syndromes, pathological fracture, significant nerve injuries, and inadequate closed reduction.     

Injuries associated with serious brachial plexus involvement in polytrauma among patients requiring surgical repair

Background

Brachial plexus injury occurs in up to 5% of polytrauma cases involving motorcycle crashes and in approximately 4% of severe winter sports injuries. One of the conditions for the success of operative therapy is early detection, ideally within three months of injury. The aim of this study was to evaluate associated injuries in patients with severe brachial plexus injury and determine whether there is a characteristic concomitant injury (or injuries), the presence of which, in the polytrauma, could act as a marker for nerve structures involvement and whether there are differences in severity of polytrauma accompanying specific types of brachial plexus injury.

Methods

We evaluated retrospectively 84 surgical patients from our department, from 2008 to 2011, that had undergone brachial plexus reconstruction. For all, an injury severity scale (ISS) score and all major associated injuries were determined.

Results

72% of patients had an upper, 26% had a complete and only 2% had a lower brachial plexus palsy. The main cause was motorcycle crashes (60%) followed by car crashes (15%). The average ISS was 35.2 (SD = 23.3), although, values were significantly higher in cases involving a coma (59.3, SD = 11.0). The lower and complete plexus injuries were significantly associated with coma and fractures of the shoulder girdle and injuries of lower limbs, thoracic organs and head. Upper plexus injuries were associated with somewhat less severe injuries of the upper and lower extremities and less severe injuries of the spine.

Conclusion

Serious brachial plexus injury is usually accompanied by other severe injuries. It occurs in high-energy trauma and it can be stated that patients involved in motorcycle and car crashes with multiple fractures of the shoulder girdle are at high risk of nerve trauma. This is especially true for patients in a primary coma. Lower and complete brachial plexus injuries are associated with higher injury severity scale.     

Co-existing fractures of the proximal humerus and humeral shaft without shoulder dislocation – a rare injury

Multiple fractures of the humerus are a rare injury and usually associated with high-energy trauma. We report an unusual injury with co-existing fractures of the proximal humerus and humeral shaft without shoulder dislocation. We discuss our experience in the diagnosis and treatment of a 39-year-old man with co-existing fractures of proximal humerus and ipsilateral humeral shaft with radial nerve deficit. He was successfully managed with open reduction and fixation of the fractures. At follow-up 1 year after injury, he is back at work and has a good range of shoulder movements. The radial nerve injury is showing signs of recovery. In high-energy trauma to the shoulder, unusual fracture patterns with associated neurovascular deficits may be seen and this case report describes our experience with one such rare injury.     

Ipsilaterale Begleitverletzungen an der oberen Extremit?t und des Schultergürtels nach proximalen Humerusfrakturen

Question.

The aim of this study was to elucidate associated injuries of the upper extremities and shoulder girdle in proximal humeral fractures and to evaluate their impact on clinical outcome.

Methodology.

Between January 2001 and March 2008 a total of 641 patients where operated due to proximal humeral fractures. All patients were retrospectively analyzed in terms of associated injuries and 58 patients (9?%) with associated injuries on the ipsilateral upper extremity were identified, of whom 36 (mean age 67 years, 24 women, 12 men) could be clinical examined (DASH and Constant scores) after a mean follow-up of 38 months.

Results.

The 58 patients with associated injuries where treated with plate osteosynthesis (38 patients), nail osteosynthesis (7?patients) and primary shoulder prosthesis in 12 patients. One patient received a screw osteosynthesis. Most associated injuries were distal radial fractures and nerve injuries. Appearance of distal radial fractures was linked to low-energy trauma, whereas high-energy trauma was related to elbow injuries, especially elbow dislocation. Proximal humeral fractures with glenohumeral dislocation were associated with a higher risk of nerve injury. Associated injuries occurred more often in women and mostly in patients aged 60 years and older. Men with associated injuries were distributed over the whole life span. Evaluation of 36 patients in follow-up revealed a mean DASH score of 35 points and a mean Constant score of 56 points. Osteosynthesis of proximal humeral fractures led to better results than primary arthroplasty.

Conclusion.

The combination of proximal humeral fracture and ipsilateral associated injury is common and related to osteoporotic bone. Treatment includes osteosynthesis of all fracture sites to allow fast mobilization. Functional results are dependent on type of treatment of proximal humeral fractures. This trial might help clinicians to identify a risk population for those injuries in respect to patient age, sex and energy of trauma.     

Lower extremity fracture fixation in head-injured patients.

Compared with nonsurgical management or delayed repair, early fracture fixation can reduce the incidence of pulmonary complications in patients with long-bone fractures of the lower extremities. Blunt trauma victims often have multiple nonskeletal injuries that might influence the risk of pulmonary complications, and when head injuries are present it has been a common practice to delay nonemergent operations for several days to protect the injured brain. We conducted a retrospective review of 114 patients with multiple trauma whose injuries included head trauma and a fracture of the neck or shaft of the femur or shaft of the tibia to determine if delayed stabilization of lower extremity fractures increased the risk of pulmonary complications or reduced the risk of cerebral complications. Forty-six patients underwent surgical fixation of their fractures within 24 hours of injury (early fixation), 26 patients had their fractures repaired more than 24 hours after injury (late fixation), and 42 patients did not undergo surgical fracture fixation. The risk of pulmonary complications was not related to the timing of surgical fracture fixation but was strongly influenced by the severity of injuries to the head and to the chest (p less than 0.001). Furthermore, a delay in fracture fixation did not protect the injured brain; the risk of CNS events was determined by the severity of the head injury (p less than 0.0001). Early fracture fixation in patients with head injury may be appropriate because it simplifies patient care and does not seem to worsen the head injury, but it does not prevent pulmonary complications in these high-risk patients.     

Closed retrograde Hackethal nail stabilization of humeral shaft fractures.

We retrospectively reviewed 48 consecutive humeral shaft fractures treated with Hackethal stacked, flexible, intramedullary (IM) nails. The indications for fixation were polytrauma or fracture patterns not amenable to bracing. The average age of patients was 40 years. Eight had associated primary nerve injuries. All fractures were reduced closed, and the nails were inserted retrograde through a distal posterior cortical window. Follow-up was possible in 33 patients. Ninety-seven percent (32 of 33) had healed at 1 year. There were no iatrogenic nerve palsies. There was one delayed union, one nonunion, one deep infection, and three occurrences of heterotopic ossification at the entry portal. Two patients with distal nail migration required second operations. Clinical examination showed normal range of motion at the shoulder and an average of 5 degrees loss of extension at the elbow. Hackethal's bundled IM nailing was shown to be a reliable, inexpensive, and relatively atraumatic method for stabilization of simple and comminuted humeral shaft fractures.     

latrogenic brachial artery injury during anterolateral plat- ing of humeral shaft fracture

There are several well defined indications for surgical management of humeral shaft fractures.Operative procedures on the humerus are associated with their own complications.Iatrogenic brachial artery injury as a complication of humeral shaft plating has not been reported previously.We report a case of a 48 years old femalewho received operation at a district hospital and was referred to us when the surgeon could not palpate the pulse.CT angiogram showed that there was segmental non-opacification of the brachial artery.There was distal reformation and the thrombosis was decided to be managed conservatively.We believe that the arterial injury was a result ofimproper surgical technique and the segmental block might be due to improper use of plate holding forceps.This case report makes us aware of a rare complication of operative management of humeral shaft fractures and that basic principles of surgery must be always followed to prevent such injuries.     

创伤继发臂丛神经急性卡压征

目的　总结创伤继发臂丛神经急性卡压征的病因、症状与体征、治疗及预后。方法　 12例因创伤引起肩锁区肿胀、瘀血、压痛、畸形外 ,肩锁区存在搏动感及血管杂音 ;臂丛下干支配区感觉及 /或功能障碍。伴肋骨、锁骨、多处骨折 7例 ;锁骨下血管损伤 (破裂、假性动脉瘤、动静脉瘘 ) 9例 ,血肿 3例。诊断为创伤继发臂丛神经急性卡压征。采用假性动脉瘤切除动脉直接缝合或静脉移植 3例 ,血管吻合、修补术 4例 ,血管结扎 2例 ,血肿去除 3例。骨折切开复位内固定 8例 ,臂丛神经松解术 12例。结果　 12例术后平均随访 2 6个月 ,患侧的桡动脉搏动良好 ,肩胛带骨折已骨性愈合。臂丛神经功能恢复按中华医学会手外科学会上肢部分功能评定试用标准评定[1] :优 11例 ,可 1例。结论　创伤继发臂丛神经急性卡压的病例起病急 ,在伤后 2～ 3h或 1～ 2d内发生。除有臂丛神经损伤症状外 ,还伴有肩胛带骨折及锁骨下血管损伤。早期手术预后较好。     

Subclavian arterial injury associated with blunt trauma.

Blunt subclavian artery trauma is an uncommon but challenging surgical problem. The purpose of this study was to retrospectively review the management of blunt subclavian artery injuries treated by the Trauma and Vascular Surgery Services at the East Tennessee State University-affiliated hospitals between 1992 and 1998. Six patients with seven blunt subclavian artery injuries were identified. Physical signs indicating blunt subclavian artery injury were pain or contusion around the shoulder joint; fractures of the clavicle, scapula, or ribs; periclavicular hematomas; and ipsilateral pulse or neurologic deficits. Seven subclavian artery injuries were treated-two arterial transections, two pseudoaneurysms, and three intimal dissections. Associated injuries included four clavicle fractures, one humerus fracture, one combined rib and scapular fractures, and two pneumothoraxes. Vascular surgical treatment included three primary arterial repairs, two saphenous vein interposition grafts, and one polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) graft. One patient was treated nonoperatively with anticoagulation. No deaths occurred. Morbidity occurred in two patients with chronic upper extremity neuropathy producing prolonged disability from pain and weakness; one patient had reflex sympathetic dystrophy, and the other had a brachial plexus injury. In conclusion, blunt subclavian artery trauma can be successfully managed with early use of arteriography and prompt surgical correction by a variety of vascular techniques. Vascular morbidity is usually low, but long-term disability because of chronic neuropathy may result from associated brachial plexus nerve injury despite a successful arterial repair.     

Radial nerve transposition with humeral fracture fixation: preliminary results

Humeral shaft fractures traditionally have been managed with closed treatment. In patients with polytrauma, open fractures, and patients at risk for nonunion, open reduction and internal fixation and intramedullary nailing have been advocated. The current study describes a technique used in humeral shaft fractures that reduces the risk of iatrogenic radial nerve injury during plate osteosynthesis in fracture patterns at high risk of nonunion (highly comminuted, transverse fractures). Ten patients who had radial nerve transposition were reviewed retrospectively using the electronic records database at the authors' institution. The average age of the patients was 27 years and average followup was 25 months. All had humeral shaft fractures, AO class A3.2 in four patients, B3.2 in five patients, and C2.2 in one patient. All fractures were deemed to be at high risk for nonunion. There were no iatrogenic nerve palsies as a result of the transposition, and no infections. Two patients had delayed or nonunion, who achieved healing after a second intervention. Transposition of the radial nerve is a useful adjunct to plating of humeral shaft fractures in patients at high risk for nonunion. The technique is safe, does not cause iatrogenic injury, and protects the radial nerve during all subsequent approaches to the fracture site.     

Management of small artery vascular trauma.

This 11-year retrospective study reviewed 99 arterial injuries distal to the brachial bifurcation or popliteal trifurcation in 89 extremities in 88 patients. Associated injuries occurred in 78 of 88 (89%) patients, including 10 fractures or dislocations, 66 nerve injuries, and 59 single or multiple tendon injuries. Fasciotomy was performed in 9 upper extremities and 11 lower extremities (23% of patients). The selection of operative treatment by arterial repair or ligation was by surgeon choice (52% repair and 48% ligation). Postoperative patency was found in 45 of 47 (96%) repaired arteries. In cases of isolated single arterial injuries (10), there were excellent results, and there was no difference in the results between repair and ligation. In cases of nonisolated single arterial injuries (69), there were 46% and 36% nonvascular complications in the repaired and ligated groups, respectively. In 10 patients with nonisolated multiple arterial injuries in the same extremity, the results of repair of one artery with ligation of the other artery versus repair of both arteries were identical, and there were no vascular complications. Operative exploration was the key to complete evaluation of vascular and neuro/musculoskeletal injuries. The data suggest that one functional artery distal to the elbow or knee is sufficient for limb viability and vascular function (follow-up range: 0 to 110 months; mean: 12 months). Nerve injury was the single most important factor of extremity injury in terms of the degree of functional loss.     

骨关节多发性创伤的流行病学分析

目的探讨多发性骨关节损伤的流行病学特点,以提高创伤的防治认识和救治质量,减少死亡率。方法总结2002年1月1日～2004年12月31日间救治的346例多发性骨关节损伤患者资料,按蔡氏法分类,统计分析患者性别、年龄、伤因、部位、数量、并发伤及死亡率。结果346例患者中,男278例,女68例；年龄9个月～89岁,平均32．8岁。致伤原因：交通伤226例,重物压砸伤65例,坠落伤及跌伤52例。胫、腓骨干骨折159处,股骨干骨折96处,尺、桡骨干骨折87处,踝足骨折58处,胸部伤57处,髋和膝部伤分别为50处,骨盆区损伤49例,腕手部伤46处,肩部伤36处,颅骨骨折36处,肱骨干骨折33处,脊柱骨折23处,肘部伤17处。2处伤者242例,3处伤83例,4处伤20例,6处伤1例,平均受伤部位2．3处。闭合伤205例,开放伤141例；合并颅脑伤51例,胸部伤23例,腹部伤5例,泌尿系损伤3例,休克78例,神经血管伤21例,脂肪栓塞6例。死亡5例。结论近年来,多发性骨关节损伤患者有增多趋势,且伤情较重,男性青壮年居多；交通伤是主要致伤原因；四肢多发伤以下肢伤为多,容易发现及确诊,而脑、胸、腹、盆部的闭合伤多易漏误诊治；近年来死亡率明显减少；加强急救创伤救治培训和安全教育,进一步提高医疗质量,可减少残废和死亡率。     

Radial nerve lesions associated with fractures of the humeral shaft

Radial nerve palsy associated with a fracture of the shaft of the humerus is a relatively common injury. Out of 91 radial nerve injuries, operated upon in the Neurosurgical University Clinic in Belgrade from 1979 to 1988, 37 were associated with fractures of the humeral shaft or their surgical treatment. These fractures were previously treated in other medical units. In all cases a microsurgical reconstruction of the radial nerve was done: an interfascicular neurolysis in 24 cases and interfascicular grafting in 13 cases. A useful functional recovery was obtained in 91.9 per cent of the cases. Timing of nerve exploration and repair, as a main problem, is discussed.