Effect of endosulfan on antioxidants of freshwater fish Channa punctatus Bloch: 1. Protection against lipid peroxidation in liver by copper preexposure

Effect of a single exposure of endosulfan (5 ppb) on catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and reduced glutathione (GSH) of liver, kidney, and gill of a freshwater fish (Channa punctatus Bloch) were evaluated after 24 h of treatment. Endosulfan exposure resulted in a significant induction (p < 0.05–0.001) of GPx, GST activity, and GSH levels in all the organs. However, CAT activity was found to be significantly decreased (p < 0.01–0.001). Lipid peroxidation (LPO) values were also determined in liver, kidney, and gill and a significant increase in LPO values (p < 0.05–0.01) was observed in all the organs. We also investigated whether preexposure to low concentration of copper (10 ppb) for 4 weeks has any protective effect against endosulfan-induced oxidative damage. In copper-acclimatized endosulfan-exposed fish, a significant decrease in GPx (p < 0.001), GST (p < 0.05), GSH (p < 0.001) levels, and LPO (p < 0.01) was observed in the liver, whereas CAT activity was increased significantly (p < 0.001). However, kidney and gill did not show any significant alterations in antioxidant levels. The results of this study demonstrate that endosulfan induces peroxidative damage in liver, kidney, and gill in response to which levels of antioxidant were modulated. However, when fish preacclimatized to copper were exposed to endosulfan, protection against oxidative damage was observed only in the liver. It is proposed that measurement of antioxidants in fish tissues may prove to be useful in biomonitoring of exposure to aquatic pollutants. Received: 28 November 2000/Accepted: 14 April 2001     

Effect of Selenium Pretreatment in Chronic Mercury Intoxication in Rats

Effect of selenium pretreatment (0.2 mg/kg/day, as sodium selenite), 4 h prior to mercury treatment (0.4 mg/kg/day, as mercuric chloride), administered intraperitoneally, was examined after daily exposure for 20 days’ in rats. Liver, kidney and brain tissues were assayed for malondialdehyde (MDA) level, glutathione (GSH) content and mercury concentration. Mercury induced MDA levels, which was also observed in selenium pretreated animals. Significant reduction in GSH levels was observed in mercury alone and selenium pretreated animals. Mercury accumulation was in the order of kidney, liver and brain. Selenium pretreatment resulted in further enhancement in mercury accumulation in liver and kidney.     

Effects of bisphenol A on the metabolisms of active oxygen species in mouse tissues

We investigated the modifications in endogenous antioxidant capacity, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase, oxidative stress index, reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione disulfide (GSSG), and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBARS) in the brain, liver, kidney, and testes of mice under bisphenol A (BPA), an endocrine disrupter, treated for 5 days. BPA was administrated intraperitoneally at doses of 25 and 50mg/kg/day. The TBARS levels were not affected by BPA administrations. The SOD activities increased and the catalase activities decreased in the liver after BPA administration. The GPx activity decreased in the kidney. The levels of GSH+GSSG increased in the brain, kidney, liver, and testes, while, the levels of GSH decreased in the testes. SOD converts superoxide into hydrogen peroxide, and catalase and GPx convert hydrogen peroxide into hydrogen oxide. Our results suggest that the injection of BPA induces overproduction of hydrogen peroxide in the mouse organs. Hydrogen peroxide is easily converted to hydroxy radical. The decrease of GSH and the increase of GSSG may be caused by the hydroxy radical. BPA may show its toxicity by increasing hydrogen peroxide.     

Chronic ethanol and nicotine interaction on rat tissue antioxidant defense system.

Ethanol consumption and cigarette smoking are common in societies worldwide and have been identified as injurious to human health. This study was undertaken to examine the interactive effects of chronic ethanol and nicotine consumption on the antioxidant defense system in different tissues of rat. Male Fisher-344 rats were divided into four groups of five animals each and treated for 6.5 weeks as follows: (1) Control rats were administered normal saline orally; (2) ethanol (20% [wt./vol.]) was given orally at a dose of 2 g/kg; (3) nicotine was administered subcutaneously at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg; and (4) a combination of ethanol plus nicotine was administered by the route and at the dose described above. The animals were killed 20 h after the last treatment, and liver, lung, kidney, and testes were isolated and analyzed. Chronic ingestion of ethanol resulted in a significant depletion of glutathione (GSH) content in liver, lung, and testes, whereas chronic administration of nicotine significantly depleted GSH content in liver and testes. The combination of ethanol plus nicotine resulted in a significant depletion of GSH content in liver, lung, and testes. Ethanol, nicotine, or a combination of ethanol plus nicotine significantly increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in liver and decreased SOD activity in kidney. Ethanol, nicotine, or a combination of ethanol plus nicotine significantly decreased catalase (CAT) activity in liver and increased CAT activity in kidney and testes. Chronic ingestion of ethanol resulted in a significant decrease in glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity in liver and kidney, whereas a combination of ethanol plus nicotine increased GSH-Px activity in liver and decreased GSH-Px activity in kidney and testes. Ethanol, nicotine, or a combination of ethanol plus nicotine significantly increased lipid peroxidation, respectively, in liver. It is suggested that prolonged exposure to ethanol and nicotine produce similar, and in some cases additive, oxidative tissue injuries in rat.     

Perfluorooctanoic Acid Affects Mouse Brain and Liver Tissue Through Oxidative Stress

The aim of this study was to investigate oxidative stress induced by perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in the brain and liver tissues of Balb/c mice as well as protective effects of taurine and coenzyme Q₁₀ (CoQ₁₀) in both organs. For this purpose, animals were treated with PFOA (15 and 30 mg/kg) orally and their lipid peroxidation, total glutathione levels (GSH), and antioxidant enzyme activities measured and both tissues analysed for histopathological changes. Our results showed a dose-dependent decrease in body weight and increase in relative brain and liver weights, PFOA-induced lipid peroxidation and reduced glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity in the brain tissue, and changes in GSH levels, GPx, superoxide dismutase (Cu-Zn SOD), and catalase (CAT) activities in the liver tissue. Pre-treatment with taurine or CoQ₁₀ provided protection against PFOA-induced Cu-Zn SOD reduction in the liver tissue. Our findings evidence the depleting effect of PFOA on antioxidative systems and confirm that PFOA exerts its (neuro)toxicity through oxidative stress, but further research is needed to identify the exact toxicity mechanisms, especially in the brain.Key words: body weight, CAT, CoQ₁₀, GPx, GSH, hepatotoxicity, in vivo, neurotoxicity, oxidative damage, PFOA, relative organ weight, SOD, taurine     

Oxidative stress biomarkers of exposure in the blood of cichlid species from a metal-contaminated river

The oxidative stress biomarkers of exposure, such as reduced glutathione (GSH), activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and the levels of lipid peroxidation (LPO), were measured in the blood of three cichlid fish (Oreochromis niloticus, Tilapia rendalli, and Geophagus brasiliensis) taken during two seasons from two sites, unpolluted and polluted by industrial effluents, to evaluate the effectiveness of these biomarkers in assessing the impact of water contamination. The LPO levels in the blood were higher in fish from the metal-contaminated site and the chronic exposure led to significant changes in GPx, CAT, and SOD activities in all three cichlid species. The considerable variation of responses in these cichlids to water contamination evidenced differences in sensitivity to the metal contamination and/or in the potential to respond to it highlighting the importance of using a set of related biomarkers to assess the impact of water contamination.     

慢性氟中毒大鼠氟、抗氧化酶类变化及硒的影响

Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠饮１．５８、２．６３ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ高氟水１４个月造成慢性氟中毒，另２组大鼠在饮高氟水同时加饲２．０ｍｇ／ｋｇ硒饲料。在氟中毒不同时期分３批测其血清、尿液氟（Ｆ）、硒（Ｓｅ）含量；全血、血清、肝、肾脏谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（ＧＳＨ－Ｐｘ）、超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）活性；还原、氧化型谷胱甘肽（ＧＳＨ、ＧＳＳＧ）和脂质过氧化物（ＬＰＯ）含量。结果：氟中毒大鼠尿、血Ｆ升高；血清、组织ＬＰＯ在氟中毒早、中、晚期持续升高；ＧＳＨ－Ｐｘ、ＳＯＤ和ＧＳＨ早期上升，中、晚期明显下降。提示氟中毒大鼠存在明显脂质过氧化损伤，抗氧化酶类和抗氧化剂表现为从代偿到失代偿，最终造成自由基代谢紊乱。补Ｓｅ后氟中毒大鼠尿Ｆ排泄，血Ｆ下降；ＧＳＨ－Ｐｘ、ＳＯＤ和ＧＳＨ恢复，ＬＰＯ下降。此与Ｓｅ拮抗高Ｆ及对抗氧化酶类、抗氧化剂和脂质过氧化物产生直接或间接作用有关。     

DNA and oxidative damage induced in somatic organs and tissues of mouse by municipal sludge leachate

Pollution by waste landfill leachate has prompted a number of studies on the toxic and potential health effects. This study assessed the genotoxicity of a municipal sludge leachate (MSL) in the somatic tissues (blood and bone marrow) and organs (liver, kidney, and spleen) of mice using the alkaline Comet assay. The possible cause of DNA damage via the study of antioxidant system (lipid peroxidation [LPO]; catalase [CAT]; reduced glutathione [GSH]; and superoxide dismutase [SOD]) responses in mouse liver was also investigated. Different concentrations (2.5%, 5%, 10%, and 15%) of the leachate were administered intraperitoneally for 5 consecutive days to male Swiss albino mice (4 mice/group). A significant (p < 0.05) increase in DNA damage in organs and tissues of treated mice compared to the negative control was observed as evident from the Comet assay parameters: olive tail moment (OTM, arbitrary units) and tail DNA (%). Bone marrow showed maximum DNA damage followed by liver > spleen > kidney > blood as evident by the OTM. A significant increase (p < 0.05) in the level of antioxidant enzymes (CAT and SOD) and LPO with a concurrent decrease in GSH in the liver of treated mice was also observed. Our finding demonstrates that the MSL induces DNA damage in the somatic tissues and organs of mouse as well as induces oxidative stress in the liver. These tissues and organs may be the potential targets in animal and human populations exposed to MSL. This is of relevance to public health; as such exposure could lead to adverse health effects via systemic genotoxicity.     

氟硒镉对大鼠体内抗氧化酶及微量元素的影响

目的　探讨氟硒镉对大鼠各组织中脂质过氧化物 (LPO)含量和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 (GSH Px)活性以及镉硒锌等微量元素含量的影响。方法　采用SD大鼠经饮水染毒 8周 ,实验结束时处死动物测定各组织中LPO和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶及镉硒锌的含量。结果　氟、硒、镉实验组均可见大鼠血清、肝、肾组织中GSH Px含量与对照组比呈显著降低 ,LPO含量量呈显著增高。其中任意二元素联合组较氟、硒、镉组GSH Px的含量呈明显回升 ,LPO含量量呈明显降低 ,而氟 +硒 +镉组其升高与降低的作用则更明显 ,以至GSH Px、LPO的水平几乎和对照组相同。过量硒和镉能导致肾硒、肝镉成数倍的增长。氟、镉可引起各组织中硒、锌的缺乏 ,硒则可使肝、肾中锌水平普遍提高。氟 +硒、镉 +硒以及氟 +硒 +镉联合可减少肾硒、肝镉的蓄积 ,同时也可减少氟、镉所致锌的损失。结论　提示过量的氟、硒、镉均可促进动物体内脂质过氧化作用增强 ,并抑制GSH Px的活性 ,使机体抗氧化能力降低。但当其中二或三种化学元素共存时 ,可减轻各自所引起的脂质过氧化作用以及对GSH Px的活性的抑制作用 ,同时减轻镉硒在体内的蓄积和氟镉所致引起体内锌水平的降低。     

Induction of Oxidative Stress in Erythrocytes of Male Rats Subchronically Exposed to a Mixture of Eight Metals Found as Groundwater Contaminants in Different Parts of India

Exposure of animals and humans to different metal components through contaminated drinking water can result in a wide range of adverse clinical conditions. Toxicological consequences arising from the concurrent repeated exposure to multiple metal contaminants are not known. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the oxidative stress-inducing potential of a mixture of eight metals (arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury, chromium, nickel, manganese, iron), representative of groundwater contamination in different areas of India, in erythrocytes of male rats subchronically exposed to environmentally relevant doses via drinking water. The selection of these metals, as determined by literature survey of groundwater contamination in India, was primarily based on the frequency of their occurrence and contamination level above World Health Organization maximum permissible limit (MPL) in drinking water. Male albino Wistar rats were exposed to the metal mixture at 0, 1, 10, and 100 times the mode concentrations (the most frequently occurring concentration) of the individual metals in drinking water for 90 days. In addition, one group of rats was also exposed to the mixture at a concentration equal to the MPL of individual components. The oxidative stress in erythrocytes was evaluated by assessing the magnitude of malondialdehyde production and reduced glutathione (GSH) content and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione reductase (GR) after 30, 60, and 90 days of exposure. MPL and 1× dose levels did not cause any changes. The mixture at 10× and 100× doses caused dose- and time-dependent effects. After 30 days, the 10× dose did not cause any changes except increase in SOD activity. The 100× dose increased the activities of SOD, catalase and GR and the GSH level, but caused no alterations in lipid peroxidation (LPO) and GPx activity. After 60 days, the 10× dose did not cause any changes. The 100× dose increased LPO and decreased all the antioxidant parameters, except GSH. After 90 days, both 10× and 100× levels elevated LPO. The 10× dose decreased GSH level and activities of SOD and catalase, but not of GPx and GR, whereas the 100× dose decreased all the antioxidative systems. Overall, the present study demonstrates that the subchronic exposure of male rats to the mixture of metals via drinking water results in induction of oxidative stress and concomitant reduction in antioxidative defense system in erythrocytes at 10 and 100 times the mode concentrations of the individual metals in contaminated groundwater.     

Naringenin reduces tumor size and weight lost in N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine–induced gastric carcinogenesis in rats

Carcinoma of the stomach is reportedly the second most common cancerous condition affecting the general population. Administration of antioxidants is reported to effectively alleviate the risk of gastric carcinoma. Therefore, we assessed the protective role of naringenin, an antioxidant and naturally occurring citrus flavanone, on gastric carcinogenesis induced by MNNG (200mg/kg body weight) and S-NaCl (1 mL per rat) in Wistar rats (obtained from the Central Animal House Facility, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, India). The animals were divided into 5 groups, and the effects of naringenin on simultaneous and posttreated stages of MNNG were tested. Cancer risk was analyzed along with their antioxidant status. The LPO levels in the experimental groups were assessed as an index of oxidative milieu. Altered redox status was subsequently investigated by assaying the superoxide and hydroxyl radicals, the enzymatic antioxidants (SOD, CAT, GPx), and the nonenzymatic antioxidants viz reduced GSH, vitamin C, and vitamin E. In the presence of MNNG, cancer incidence and LPO levels were significantly increased, whereas enzymatic (SOD, CAT, and GPx) and nonenzymatic antioxidant activities (GSH, Vitamins C, and E) were decreased in the treated rats compared with control rats. Administration of naringenin to gastric carcinoma-induced rats largely up-regulated the redox status to decrease the risk of cancer. We conclude that up-regulation of antioxidants by naringenin treatment might be responsible for the anticancer effect in gastric carcinoma.     

Positive influence of Centchroman on cardiovascular system and tissue lipid peroxidation in rats

BACKGROUND: Centchroman, a nonsteroidal oral contraceptive, was evaluated for its hitherto unstudied effect on cardiovascular system, thyroid function and tissue lipid peroxidation in rats. STUDY DESIGN: Wistar sperm-positive female rats were treated with Centchroman (1.5 mg/kg per day, po) for 10 days and the alterations in serum concentration of thyroid hormones [triiodothyronine (T(3)) and thyroxine (T(4))], insulin, glucose, total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C), triglycerides (TG), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phospahatase (ALP) activity, hepatic type-1 iodothyronine 5'-monodeiodinase (5'D) enzyme activity and hepatic, renal, cardiac and serum lipid peroxidation (LPO) were studied. Simultaneously, alterations in endogenous antioxidants [superoxide dismutase (SOD); catalase (CAT) and reduced glutathione (GSH)], relative risk ratio (RR), atherogenic index (AI) and daily rate of food and water consumption were also investigated as supportive parameters. RESULTS: Centchroman administration resulted in the complete inhibition of pregnancy. It increased serum T(4) marginally and HDL-C levels, hepatic SOD, CAT and GSH; cardiac SOD and GSH and renal SOD and CAT activity significantly. However, it reduced LPO in all tissues; concentrations of other serum lipids; AI; RR and activity of ALP. CONCLUSIONS: As Centchroman administration did not alter the concentrations of most active thyroid hormone, T(3), serum insulin and glucose, it appears that the drug has no side effect on thyroid function and glucose metabolism. Rather, it possesses cardiovascular and anti-peroxidative benefits.     

高硒高镉致大鼠组织脂质过氧化作用与中毒损伤关系的研究

给成年雄性Wistar大鼠分别和同时腹腔注射Na_2SeO_3(3mg/kg)、CdCl_2(1mg/kg),对照组大鼠腹腔注射等量生理盐水各3天,研究高硒高镉致大鼠组织脂质过氧化作用与中毒损伤的关系,结果表明,给大鼠同时注射Se和Cd显著地拮抗Se致肝脏GSH水平下降和LPO含量增加以及Cd致肾脏、睾丸GSH水平下降和LPO含量增加,但同时给大鼠注射Se和Cd对单独Cd注射致肝、肾SOD活性增加没有明显影响,病理组织学检查发现,给大鼠同时注射Se和Cd显著拮抗Se致肝脏、Cd致肾脏、睾丸的严重损伤。     

In vivo Hepato-protective Properties of Purslane Extracts on Paracetamol-Induced Liver Damage

This investigation is designed to evaluate the potential hepato-protective effect of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of air-dried leaves of Purslane against paracetamol-induced hepato-toxicity, in an attempt to understand its mechanism of action, which may pave the way for possible therapeutic application. Paracetamol (1g/kg bw) administration to rats resulted in massive elevation in serum and hepatic lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) as well as in serum tumor necrosis factor-alph (TNF-α) levels, with a significant decrease in serum and hepatic protein thiols (Pr-SHs) and reduced glutathione (GSH) superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in blood and liver. Oral administration of both the leaves extracts at a concentration of 150 mg/kg bw daily for 15 days showed significant protection against an induced increase in serum and hepatic LDH and TBARS as well as serum tumor necrosis factor-alph (TNF-α) levels. The treatment also resulted in a significant increase in serum and hepatic Pr-SHs as well as GSH, SOD and GPx in blood and liver. The results of the present study suggest that the ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Purslane leaves can generate antioxidants.The effect was more pronounced in ethanolic extract compared to aqueous extract.     

Protective effect of Indigofera oblongifolia in CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity

The present study aimed at assessing the protective effect of Indigofera oblongifolia on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity. Hepatotoxicity was induced in male Wistar rats using CCl4 (1 mL/day at an interval of 72 hours). CCl4-induced animals were treated with I. oblongifolia at different doses. Hepatoprotection was assessed from activities of marker enzymes in serum and antioxidant status in the liver after an experimental period of 10 days. The activities of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and lactate dehydrogenase were significantly (P < .001) increased in serum of CCl4-induced animals when compared with control animals. Antioxidant status was significantly lowered in CCl4-treated animals with a significant (P < .001) increase in the levels of lipid peroxides [thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS)], significantly lower levels of glutathione (GSH), and lowered activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and GSH peroxidase (GPx). The protective effect of I. oblongifolia was evident from lowering of levels of marker enzymes in serum and maintenance of antioxidant status in the liver as seen from lowered levels of TBARS, increased levels of GSH, and increased activities of SOD, CAT, and GPx. These results show the protective effect of I. oblongifolia and suggest the antioxidant property of the extract.     

三硝酸铈致大鼠肝脏脂质过氧化损伤

ＳＤ成年大鼠随机分为２组,每组３０只,另设对照组（６０只）。一次性腹腔注射１５０ｍｇ／ｋｇＣｅ（ＮＯ３）３,分别于３、６、１２、２４、４８ｈ处死,测定其肝脏蛋白质浓度、ＭＤＡ、ＧＳＨ含量及ＳＯＤ、ＣＡＴ、ＧＳＨ、Ｐｘ、ＧＳＨ、ＳＴ酶的活性。结果显示,注入Ｃｅ（ＮＯ３）３以后,大鼠肝脏内蛋白质浓度、ＭＤＡ含量明显增加,而ＧＳＨ含量及ＳＯＤ、ＧＡＴ、ＧＳＨ－ＰＸ、ＧＳＨ－ＳＴ酶的活性则显著降低。提示Ｃｅ（ＮＯ３）３进入大鼠体内后,早期能够引起肝脏脂质过氧化损伤,使大鼠肝脏抗氧化能力、抗诱变能力降低,估计脂质过氧化损伤可能是由于Ｃｅ３＋与ＧＳＨ作用导致ＧＳＨ耗竭所致。     

Protein deficiency and excess lipid synergistically augmented lipid peroxidation in growing rats.

The influence of dietary protein and lipid on superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione (GSH) and tissue lipid peroxidation, as measured by thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), was investigated in post-weaning male Wistar rats, fed either a diet containing 5% or 20% corn oil with 5%, 10% or 20% soy protein isolate (SPI) for four weeks. TBARS concentrations in 5% corn oil group was highest in 5% SPI group for all organs, followed by 10 and 20% SPI groups in the liver and 10 and 20% SPI groups in other organs. High lipid diet significantly increased TBARS formation in the liver of 10% SPI group. The liver and kidney SOD and GPx activities were higher in 5% and 10% SPI groups than in 20% SPI group, suggesting an augmented formation of radical substrates for these enzymes in low protein groups. Organ GSH concentrations did not show a linear correlation with dietary protein level. These results suggest that protein deficiency along with high lipid intake accelerates the peroxidative damage of the tissues by increasing oxy-radical formations and/or decreasing the defense mechanism.     

氟中毒患者口服亚硒酸钠对体内氟及抗氧化酶类的影响

在山东省外环境Ｓｅ水平较低的水源型高氟区，给７８例氟骨症和４０例氟斑牙患者口服亚硒酸钠。服Ｓｅ前后分数次复查体Ｓｅ和氟水平、血液ＧＳＨ一Ｐｘ活性、ＳＯＤ活性和含量及ＬＰＯ浓度。结果两组患者服Ｓｅ后，血、尿、发Ｓｅ升高，尿氟排泄量增加，血氟下降。血ＧＳＨ一Ｐｘ、ＳＯＤ活性升高，ＬＰＯ浓度下降。ＧＳＨ－Ｐｘ／ＬＰＯ、ＳＯＤ／ＬＰＯ比值升高。提示在低Ｓｅ高氟区补Ｓｅ后，可提高氟中毒患者机体抗氧化能力，减轻脂质过氧化物对机体的损伤，同时能拮抗其体内的高氟。     

氯化锂对小鼠脂质过氧化及抗氧化酶的影响

观察氯化锂对小鼠血液和组织中脂质过氧化及抗氧化酶的影响。「方法」以氯化锂为受试剂,昆明种小鼠为受试对象,进行小鼠血液、心、肝、肾、肺、脑、睾丸、卵巢组织中脂质过氧化产物（ＬＰＯ）,谷光甘肽过氧化物酶和超氧化物歧化酶含量测定。结论一定剂量的氯化锂可能通过刺激体内产生自由基而对细胞产生一定的损害作用。     

2-乙氧基乙醇染毒对大鼠某些脂质过氧化相关指标的影响

目的：观察2－乙氧基乙醇（EE）染毒大鼠与脂质过氧化过程有关的某些生化指标的变化,并探讨EE染毒是否诱发血清脂质过氧化（LPO）升高及其可能机理。方法：选取雄性Wistar大鼠,随机分为4组：对照组、EE分别为200、400、800mg/kg组,每组30只。每天染毒1次,每周6次,持续6周。分别于染毒每周后,将各组动物随机处死5只,对血液及肝脏中的脂质过氧化相关指标进行测定。结果：血清LPO水平显著升高;血清铜蓝蛋白（CP）、血清超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和肝脏SOD活性显著升高;肝脏过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性显著下降,肝脏GSH－Px活性变化不明显。结论：EE长期染毒可诱发大鼠LPO水平升高,这可能是EE诱发大量活性氧（ROS）产生和影响大鼠抗氧化机制共同作用的结果。