危重患者院内转运不良事件危险因素的Meta分析

目的 系统分析危重患者院内转运不良事件的危险因素，为提高危重患者院内转运安全提供证据支持。 方法 检索国内外8个数据库，筛选建库至2021年9月危重患者院内转运不良事件危险因素的相关研究，进行文献质量评价后采用RevMan5.4软件进行Meta分析。 结果 纳入19篇文献，共包含7 826例患者，8 207次院内转运，其中发生不良事件1 980例次，发生率为24.13%。15篇文献进入Meta分析，结果显示，呼吸系统疾病、神经系统疾病、多脏器功能衰竭、转运至重症监护室、在转运前或转运中使用血管活性药物是危重患者院内转运不良事件的影响因素。 结论 危重患者院内转运安全的影响因素众多，应在转运前全面评估，明确危险因素并制订针对性预防措施，以防范或减少不良事件的发生。     

体外膜肺氧合在1例潜在心死亡供者院间转运中的应用

目的探讨体外膜肺氧合技术用于潜在心死亡供体院间转运的可行性及效果。方法回顾性分析1例潜在心死亡供者由院外转运至广州军区总医院进行器官获取过程中体外膜肺氧合应用情况。结果 1例脑外伤后中枢性循环衰竭患者,在体外膜肺氧合辅助下,通过救护车转运,转运里程约120km,体外膜肺氧合运转时间158分钟,转运过程循环稳定,到达目的医院后,按心死亡流程实施了器官捐献。结论体外膜肺氧合可以为循环衰竭的潜在心死亡供者进行院间转运,提供有效的循环辅助。     

清单制管理在危重患者院间长途转运中的应用

目的观察清单制管理在降低危重患者院间长途转运不良事件中的效果。方法将2014年1~12月符合院间长途转运标准的258例危重患者作为对照组,2015年1~12月261例作为观察组。对照组采取常规转运核查方法,观察组设计核查清单,转运护士根据清单逐项核查,比较两组转运中与仪器设备相关、与急救药品相关、与患者管路相关的不良事件发生率。结果观察组仪器设备功能障碍、氧气不足、电量不足、急救药品不足、导管堵塞等转运不良事件发生率显著低于对照组(P0.05,P0.01)。在药品过期方面,两组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论清单制管理能有效降低危重患者长途转运中转运不良事件的发生率,为安全转运提供保障。     

基层医院急诊危重患者院内转运不良事件原因分析及对策

目的分析基层医院急诊危重患者院内转运不良事件发生的相关因素,制定防范措施,提高患者院内转运的安全性。方法回顾急诊部2012年6月至2014年5月院内转运不良事件的类别、时间及相关护理人员情况,分析其发生原因,并提出护理对策。结果院内转运急危重患者4 270例次,发生院内转运不良事件32例次,发生率0.75%。11:30~14:30发生12例次(37.50%),17:30~22:30发生18例次(56.25%);死亡2例次(6.25%);护龄1~3年的护士发生28例次(87.50%)。结论基层医院应从根本上、系统上找原因,制定相应防范措施,合理利用人力资源,对低年资护士进行专业知识及技能培训,增强风险意识,是降低不良事件发生率的有效途径。     

体外膜肺氧合治疗患者早期活动临床实践

对10例体外膜肺氧合治疗患者开展早期活动,包括组建体外膜肺氧合患者早期活动团队,早期活动评估及活动计划的制订与实施等。结果10例患者体外膜肺氧合治疗后(4.60±1.26)h可定时被动翻身,摆放功能体位;(14.00±6.91)d患者意识清醒,可完成0～3级水平的活动,每天主动活动时间(33.89±11.67)min。活动期间未发生不良事件。体外膜肺氧合支持14～69 d后10例患者均顺利脱离体外膜肺氧合,转普通病房进一步治疗。     

体外膜肺氧合患者安全院际转运方案的构建及实施

目的 构建体外膜肺氧合(ECMO)支持患者安全院际转运方案,并探讨其临床应用效果.方法 将2018年7月至2019年7月行ECMO院际转运患者30例设为对照组,按照常规转运流程实施转运;2019年10月至2020年10月的30例患者设为观察组,在常规院际转运流程基础上,基于循证构建并应用ECMO安全院际转运方案进行转运.比较安全院际转运方案实施前后重症医学科医护人员ECMO院际转运知识知晓得分、院际转运效率、院际转运相关不良事件发生率.结果 实施后重症医学科医护人员对ECMO院际转运知识得分显著高于实施前,观察组管路预充时间与置管时间显著低于对照组(P＜0.05,P＜0.01),院际转运相关不良事件发生率低于对照组,但差异无统计学意义.结论 安全院际转运方案可提高医护人员院际转运知识掌握程度,提高院际转运效率,减少院际转运相关不良事件的发生率.     

急诊危重症患者院内转运流程的建立和应用评价

目的构建急诊危重症患者院内转运流程,降低院内转运过程中不良事件发生率。方法组建项目团队,根据医疗失效模式与效应分析(HFMEA)方法,列出转运过程中每个流程步骤及子流程,进行危急值计算及决策树分析,拟定行动计划与结果评价,对流程执行者进行培训与考核,考核合格后实施转运。比较流程方案实施前与实施后转运过程中不良事件的发生率。结果实施后患者转运过程中输液管滑脱或堵塞、血压下降、意外拔管、氧气供给不足、氧饱和度下降发生率显著低于实施前(均P0.01)。结论运用HFMEA构建急诊危重症患者院内转运流程,可以提高急诊危重症患者院内转运的安全性。     

体外膜肺氧合患者早期活动的研究进展

体外膜肺氧合成为治疗严重心、肺衰竭患者的一种新方法并在重症患者中逐渐应用,而早期活动可促进危重患者康复。本文就近年来关于成人体外膜肺氧合患者早期活动的意义、安全性、开展情况及主要障碍、实施流程、实施策略等进行综述,为促进体外膜肺氧合患者早期活动的开展、改善预后提供参考。     

MDT式流程管理在多发肋骨骨折合并肺挫裂伤患者院内安全转运中的应用

目的探讨MDT式流程管理在多发肋骨骨折合并肺挫裂伤患者院内安全转运中的应用效果。方法按入院时间将2016-08—2019-05间收治的97例多发肋骨骨折合并肺挫裂伤患者分为2组。对照组48例予以常规模式管理,观察组49例在对照组基础上予以MDT式流程管理。比较2组院内转运用时,转运中不良事件(病情恶化、再损伤)及意外事件(脱管、扭曲、药物延迟)发生率。结果观察组院内转运用时较对照组短,转运中不良事件和意外事件发生率较对照组低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论对多发肋骨骨折合并肺挫裂伤患者的院内转运中采用MDT式流程管理,能缩短院内转运用时、降低转运中不良事件及意外事件发生率。     

体外膜肺氧合在肺移植手术中的应用进展

目前,肺移植手术是诸多类型终末期肺疾病的首选治疗方法,然而肺移植受者常因病程迁延多伴随严重的心肺功能障碍,其中多表现为呼吸衰竭及不同程度的肺动脉高压。体外膜肺氧合（ECMO）是一项体外支持呼吸、循环的有效手段,可过渡性支持危重患者的心肺功能,在肺移植过程中发挥着重要作用。本文就ECMO在肺移植手术中的应用价值、置管策略及管理、疗效评价等方面进行综述,以期加深ECMO在肺移植临床工作中的应用体会。     

急诊科院际危重症转运专职护士岗位设立及实践

目的探讨急诊科设立院际危重症转运专职护士岗位的可行性及效果。方法选拔并规范化培训35名转运专职护士,制定转运制度和流程,明确工作内容及岗位职责,实施1年后共转运4 503例危重症患者;以设立转运专职护士岗位前转运的2 378例患者为对照,比较专职岗位设置前后院际危重症患者转运不良事件发生率。结果专职岗位设置后院际转运不良事件发生率显著低于设置前(P0.05,P0.01)。结论危重症转运专职护士岗位的设立可降低转运不良事件发生率,保障危重症患者转运安全。     

急危重症患者院内安全转运路径的建立与实施

目的探讨急危重症患者院内安全转运临床路径实施的效果,以全面提高急危重患者院内转运的安全。方法将2009年1～12月从急诊科转送的609例危急重症患者设为对照组;2010年1～12月的759例危急重症患者设为观察组。对照组采用常规方法转运;观察组在建立安全转运路径后,按安全转运路径实施,流程包括转运前风险评估、转运前准备、转运前联络与协调;转运中监护与急救;转运后交接等措施。结果两组不良事件发生率、接收科室满意率比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论实施急危重患者院内安全转运路径能转变急诊科医护人员的观念,加强转运途中病情观察与监护,减少不良事件的发生,提收科室满意率,保证患者的生命安全。     

Infections in patients with burn injuries receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation

IntroductionExtracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) has only recently been described in patients with burn injuries. We report the incidence and type of infections in critically ill burn and non-burn patients receiving ECMO.MethodsA retrospective chart review was performed on all patients at Brooke Army Medical Center who received ECMO between September 2012 and May 2018.Results78 patients underwent ECMO. Approximately half were men with a median age of 34 years with a median time on ECMO of 237 h (IQR 121–391). Compared to patients without burns (n = 58), patients with burns (n = 20) had no difference in time on ECMO, but had more overall infections (86 vs. 31 per 1000 days, p = 0.0002), respiratory infections (40 vs. 15 per 1000 days, p = 0.01), skin and soft tissue infections (21 vs. 5 per 1000 days, p = 0.02) and fungal infections (35% vs 10%, p = 0.02). Twenty percent of bacterial burn infections were due to drug resistant organisms.ConclusionThis is the first study to describe the incidence of infection in burn injury patients who are undergoing ECMO. We observed an increase in infections in burn patients on ECMO compared to non-burn patients. ECMO remains a viable option for critically ill patients with burn injuries.     

危重患者长途转运流程优化研究

目的提高危重患者长途转运效率和安全性。方法将388例长途转运危重患者按时间段分为对照组186例、观察组192例;对照组采用常规转运流程;观察组采取成立长途转运管理小组、制订转运流程和患者交接单,细化转运前中后环节工作职责等优化转运流程方式转运患者。结果两组患者均安全送达目标医院及科室;观察组接诊时间、准备用物时间、院内转运接收时间显著短于对照组(均P0.01),患者及接收科室护士满意率显著高于对照组(均P0.01)。结论优化长途转运流程可显著提高危重患者长途转运效果,保障患者转运安全。     

Pressure ulcers in paediatric patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation

It has been shown that pressure ulcer formation in critically ill paediatric patients increases morbidity and mortality. We sought to identify factors associated with pressure ulcer formation in paediatric patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). From December 2014 to 2015, we identified patients at our institution who developed a pressure ulcer to create two cohorts: ulcer and no ulcer. Variables of interest included: type of ECMO, ECMO indication, hours on ECMO, location of cannulas, volume of crystalloid and blood products received during the first 7 days or during the length of the ECMO run, albumin and lactate levels on the day of cannulation, and presence of vasopressor support or steroid therapy. Of 43 patients studied, 11 (25.5%) developed a pressure ulcer. Patients that developed ulcers were older (P = 0.001) and weighed more (P = 0.006). Femoral cannulation was more frequent in the ulcer group (36.4% vs 6.3%, P = 0.029), and duration of ECMO was longer (P = 0.007). Age, weight, duration of ECMO, and femoral cannulation may contribute to the development of pressure ulcers in children who require ECMO support. Further analysis is imperative to identify specific techniques and protocols that will prevent pressure ulcers in this critically ill population.     

RIFLE classification is predictive of short-term prognosis in critically ill patients with acute renal failure supported by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.

BACKGROUND: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has been utilized for critically ill patients, such as those with post-cardiotomy cardiogenic shock or life-threatening respiratory failure. Acute renal failure following ECMO support has an extremely elevated mortality rate. This study examined the outcomes of patients treated with ECMO and characterized the association between mortality and RIFLE (risk of renal failure, injury to the kidney, failure of kidney function, loss of kidney function and end-stage renal failure) classification. METHODS: This retrospective study analysed the medical records of 46 critically ill patients-most had post-cardiotomy cardiogenic shock-treated by ECMO. Sixteen patients (34.8%) were treated with both ECMO and continuous renal replacement therapies. RESULTS: The overall mortality rate was 65.2% (30/46). A progressive and significant increase (chi(2) for trend, P < 0.001) was observed for mortality based on RIFLE classification severity. The Hosmer and Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test demonstrated that the RIFLE category has a good fit. By applying the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC), the RIFLE classification tool had good discriminative power (AUROC 0.868 +/- 0.068, P < 0.001). Cumulative survival rates at 6 months follow-up following hospital discharge differed significantly (P < 0.05) for non-ARF vs RIFLE-I and RIFLE-F, and RIFLE-R vs RIFLE-F. CONCLUSION: This investigation confirms that the prognosis for critically ill patients supported by ECMO is grave. The RIFLE category is a simple, reproducible and easily applied evaluation tool with good prognostic capability that might generate objective information for patient families and physicians and supplements the clinical judgment of prognosis.     

危重患者的护理访视管理

目的 探讨危重患者的有效护理访视方法,提高护理安全性.方法 选取符合条件的护理管理者并对其进行培训后,每2人一组对全院危重患者按病情进行基本信息、护理措施落实、存在的风险三方面访视;通过完善访视制度,规范访视内容,反馈访视信息,追踪改进等措施解决访视中发现的问题.结果 访视危重患者856例,与常规护理管理的1 095例危重患者比较,不良事件发生率显著降低,患者满意率显著升高（P＜0.05,P＜0.01）.结论 护理访视管理可提高危重患者的护理安全性和满意度.     

Continuous Monitoring of Adverse Events: Influence on the Quality of Care and the Incidence of Errors in General Surgery

Background  This study was designed to determine the incidence of adverse events and errors in the care of surgical patients and to demonstrate that continuous prospective collection of data on adverse events can improve quality of care and reduce the number of errors. Retrospective studies find adverse events in approximately 5% of patients admitted. Prospective studies publish figures of approximately 30%. No studies to date have tried to use continuous collection of data on adverse events to reduce the incidence of errors. Methods  Longitudinal prospective surveillance of adverse events in patients admitted to the Surgery Service during a 22-month period. Sequelae after discharge and errors during hospital stay were evaluated by peer review. Results  A total of 3,807 patients were controlled: 1,177 patients presented 2,193 adverse events (30.9% of admissions); 330 adverse events due to errors were detected in 258 patients (6.9% of admissions). Thirty-four deaths were considered due to adverse events (0.89% of admissions), and in 11 cases mortality was deemed avoidable (0.29% of admissions). The incidence of adverse events remained constant during the study period, but errors decreased from 11.1% to 4.5% (P = 0.005). Conclusions  This is the first attempt to determine the prevalence of errors in surgery. Introducing systematic programs for recording adverse events can reduce error rates and promote a culture of patient safety in a General Surgery Department.     

Patient Care Bridge--mobile ICU for transit care of the critically ill

We describe the development and introduction of a Patient Care Bridge--a mobile ICU for the transit care of the critically ill. This stretcher-mounted Patient Care Bridge is being used for intensive transit care of the critically ill in Northland, New Zealand. It carries all the basic intensive care monitoring accoutrements, is lightweight and is suited for pre-hospital, inter-hospital and intra-hospital transit care. It is ideal for patient evacuation from the scene of motor vehicle and sporting accidents, surface transportation of patients by surface ambulance and aeroevacuation of patients by the Helicopter Emergency Medical Service. This economic and space efficient unit has been used for transfer of more than one thousand critically ill patients.