含服酸冰块对脑卒中吞咽障碍患者吞咽功能的改善作用

目的探讨早期含服酸冰块对脑卒中吞咽障碍患者吞咽功能的改善作用。方法将76例急性脑卒中后中度吞咽障碍患者按入院日期单双号分为观察组(40例)和对照组(36例)。两组入院后予降低颅内压、改善脑循环,营养脑细胞及吞咽功能基础训练、摄食训练、冰刺激等康复治疗及常规护理。观察组在此基础上早期含服自制酸冰块刺激口咽部。干预4周后采用才藤氏吞咽障碍7级评价法评定效果。结果干预后观察组吞咽障碍改善程度显著优于对照组(P0.01);两组误吸发生率比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论早期实施酸冰块刺激口咽部,可有效改善脑卒中吞咽障碍患者吞咽功能,减少误吸发生。     

护士主导的吞咽管理门诊在帕金森病吞咽障碍患者中的实践

目的探讨护士主导的吞咽管理门诊在帕金森病吞咽障碍患者中实施的可行性和效果。方法将217例门诊就诊的帕金森病吞咽障碍患者按门诊ID号奇偶数分为对照组100例和观察组117例。对照组按照常规由门诊医生给予吞咽障碍康复指导,观察组接受护士主导的吞咽管理门诊系统管理。干预6个月后评价效果。结果观察组吞咽障碍康复有效率显著高于对照组,误吸发生率显著低于对照组(均P0.01)。结论护士主导的吞咽管理门诊可有效促进帕金森病患者吞咽功能恢复,降低误吸的发生。     

高龄脑卒中患者误吸风险的筛查及其护理

目的探讨高龄脑卒中患者误吸的筛查及护理干预方法。方法将180例高龄脑卒中患者按时间顺序分为对照组和护理干预组各90例,对照组按常规护理,干预组在此基础上采用标准吞咽功能评估量表进行吞咽功能评估,并根据评分结果针对患者吞咽功能的高、中、低度风险分别采取针对性护理干预。结果两组误吸发生率比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论通过对高龄脑卒中患者进行误吸的筛查及采取针对性护理干预,能有效降低误吸发生率,提高患者的生活质量。     

护士主导的吞咽训练对拔管后吞咽障碍患者的影响

目的 探讨护士主导的吞咽训练对拔管后吞咽障碍患者吞咽功能及预后的影响。 方法 将62例拔管后吞咽障碍患者随机分为对照组30例和干预组32例。对照组按常规进行吞咽障碍饮食和相关健康指导,干预组在此基础上实施护士主导的吞咽训练,连续5 d。观察两组干预前后吞咽功能、经口进食、拔管后吞咽障碍并发症。 结果 干预后干预组标准吞咽功能评分显著低于对照组,吞咽功能恢复率显著高于对照组,且吞咽功能恢复时间显著短于对照组,功能性经口摄食等级显著优于对照组,食物残留和误吸发生率显著低于对照组（均P＜0.05）。 结论 护士主导的吞咽训练可促进患者吞咽功能恢复,促进患者经口进食,改善患者预后。     

误吸风险评估与饮食分级护理预防高龄患者误吸

目的 探讨饮食分级护理预防高龄患者进食误吸的效果.方法 将126例高龄患者按入院时间排序分为干预组(2013年7～12月,63例)和对照组(2013年1～6月,63例).对照组按照常规护理,干预组入院时行吞咽功能评分和误吸风险等级划分,并在此基础上根据误吸风险等级实施饮食分级护理.比较两组患者干预期间进食时误吸发生情况.结果 两组入院时误吸风险比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).干预后,对照组共发生误吸170次,误吸发生率为5.60％,其中呛咳152次,噎食17次,窒息1次;干预组共发生误吸28次,误吸发生率为0.94％,其中呛咳25次,噎食3次,无窒息发生.两组误吸发生率比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 对高龄患者行误吸风险分级,并实施相应的饮食分级护理措施,可有效降低误吸风险,保障高龄患者进食安全.     

穴位冰刺激在脑卒中吞咽障碍患者吸入性肺炎预防护理中的应用

目的探讨穴位冰刺激在脑卒中吞咽障碍患者吸入性肺炎预防护理中的应用效果。方法将68例脑卒中吞咽障碍患者随机分为观察组35例和对照组33例,两组均予常规药物治疗和康复训练。对照组接受常规康复护理,观察组在此基础上,接受穴位冰刺激治疗。比较两组干预前后吞咽功能和吸入性肺炎发生率。结果干预4周后,两组吞咽功能评分比较,时间效应、交互效应、组间效应差异有统计学意义(均P0.01);两组吸入性肺炎发生率比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论穴位冰刺激技术结合常规康复护理能显著改善脑卒中吞咽障碍患者的吞咽功能,降低吸入性肺炎发生率。     

改良醒神解语操在脑卒中吞咽障碍患者康复训练中的应用

目的 探讨醒神解语操改良方案改善脑卒中吞咽障碍患者吞咽功能与生活质量的效果。方法 将91例脑卒中吞咽障碍患者随机分为对照组30例、干预1组30例和干预2组31例;对照组实施常规康复训练,干预1组联合醒神解语操训练,干预2组联合改良醒神解语操训练。观察干预前、干预4周后患者吞咽功能、生活质量改善情况。结果 干预4周后,三组患者标准吞咽功能评分、生活质量评分及洼田饮水试验级别比较,差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。结论 实施改良醒神解语操康复训练,能有效改善脑卒中吞咽障碍患者吞咽功能和生活质量。     

急性缺血性卒中患者吞咽障碍管理循证方案的制定及实施

目的探讨基于循证的吞咽障碍管理方案在急性缺血性卒中患者的应用效果。方法将60例急性缺血性卒中患者随机分为对照组和干预组各30例,对照组给予常规入院评估与护理干预,干预组采用多伦多床旁吞咽筛查试验进行筛查,并实施基于循证的吞咽障碍管理方案。分别在干预前及干预第1、7天监测两组患者吞咽功能改善疗效、误吸风险发生率、卒中相关性肺炎发生率。结果观察组吞咽功能改善情况好于对照组,卒中相关性肺炎发生率显著低于对照组(P0.05)。结论基于循证的吞咽障碍管理,可有效预防和改善缺血性卒中患者的吞咽障碍,促进吞咽功能恢复。     

回授法联合微信健康教育对后颅窝肿瘤术后吞咽困难患者康复的影响

目的 探讨回授法联合微信健康教育对后颅窝肿瘤术后吞咽困难患者康复的影响.方法 根据住院时间,将2019年1～6月行后颅窝肿瘤术后并发吞咽困难患者43例分为对照组,2019年7～12月行后颅窝肿瘤术后并发吞咽困难患者43例分为干预组.对照组采用常规方法进行健康教育;干预组采用回授法联合微信进行健康教育.于干预后1周、1个月、3个月评价干预效果.结果 干预后1周,干预组误吸发生率显著低于对照组(P＜0.05);干预后1个月、3个月干预组吞咽功能评分显著低于对照组(均P＜0.05),两组吞咽功能评分随时间延长而下降,干预组下降更明显(P＜0.05).结论 应用回授法联合微信对后颅窝肿瘤术后吞咽困难患者进行健康教育,能够有效改善患者吞咽功能、降低误吸发生率,有利于患者机体康复.     

运动想象疗法在脑卒中吞咽障碍患者康复护理中的应用

目的观察运动想象疗法在脑卒中吞咽障碍患者康复护理中的作用。方法将206例脑卒中吞咽障碍患者随机分为对照组和观察组各103例。对照组采用基础训练、摄食训练进行吞咽功能康复锻炼,观察组在此基础上增加运动想象疗法。结果干预6周后,观察组吞咽功能显著优于对照组,吸入性肺炎发生率显著低于对照组,鼻饲管拔出率显著高于对照组(均P0.01)。结论运动想象疗法能显著改善脑卒中吞咽障碍患者的吞咽功能,减少并发症发生,使患者尽早摆脱鼻饲,有利于康复。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.