慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者出院准备评估表的构建

目的 研制COPD患者出院准备评估表,为形成个性化COPD患者出院准备方案,完善出院准备流程提供参考.方法 通过文献分析、Meta分析、质性研究、德尔菲专家函询及预调查制订COPD患者出院准备评估表.结果 3轮专家函询的有效问卷回收率分别为80.0％、100.0％、100.0％,专家的权威系数为0.838、0.860、...     

68例慢性阻塞性肺疾病护理体会

目的:探讨慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者的护理方法.方法:对68例COPD患者在给予抗感染、化痰、平喘等综合治基础上,同时实施基础护理、营养指导、心理护理、合理氧疗、呼吸道护理、呼吸功能锻炼等针对性的护理干预.结果:64例经治疗和护理后咳嗽、咯痰、呼吸困难均较前减轻,病情好转出院,有效率94.1％.结论:对COPD患者给予合理的治疗以及护理措施能有效控制呼吸道感染,改善肺心功能,从而控制病情发展,提高患者生活质量.     

稳定期慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者久坐行为现状及影响因素分析

目的 了解稳定期慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者久坐行为现状,并分析其影响因素,为制订针对性干预措施提供参考。方法 便利选取苏州市6所医疗机构门诊就诊的慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者233例,采用一般资料问卷、国际体力活动问卷短卷、久坐行为日志、肺功能状态和呼吸困难问卷修订版、呼吸困难信念问卷、医院焦虑抑郁量表、社会支持评定量表进行调查。结果 稳定期慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者日均久坐行为时间为（7.42±2.40）h,159例（68.24%）患者的久坐行为总时间＞6 h。logistic回归分析显示,是否了解久坐危害、吸氧情况、COPD评估测试量表评分、呼吸困难信念的恐惧活动维度得分是稳定期慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者久坐行为的影响因素（均P<0.05）。结论 稳定期慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者久坐时间较长,久坐行为较为普遍。医护人员需要采取有效干预策略,以提高患者体力活动水平,改善其疾病预后。     

电话随访对慢性阻塞性肺疾病出院患者的影响

目的 探讨电话随访对慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)出院患者生活质量的影响.方法 采用呼吸困难量表、St George's呼吸问卷对229例出院且愿意配合的COPD患者进行电话随访的健康教育,严格筛选随访人员,注意随访前的准备、随访时间、联系方式、技巧,以及在随访中实施健康指导与监控等.结果 随访后患者呼吸困难程度和生活质量显著改善(均P<0.01).结论 电话随访可以减轻出院COPD患者的呼吸困难,提高COPD患者出院后的生活质量.     

电话随访对慢性阻塞性肺疾病出院患者的影响

目的探讨电话随访对慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）出院患者生活质量的影响。方法采用呼吸困难量表、St George’s呼吸问卷对229例出院且愿意配合的COPD患者进行电话随访的健康教育，严格筛选随访人员．注意随访前的准备、随访时间、联系方式、技巧，以及在随访中实施健康指导与监控等。结果随访后患者呼吸困难程度和生活质量显著改善（均P〈0．01）。结论电话随访可以减轻出院COPD患者的呼吸困难．提高COPD患者出院后的生活质量。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病老年居家患者主观幸福感及影响因素分析

目的了解慢性阻塞性肺疾病老年居家患者主观幸福感水平并分析其相关因素,为采取针对措施提高其主观幸福感水平提供依据。方法采用自制一般资料调查问卷和纽芬兰纪念大学幸福度量表,对110例老年居家慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者进行问卷调查。结果老年居家慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者主观幸福感得分30．45±6．09,79．09％患者自我幸福感处于中下水平;月收入、婚姻状况、病程、照顾者及伴随并发症为影响患者主观幸福感的主要因素（均P〈0．05）。结论老年居家慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者主观幸福感偏低,应根据不同影响因素采取相应干预策略,以提高其主观幸福感水平和生活质量。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期患者症状群及其影响因素研究

目的 了解慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重（AECOPD）患者症状,探讨其症状群及影响因素,为针对性干预提供参考。方法 采用一般资料调查表、修订版记忆症状评估量表及改良呼吸困难问卷对137例AECOPD患者进行问卷调查。结果 19项症状发生率为5.8%～99.3%,其中＞50%为12项,严重程度得分中位数为0.12～2.56;因子分析得出情感症状群与呼吸功能症状群2个症状群,Cronbach′s α系数为0.826、0.746。多元回归分析显示,情感症状群严重度的影响因素为月收入、肺功能分级及呼吸困难程度（均P＜0.01）;呼吸功能症状群严重度的影响因素为合并疾病种数、肺功能分级及病程（均P＜0.01）。结论 AECOPD患者相关症状发生率高、呈中重程度,症状聚集为情感、呼吸功能2个维度,受经济、疾病复杂及严重程度影响,医护人员应针对该类患者特点加强评估与干预,以减轻其症状,提高生活质量。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者疾病不确定感的影响因素分析

目的 探讨慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者疾病不确定感状况及其影响因素.方法 便利抽取52例稳定期COPD患者为研究对象,应用疾病不确定感量表、COPD生存质量测评表测量其疾病不确定感和生存质量,同时测定其肺功能.结果 COPD患者的整体疾病不确定感评分为76.30±7.01,生存质量评分为84.17±6.13;病程、疾病分期、婚姻状况、文化程度、生存质量与疾病不确定感有相关(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).结论 COPD患者的疾病不确定感属于中等程度,其不确定感主要来自不明确性;COPD患者的病程、疾病分期、婚姻状况、文化程度、生存质量对疾病不确定感有一定影响.应采取针对性措施改善患者疾病不确定感,提高其生存质量.     

全程综合管理对慢性阻塞性肺疾病出院患者生活质量的影响

目的探讨全程综合管理对慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者生活质量的影响。方法将160例Ⅱ~Ⅳ级COPD患者按入院顺序编号,采用单双号数字分为观察组与对照组各80例。对照组住院期间进行常规对症支持治疗及护理,出院前进行运动、营养及药物指导,出院后每2个月随访复查1次;观察组采取全程综合管理方法,由14名医护人员组成全程综合管理小组,针对COPD患者的疾病、经济、心理、营养状况制定日常疾病管理方案,进行为期1年的干预。比较两组随访期再住院率及急诊就诊率、家庭氧疗执行情况、生活质量。结果观察组家庭氧疗执行率显著高于对照组,再住院率及急诊就诊率显著低于对照组(均P0.05);观察组生活质量总分、呼吸症状得分、疾病影响得分、活动受限得分与对照组比较,干预效应、时间效应及交互效应均P0.01。结论全程综合管理方案通过全面的药物指导、运动指导、心理指导及肺部康复指导,可提升患者对自我疾病管理的积极性,提高患者的家庭氧疗执行情况,降低再住院率及急诊就诊率,提升其生活质量。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者疾病不确定感的影响因素分析

目的探讨慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）患者疾病不确定感状况及其影响因素。方法便利抽取52例稳定期COPD患者为研究对象,应用疾病不确定感量表、COPD生存质量测评表测量其疾病不确定感和生存质量,同时测定其肺功能。结果COPD患者的整体疾病不确定感评分为76．30±7．01．生存质量评分为84．17±6．13;病程、疾病分期、婚姻状况、文化程度、生存质量与疾病不确定感有相关（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）。结论COPD患者的疾病不确定感属于中等程度,其不确定感主要来自不明确性;COPD患者的病程、疾病分期、婚姻状况、文化程度、生存质量对疾病不确定感有一定影响。应采取针对性措施改善患者疾病不确定感,提高其生存质量。     

Hyperglycaemia is associated with poor outcomes in patients admitted to hospital with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

BACKGROUND: Hyperglycaemia is associated with poor outcomes from pneumonia, myocardial infarction and stroke, but the effect of blood glucose on outcomes from acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) has not been established. Recent UK guidelines do not comment on measurement or control of blood glucose in AECOPD. A study was therefore undertaken to determine the relationship between blood glucose concentrations, length of stay in hospital, and mortality in patients admitted with AECOPD. METHODS: Data were retrieved from electronic records for patients admitted with AECOPD with lower respiratory tract infection in 2001-2. The patients were grouped according to blood glucose quartile (group 1, <6 mmol/l (n = 69); group 2, 6.0-6.9 mmol/l (n = 69); group 3, 7.0-8.9 mmol/l (n = 75); and group 4, >9.0 mmol/l (n = 71)). RESULTS: The relative risk (RR) of death or long inpatient stay was significantly increased in group 3 (RR 1.46, 95% CI 1.05 to 2.02, p = 0.02) and group 4 (RR 1.97, 95% CI 1.33 to 2.92, p < 0.0001) compared with group 1. For each 1 mmol/l increase in blood glucose the absolute risk of adverse outcomes increased by 15% (95% CI 4 to 27), p = 0.006. The risk of adverse outcomes increased with increasing hyperglycaemia independent of age, sex, a previous diagnosis of diabetes, and COPD severity. Isolation of multiple pathogens and Staphylococcus aureus from sputum also increased with increasing blood glucose. CONCLUSION: Increasing blood glucose concentrations are associated with adverse clinical outcomes in patients with AECOPD. Tight control of blood glucose reduces mortality in patients in intensive care or following myocardial infarction. A prospective study is now required to determine whether control of blood glucose can also improve outcomes from AECOPD.     

合并慢性阻塞性肺疾病的食管癌病人围手术期处理

目的　探讨合并慢性阻塞性肺疾病 (CPOD)的食管癌病人的围手术期处理。方法　总结2 18例合并COPD病人行食管癌根治术的手术经验和术后急性呼吸窘迫综合征 (ARDS)的治疗体会。结果　全组无手术中死亡。吻合口漏致全身感染死亡 2例 ,术后发生ARDS 2 6例 ,死亡 7例。结论　术前严格的检查有助于判断COPD程度 ,及早发现和及时处理是ARDS治疗成功的关键 ,除病因治疗和脏器功能维持外 ,更重要的是以全身炎症反应综合征 (SIRS)与代偿性抗炎反应综合征 (CARS)为主线 ,积极干预 ,可提高成功率     

Exercise in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) may incur exercise limitation by any one or combination of disturbances in breathing mechanics, oxygen transport, respiratory muscle metabolism or respiratory regulation and sensation. In spite of the increased ventilation demand/capacity ratio in these patients, the relationship between breathing mechanics, respiratory muscle fatigue, the adequacy of alveolar ventilation and the development of exertional dyspnoea is neither clearly defined nor predictable from data obtained with the patient at rest. The issue of oxygen transport during exercise has been complicated by confusion between arterial hypoxia and inadequate volume of oxygen transported to the tissues, which frequently may differ qualitatively and quantitatively. The cardiac output response to exercise in patients with COPD is therefore critical in determining oxygen transport. This response is also impossible to predict from resting lung mechanics, pulmonary arterial blood pressure, arterial oxygen tension or clinical disease profile. Without exercise testing, which includes measurement of all the variables mentioned, it is impossible to define clearly the cause of exercise-induced symptoms in patients with COPD. Exercise training with and without supplemental oxygen has been shown to improve exercise tolerance in these patients, but the precise mechanism of this improvement remains obscure.     

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 4: imaging the lungs in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

The role of chest radiography and computed tomography in the evaluation of pulmonary emphysema and chronic bronchitis is reviewed.     

腹腔镜抗反流手术治疗胃食管反流病对慢性阻塞性肺部疾病的影响

目的观察腹腔镜抗反流手术治疗胃食管反流病(GERD)对慢性阻塞性肺部疾病(COPD)的影响。方法收集2016年1月至2017年12月期间在郑州大学第一附属医院住院且采用腹腔镜抗反流手术治疗的20例GERD合并COPD患者,对所有患者采用反流诊断量表、肺功能、肺功能评估测试量表、24 h食管pH-阻抗监测和食管压力测定并对其结果作相关性分析。所有患者经保守治疗无效后选择腹腔镜下抗反流手术,12个月后完成随访,并再次对治疗前、后COPD和GERD相关参数结果进行对比,评价治疗效果。结果本组20例GERD患者均成功实施腹腔镜手术,无疝补片修补患者,无死亡病例,所有患者未发生食管破裂、出血、感染等术后严重并发症。术后8例患者出现不同程度的吞咽困难和10例出现不同程度的腹胀,均自行缓解。对20例GERD合并COPD患者在术后随访1年,无一例失访。与治疗前比较,治疗后患者的GERD症状评分、反流次数、DeMeester评分、COPD评估测试量表评分均明显降低(P<0.05),下食管括约肌压力、第1秒用力呼气容积(FEV1)占预计值百分率和FEV1/用力肺活量(FVC)均明显升高(P<0.05)。按照全球创议慢性阻塞性肺病分级标准,8例痊愈患者中5例Ⅰ级、2例Ⅱ级、1例Ⅲ级,9例改善患者中1例Ⅰ级、4例Ⅱ级、4例Ⅲ级,3例无效患者中1例Ⅰ级、1例Ⅱ级、1例Ⅳ级,总有效率85%(17/20)。结论 COPD与GERD密切相关,腹腔镜抗反流术的治疗不仅能治疗GERD,还可以明显改善COPD。     

Exercise in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Sporadic visits to the local doctor followed sometimes by changes in oral and inhaled bronchodilators and occasionally by the addition of steroids frequently does little to significantly improve symptoms and function in the disabled patient with COPD. As in other chronic diseases, the management of these patients is facilitated by a team approach in conjunction with general rehabilitation principles. The rationale and practical implementation of such a programme has recently been outlined by the American Association of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation. These are multifaceted programmes but a key component, as outlined above, is exercise training. In this brief review the various approaches available have been described. Controversy still reigns regarding the optimal modes of training and there are important differences among the several approaches. Two main groups can be delineated. One emphasises the detailed definition of the impaired physiology with therapeutic measures targeted to specific defects. There is good documentation that, conversely, unstructured programmes that use treadmill and free range walking and cycling also improve endurance for walking. Upper extremity training is of additional benefit. Programmes with as little as three sessions per week of 1-2 hours of low intensity activity have achieved success so we know that simple programmes can be helpful. Moreover, without the necessity for complex testing and training methods these programmes can be implemented with relatively low costs. Future investigations to examine the relationship between improved exercise capacity for walking and arm exercise on the one hand, and the ease of performance of activities of daily living on the other, will help to reinforce the effectiveness of exercise programmes.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者睡眠质量及影响因素调查

目的了解慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者睡眠状况及风险因素。方法便利抽取COPD患者和健康体检对照人群各100例为研究对象,采用匹兹堡睡眠质量指数量表(PSQI)、睡眠信念与态度量表(DBAS)、焦虑自评量表(SAS)、呼吸困难量表(MMRC)、圣乔治呼吸问卷(SGRQ)进行调查,采集一般资料、行肺功能等检查。结果 COPD组和对照组睡眠障碍发生率分别为72.92%和42.86%,两组比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。COPD组的PSQI总分及各维度得分显著高于对照组(P0.05,P0.01)。睡眠障碍组患者与无睡眠障碍组患者在年龄、夜间治疗、第1秒用力呼气量占预计值的百分比、呼吸困难分级、SAS评分、SGRQ评分及DBAS评分方面的差异有统计学意义(P0.05,P0.01)。呼吸困难分级、DBAS、SGRQ是影响睡眠质量的主要因素(P0.05,P0.01)。结论 COPD患者睡眠质量较差。呼吸困难程度、睡眠认知、躯体症状、心理状况等是影响睡眠质量的主要因素,积极治疗原发病、改善呼吸功能和躯体症状,建立有效的睡眠认知是提高睡眠质量的关键。