重症监护室护理中断事件现况及与护士心理负荷的相关性

目的了解重症监护室(ICU)护理中断事件现况,探讨ICU护理中断事件与护士心理负荷的相关性。方法采用自制的ICU护理中断事件调查表、护士一般资料调查表及任务负荷指数量表对180名ICU护士进行调查。结果 ICU 6:00～20:00护理中断事件的发生频次为9.5次/h,其他护士为中断事件的主要来源,中断事件发生时ICU护士最常见的当前任务是护理记录,中断任务主要与患者事务相关。Spearman相关性分析显示,护理中断事件发生频次与ICU护士心理负荷呈正相关(r=0.531,P0.01)。结论 ICU护理工作中断事件发生频繁,并使护士心理负荷加重。护理管理者需要对中断事件发生前、中、后的风险因素进行系统、深入的分析和评估,才能更好地规避风险,提高护理质量,促进护士身心健康。     

基于护士职责角度的护理中断事件现况调查

目的调查不同职责护士护理中断事件发生情况,分析护士应对护理中断事件的特点与规律,为针对性的干预提供数据支持。方法采用自制调查表进行跟班调查,调查全院5个科室15名护士共30个工作日的中断事件发生情况。结果护理中断时间的发生频率为7.17次/h;中断事件来源前3位分别为护士同事290次、本人287次、环境285次;中断的当前事务排前3位的是处理医嘱377次、用药工作356次、记录类工作202次;不同职责护士上述项目分布存在统计学差异(均P0.01)。护士对中断事件的主要应对措施排前3位的是交流835次、取送物品142次、操作135次,不良事件结局为积极型护理中断事件222次,消极型护理中断事件中,暂停当前事务909次,丢失当前记忆48次,增加工作量153次,不良事件隐患30次。结论护理中断事件来源广泛、发生率高,可针对护理中断事件高发来源及当前事务采取积极性干预措施。管理者应将护理中断事件纳入系统管理,注重护理中断事件管理文化的形成,提高护士对护理中断的应对能力、优化中断发生时护士当前事务,为护理质量提升及患者安全提供保障。     

急诊科护理中断事件现况调查

目的调查急诊科护理中断事件发生的现状,分析其发生的原因,为减少急诊科护理中断事件的发生提供参考。方法采用自制急诊科护士应对护理中断事件的现状调查问卷对武汉市6所三级甲等医院的298名急诊科护士进行调查。结果急诊科护士对护理中断事定义的了解、发生后的不良影响及学习其相关知识的重要性得分分别为3.59±0.93、3.65±0.89、4.42±0.73。94.30%认为护理中断事件对正常工作有影响;90.61%同意护理中断事件在急诊临床护理工作中是常态;62.42%认为急诊科中断事件发生在夜间;90.60%认为急诊科护理中断事件的来源主要是患者和家属;89.93%经常在给患者做治疗时被打断,87.92%经常被"催促实施治疗"、"问路及各种咨询"打断。结论急诊科护士对护理中断事件相关知识的了解处于中等偏上水平;急诊科是护理中断事件的高发场所且夜间发生较多;护士经常在做治疗时被患者或家属打断。管理者应加以重视,加强针对性管理,以减少急诊护理中断事件的发生。     

提高ICU护士呼吸机集束化护理依从性的管理

目的提高ICU护士实施呼吸机辅助呼吸患者集束化护理依从性,降低呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)发生率。方法将60例机械通气患者按时间段分为两组各30例;对照组在呼吸机集束化护理过程中实施常规管理,观察组对存在的问题进行针对性管理,包括成立集束化护理小组、对ICU护士培训、调整人力、视觉强化、质量监控等措施。结果护士洗手、抬高床头、呼吸机管路的更换、冷凝水的倾倒及口腔护理的依从性显著提高(均P0.01);观察组VAP发生率显著低于对照组(P0.01)。结论实施呼吸机集束化护理专项管理有利于提高护理人员的依从性,降低VAP发生率。     

不良结局护理中断事件根本原因分析与改进

目的探讨根本原因分析法在不良结局护理中断事件管理中的应用效果。方法应用根本原因分析法对13例不良结局护理中断事件进行分析,找出根本原因,制定改进措施,实施专项管理,1年后评价效果。结果改进措施实施后护理不良事件及不良结局护理中断事件发生率较改进措施实施前显著下降(均P0.01)。结论根本原因分析法用于护理安全管理可有效降低不良事件及不良结局护理中断事件发生率,保障患者安全。     

产科病房护理中断事件的干预性管理研究

目的探讨产科病房护理中断事件干预性管理的效果,降低护理中断事件的发生。方法观察16名护理人员高峰工作时段临床工作中护理中断事件的发生情况,并针对护理中断事件来源进行干预。比较干预前、后护理中断事件的发生次数、中断持续时间及中断的结局。结果干预后护理中断事件明显减少,中断时间较干预前显著缩短,因中断导致的消极型结局和不良护理事件显著减少(均P0.01)。结论护理中断事件干预性管理可以降低护理中断事件的发生,减少中断护理不良事件。     

医护一体化晨交班模式的构建与实践

目的探讨医护一体化责任制晨交班的应用效果。方法构建医护一体化责任制晨交班模式,以SBAR沟通模式制定护士病情汇报模板,与传统晨交班比较交班时间、责任护士对分管患者有效信息的知晓度及医生和患者对护士工作的满意度。结果实施医护一体化责任制晨交班模式后,交班时间缩短,责任护士对患者有效信息知晓度提高,医生和患者对护士工作的满意率提高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05,P0.01)。结论医护一体化责任制晨交班联合SBAR沟通模式可提高晨交班的效率与质量,提升护理质量和患者满意度。     

磁性医院理念在手术室护理管理中的应用

目的探讨在手术室构建磁性护理管理模式的效果。方法在手术室引入磁性护理概念,构建人性化的排班策略;建立护士参与多渠道管理模式;建立公平化多级分配制度;建立科学化培训制度、支持职业发展;建立完善的后勤保障制度。比较实施前后护士离职率及不良事件发生率,通过问卷调查护理人员满意度及工作自我效能。结果管理后手术室护理人员满意度及工作自我效能感显著高于实施前(均P0.01),护士离职率及不良事件发生率下降。结论磁性护理管理理念应用于手术室护理管理可提高手术室护士的满意度及工作自我效能,降低护士离职率。     

APACHEⅡ评分在制定ICU患者护理干预措施中的应用研究

目的探讨APACHEⅡ评分在制定ICU患者护理措施中的应用价值。方法将67例ICU患者随机分为观察组(37例)和对照组(30例)。观察组每天进行APACHEⅡ评分,并根据评分结果进行护理人员配置和实施护理措施;对照组按护理级别行常规护理。比较两组住ICU时间、医疗费用、住院期间并发症发生率;护士对护理资源配置的满意度和患者对ICU护理工作的满意度。结果观察组住ICU时间、医疗费用、并发症发生率均显著低于对照组(均P<0.05);患者对护理工作的满意度以及护士对护理资源配置的满意度均显著高于对照组(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论APACHEⅡ评分的应用可以更好地指导ICU资源的合理配置,实施相应的护理措施,从而提高护理质量及患者对护理工作的满意度。     

血液透析上机阶段护理中断事件现况调查分析

目的 调查血液透析上机阶段护理中断事件发生现况，为针对性干预提供参考。方法 观察血液透析护士在上机过程中发生的护理中断事件，包括次数、持续时间、来源及结局等。结果 共观察34名血液透析护士1 630例次上机操作，发生护理中断2 611次，平均每个上机过程发生中断1.6次。中断事件主要来源于护士同事（46.3%）、患者或家属（42.0%）；中断原因前3位为协助双人查对（45.5%）、与治疗相关的交谈（22.0%）、与治疗无关的交谈（16.4%）；护士采取的应对方式为立即应对（57.2%）、多任务（20.2%）、延迟执行（18.6%）、拒绝执行（4.0%）；中断事件导致消极型结局2 354次（90.2%），其中43次上机错误/隐患事件（1.6%）。结论 血液透析上机阶段护理中断事件发生频率高，来源多，原因复杂，且多为消极型结局，可诱发护理不良事件。应加强对护士透析工作的支持,同时加强 中断事件认知培训，保障患者安全。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.