脊柱术后深静脉血栓形成因素分析及防治护理

随着脊柱外伤和手术病例逐渐增多,伤后和术后下肢深静脉血栓的风险也随之增加,通过分析脊柱外科下肢深静脉血栓形成的原因及不同脊柱手术下肢深静脉血栓的发生率,通过采取护理干预措施及机械与药物方法进行预防能有效降低脊柱外伤及术后患者下肢深静脉血栓的发生率,减少PE危险,促进患者康复.     

脊柱外科围手术期患者下肢深静脉血栓诊断流程的构建及应用

目的 :将下肢深静脉血栓诊断的循证医学证据应用于脊柱外科围手术期患者下肢深静脉血栓诊断流程,以提高下肢深静脉血栓的早期检出率。方法:通过检索诊断下肢深静脉血栓的循证医学证据,结合临床情景和专业判断,最终纳入5条下肢深静脉血栓诊断的循证医学证据,并制定基于此5条循证医学证据的下肢深静脉血栓筛查诊断流程。选取2018年1～5月在中南大学湘雅二医院脊柱外科病房住院的443例围术期患者采取传统血栓诊断流程(传统方法组),即患者出现DVT临床表现或D-二聚体检测值明显高于其阳性临界值时再采取双下肢B超对患者DVT进行筛查诊断。于2018年7月1日～11月30日对同一病区住院的498例围术期患者行基于循证医学的DVT筛查诊断流程(新方法组)。比较两种方法应用前后,脊柱外科围术期患者DVT的发生率及患者确诊DVT时出现下肢肿胀、疼痛、皮肤颜色变紫变暗等DVT临床表现(症状性DVT)的发生情况;通过查看患者双下肢B超检查报告单统计患者DVT临床分型中周围型占比情况。结果:传统方法组与新方法组患者下肢深静脉血栓的发生率分别为2.93%、19.28%,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05);症状性DVT占比分别为100%、18.75%,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05);确诊为下肢深静脉血栓的患者中,周围型下肢深静脉血栓占比分别为7.69%、95.83%,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:开展基于循证医学的下肢深静脉血栓诊断实践,可提高脊柱外科围术期患者下肢深静脉血栓的早期检出率。     

恶性肿瘤患者下肢深静脉血栓形成术中物理预防的最佳证据总结

目的 总结恶性肿瘤患者下肢深静脉血栓形成术中物理预防的相关证据,为预防恶性肿瘤患者下肢深静脉血栓形成提供参考。 方法 依据证据的“6S”金字塔模型,系统检索数据库、专业协会网站等资源中与恶性肿瘤患者下肢深静脉血栓形成术中物理预防相关的证据,包括指南、系统评价、专家共识、临床决策、随机对照试验研究,检索时限为建库至2022年3月。由2名经系统循证护理培训的研究人员独立对文献进行筛选,并结合专业判断,对文献质量进行评价,提取汇总证据。 结果 共纳入9篇文献,包含指南4篇、系统评价1篇、专家共识1篇,随机对照试验研究3篇。总结的最佳证据包括评估、物理预防处方、健康教育与注意事项3个方面的23条推荐意见。 结论 恶性肿瘤患者下肢深静脉血栓形成术中物理预防的最佳证据涉及下肢深静脉血栓形成术中评估、预防、健康教育的全过程管理,在临床实践过程中,医护人员应结合临床实际情境,遵循个性化原则,审慎应用证据。     

肝癌加速康复外科术中保温技术的循证实践

目的提炼加速康复外科术中保温技术的最佳证据并应用于肝癌手术患者,以预防低体温的发生,促进患者康复。方法遵循JBI临床证据应用模式,系统检索后纳入指南、系统评价、专家共识共12篇文献,总结最佳证据,制定8项审查指标。对47例肝癌手术患者及7名手术室护士开展基线审查,分析障碍因素,进行系统改进,并将证据应用于47例肝癌手术患者。比较证据应用前后护士对审查指标的执行率及患者术中体温维持情况与低体温、寒战发生率。结果证据应用后护士对7项审查指标的执行率显著高于证据应用前(均P0.01);证据应用后患者术中体温显著高于证据应用前,低体温发生率由85.1%下降至27.7%(P0.05,P0.01)。结论基于最佳证据的保温技术用于肝癌患者加速康复外科手术,能维持患者术中体温,降低低体温发生率,加速患者术后康复。     

PDCA循环法在降低输尿管镜碎石术后深静脉血栓发生率中的应用

目的探讨PDCA循环法在降低输尿管镜碎石术后深静脉血栓发生率中的应用价值分析。方法选取2015年6月至2017年6月于本院行输尿管镜碎石术的患者360例,对其采用PDCA循环法以降低术后深静脉血栓发生率,统计每个月深静脉血栓发生率。结果与实施PDCA循环法前相比,在实施PDCA循环法后,患者及家属依从性明显提高,输尿管镜碎石术后深静脉血栓发生率明显降低,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);且实施PDCA循环法后,患者每个月深静脉血栓发生率均在目标值2%以下,效果显著。结论应用PDCA循环法进行持续质量改进,可提高患者及家属依从性,降低输尿管镜碎石术后深静脉血栓发生率,有效预防并发症的发生。     

神经外科患儿手术部位感染预防的循证实践

目的 降低神经外科患儿手术部位感染发生率.方法 遵循JBI循证护理中心应用模式,应用循证方法获取最佳证据,制订11条审查标准,以基于证据的持续质量改进模式为理论框架,于2020年11月至2021年4月,按照基线审查、实践变革和证据应用后变革效果的再审查将循证实践应用于神经外科手术患儿,比较循证实践前后医护人员证据应用的依从性和患儿手术部位感染率等.结果 循证实践后,除第6和8条审查指标执行效果不理想外,其余待改进条目中医护人员预防手术部位感染证据应用的依从性均有提高,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01),临床护理流程更加规范化,患儿手术部位感染率和平均住院天数显著降低(均P＜0.05).医护人员和患儿照护者预防手术部位感染知识知晓程度也有显著提高(均P＜0.01).结论 通过循证实践的持续改进对神经外科手术患儿进行管理,可有效规范围术期医护人员诊疗护理行为,降低手术部位感染率,缩短住院时间,后期仍需持续质量监控及审查.     

老年腹部术后下肢深静脉血栓的预见性护理干预效果分析

目的探讨综合护理干预措施对预防和减少老年外科术后患者下肢深静脉血栓的效果。方法将2013-06—2013-12行腹部手术的120例老年患者做为对照组,将2014-01—2014-07间行腹部手术的老年患者134例患者为观察组。对照组给予常规护理,观察组实施下肢深静脉血栓预见性护理干预措施。回顾性分析下肢深静脉血栓的发生率、高危因素及预见性护理干预措施的效果。结果观察组患者无深静脉血栓形成,对照组患者深静脉血栓形成4例。2组发生率比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论对老年腹部术后患者采取预见性护理干预,能有效降低下肢深静脉血栓的发生率,促进患者术后康复,提高护理质量。     

女性盆底重建术后疼痛管理的最佳证据应用

目的将盆底重建术后疼痛管理最佳证据应用于临床,以缓解患者术后疼痛,提高医护人员对患者疼痛管理的认知及重视度。方法对盆底功能障碍性疾病行盆底重建术后患者疼痛管理相关主题进行系统检索和质量评价,总结生成14条最佳证据,结合临床情景和专业判断,制定12条基于证据的质量审查指标,证据应用前后分别以30例患者及20名护理人员为对象,开展分阶段质量审查和效果评价。结果与基线审查结果相比,证据应用后患者术后疼痛评分、对镇痛管理的满意程度、患者镇痛行为的自主性、患者疼痛知识掌握程度、护士疼痛知识掌握程度显著提升(P0.05,P0.01);证据应用后,医护人员为患者共同制定个性化疼痛管理方案的比率由53.3%升至100%、药物+非药物联合镇痛模式的应用率由10.0%升至53.3%(均P0.01)。结论盆底重建术后患者疼痛管理最佳证据的临床应用,可规范护士的临床行为,促进护理管理质量的持续改进,从而缓解患者术后疼痛程度,提高患者对术后镇痛的正向体验和自我效能。     

预防护理干预对老年患者外科术后下肢深静脉血栓形成的影响

目的:探讨预防护理干预在降低老年外科手术后下肢深静脉血栓发生的应用效果。方法:随机选取2013年3月—2015年3月在我院收治的老年术后患者47例为对照组,随机选取2015年3月—2017年3月在我院收治的老年术后患者47例为观察组;对照组采用一般常规护理方法,观察组采用预防护理干预方法进行护理,比较两组下肢深静脉血栓的发生率。结果:观察组和对照组下肢深静脉血栓的发生率分别为4.2%(2/47)、23.4%(11/47),组间差异经统计比较,具有统计学意义(P 0.05)。结论:预防护理干预可明显降低老年术后下肢深静脉血栓的发生,提高护理工作质量,值得临床选择和进一步推广。     

老年患者医用粘胶剂相关性皮肤损伤预防及管理的循证实践

目的 将老年患者医用粘胶剂相关性皮肤损伤预防及管理的最佳证据应用于临床实践,通过质量审查促进护理质量改进。方法 采取前瞻性对照设计,总结老年患者医用粘胶剂皮肤损伤的最佳证据,基于证据制定10条审查指标。于2018年7~11月在试点病房实施循证护理实践,通过基线审查(基线审查组119例),分析临床情景障碍因素,构建循证变革方案,并将方案应用于132例老年患者（证据应用组）。结果 最佳证据应用后进行第2轮审查,老年患者医用粘胶剂相关性皮肤损伤发生率由10.08%降至0.76%,患者皮肤瘙痒发生率、揭除敷贴后疼痛发生率由19.33%、39.50%降至2.27%、3.79%,差异有统计学意义（均P<0.01）。护士对最佳证据的执行率及相关知识知晓率均大幅提高。结论 老年患者医用粘胶剂相关性皮肤损伤预防及管理的最佳证据应用于临床,可规范护士应用医用粘胶剂的操作手法,降低患者皮肤损伤发生率,促进患者舒适。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.