Solvent exposure and related work practices amongst apprentice spray painters in automotive body repair workshops.

As part of a multidisciplinary study into the health effects of solvents, workplace assessments and airborne solvent vapour monitoring was conducted in 46 spray painting workshops in the Sydney metropolitan area. Breathing-zone samples were taken from 50 apprentices and 14 experienced spray painters. An interview schedule was developed to obtain information about the use of acrylic or two-pack paint systems, the use of engineering controls, the use of personal protective equipment and the availability of material safety data sheets. Contaminants typical of the chemical products used in this industry were encountered (aromatic hydrocarbons, C5-C7 aliphatic hydrocarbons, ketones, esters). The results of airborne solvent monitoring indicate a total solvent exposure in the range 1-99% of a combined Worksafe Australia exposure standard, with a mean of 19%. Solvent exposure was highest when spraying acrylic paint in the open workshop and lowest when spraying two pack paint in a spray booth. Much the same personal protective equipment was available in all workshops, but wide variation in its use was observed. Material safety data sheets were not observed in any of the workshops.     

Raised concentration of serum bile acids following occupational exposure to halogenated solvents, 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane and trichloroethylene

Objectives: The objectives of this study were␣threefold. First, to examine the hepatic effects of occupational exposure to 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane (FC 113) using conventional and newer tests (serum bile acids) of hepatobiliary function. Second, to assess the effects of altered work practices that included a reduced exposure to a different halogenated solvent (trichloroethylene) on the same parameters of liver function; and finally, to gather further data to support or refute the contention that serum bile acid (SBA) levels could provide a sensitive biological marker of exposure to these solvents. Design: Two groups of workers (control and exposed) in an Australian steel industry participated in the study. The exposed group (n = 5–6) comprised individuals who had either exposure to FC␣113 (68.2 ± 12.6 ppm) or trichloroethylene (8.9 ± 3.1 ppm) during the application of these solvents in a cleaning procedure, whereas the control group (n = 7–11) was composed of non-solvent-exposed office workers in the same company. The initial investigation involved exposure to FC 113 while a follow-up study was undertaken after changes in work practices were made including replacement of FC 113 with trichloroethylene (TRI). Methods: Standard liver function tests and individual serum bile acids (ISBA) were measured before and after exposure to solvents and simultaneously in the control subjects by enzymatic methods and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), respectively. Results: Statistical analysis of the data showed a significant increase in the concentration of total serum bile acids (TSBA), some of the subgroups of SBA, and a few of the ISBA in workers after a period of exposure to FC 113. After TRI replaced FC 113 together with other changes in work practices to give substantial reduction in exposure to solvent, a repeat study also found elevated SBA after the cleaning procedure but to a lesser extent. No other indications of adverse liver effects, as measured by conventional parameters of hepatobiliary function, were detected. Conclusion: Exposure to FC 113 was clearly associated with a significant rise in SBA levels, which are sensitive indicators of liver function. This finding is consistent with, and provides further support for, our previous investigations on chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbon solvents which showed that SBA levels are a sensitive biological marker of exposure to these solvents. Changes in work practices including replacement of FC 113 resulted in a reduced effect on SBA, consistent with lower exposures. Received: 22 October 1996 / Accepted: 21 February 1997     

四川省藏汉肥胖与正常人群肠道菌群及粪便胆汁酸差异研究

目的 研究四川省藏族及汉族肥胖人群与正常人群肠道菌群和粪便胆汁酸的差异,为调节肠道菌群预防和改善肥胖积累资料。 方法 调查四川省红原藏族居民和成都汉族居民的基本信息,采集粪便样本。依据纳入排除标准,使用基于年龄和性别的倾向性评分匹配方法纳入114名研究对象。根据BMI分为藏汉肥胖组（BMI≥28kg/m²）、正常组（18.5kg/m²≤BMI≤24kg/m²）。测定肠道菌群16S rRNA基因序列及粪便中13种胆汁酸含量,比对分析藏汉肥胖人群与正常人群肠道菌群结构、丰度及粪便胆汁酸水平差异。 结果 藏族正常组较藏族肥胖组的疣微菌门、阿克曼菌属、埃希氏菌属和拟杆菌属的丰度高,多尔氏菌属的丰度低（P＜0.05）。藏族人群中优势菌属为普雷沃氏菌属和乳杆菌属,汉族人群中优势菌属为布劳特氏菌属。藏族人群初级胆汁酸、初级胆汁酸/次级胆汁酸、结合型胆汁酸水平均低于汉族人群（P＜0.05）。 结论 藏族肥胖人群与藏族正常人群肠道菌群有一定差异,藏汉人群肠道菌群结构和物种丰度以及粪便胆汁酸谱显著不同,不同民族肥胖与肠道菌群的关联有待结合生活环境和饮食习惯进一步探讨。     

血清胆汁酸在妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积症中的诊断价值

目的 探讨血清胆汁酸在妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积症(ICP)诊断中的应用价值.方法 对待产的92例ICP患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,按血清胆汁酸水平将患者分为两组,血清胆汁酸＞40μmol/L为观察组(46例),血清胆汁酸≤40μmol/L为对照组(46例),观察比较两组患者皮肤瘙痒出现时间,黄疸程度,血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST),羊水污染程度.结果 观察组皮肤瘙痒出现时间早于对照组[(29.1±3.4)周比(33.9±3.2)周,P＜0.05];重度黄疸、ALT＞100 U/L、AST＞100 U/L及羊水Ⅲ度污染例数均多于对照组[27例比15例、28例比20例、28例比18例、23例比15例,P＜0.01或＜0.05].结论 血清胆汁酸可作为评估ICP的敏感指标,对孕妇病情的判断、预后分析具有重要的意义,具有反映其发生妊娠不良结局的可能性.     

The haematological and biochemical pattern in occupational organic solvent poisoning and exposure

Summary A haematological and biochemical investigation was undertaken in 122 consecutive male patients with suspected organic solvent poisoning due to exposure to a mixture of organic solvents such as turpentine, toluene and xylene. Sixty-four healthy solvent exposed and 91 healthy non-exposed male volunteers were used as controls. The only statistically significant differences were that in the patients (B)-leucocytes and S-creatinine were lower than in the controls. (B)-monocytes were higher in all exposed groups than in the controls. S-creatine kinase was higher in patients actually exposed at the examination time, than in all other groups. B-hemoglobin, B-erythrocytes, (B)-Erc-reticulocytes, (B)hematocrit, (B)-MCHC, (B)-MCV, (B)-Lkcs-differential count except monocytes, (B)-thrombocytes, B-Sedementation rate, P-orosomucoid, P-immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA and IgM), S-alanine amino transferase, S-urate, U-glucose, U-albumine and U-hemoglobin were unchanged.It is concluded that there was no characteristic haematological and biochemical pattern that could be of value in the individual diagnosis of organic solvent poisoning.The patients and the controls were seen as out-patients. In all groups studied, more than 10% of the results of reticulocytes, leucocytes, sedimentation rate, orosomucoid and creatine kinase exceeded the upper level of the reference interval, which is based on in-patients. New reference intervals for these 5 analyses, valid for ambulantly examined subjects, should be worked out.Supported by the Arbejdsmiljefond, Jr. nr. 1980-6     

Gender and gut microbiota composition determine hepatic bile acid,metabolic and inflammatory response to a single fast-food meal in healthy adults

Background & aimsRegular consumption of fast-food (FF) as a form of typical Western style diet is associated with obesity and the metabolic syndrome, including its hepatic manifestation nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Currently, it remains unclear how intermittent excess FF consumption may influence liver metabolism. The study aimed to characterize the effects of a single FF binge on hepatic steatosis, inflammation, bile acid (BA), glucose and lipid metabolism.MethodsTwenty-five healthy individuals received a FF meal and were asked to continue eating either for a two-hour period or until fully saturated. Serum levels of transaminases, fasting BA, lipid profile, glucose and cytokine levels as well as transient elastography and controlled attenuation parameter (CAP; to assess hepatic steatosis) were analyzed before (day 0) and the day after FF binge (day 1). Feces was collected prior and after the FF challenge for microbiota analysis.ResultsThe FF meal induced a modest increase in CAP, which was accompanied by a robust increase of fasting serum BA levels. Surprisingly, levels of cholesterol and bilirubin were significantly lower after the FF meal. Differentiating individuals with a relevant delta BA (>1 μmol/l) increase vs. individuals without (delta BA ≤1 μmol/l), identified several gut microbiota, as well as gender to be associated with the BA increase and the observed alterations in liver function, metabolism and inflammation.ConclusionA single binge FF meal leads to a robust increase in serum BA levels and alterations in parameters of liver injury and metabolism, indicating a novel metabolic aspect of the gut–liver axis.     

Importance of serum bile acids determination in adolescents with juvenile hyperbilirubinaemia

The aim of the study was to identify moderate liver impairment in a group of hyperbilirubinaemic adolescents. Using gas chromatography we assessed both total bile acid and primary bile acid levels in 50 adolescents with juvenile hyperbilirubinaemia. At the same time we performed hepatologic examinations and subsequent follow-up assessment of these patients for a period of at least 2 years. As a control group we examined 30 adolescents without any impairment of both the liver and gastrointestinal tract, and 18 patients with low grade (moderately) active chronic hepatitis. In both groups we assessed total and primary bile acids levels as well as conventional liver tests (bilirubin, ALT, AST). On the basis of the clinical course and laboratory findings we divided our patients with juvenile hyperbilirubinaemia into two groups: a group of individuals with Gilbert's syndrome (30 patients) and a group of individuals with probable moderate liver impairment (20 patients). The latter group consisted of the adolescents who exhibited bilirubinaemia over 90 micromol/l and/or exhibited hepatomegaly or splenomegaly proved by the ultrasound examination and/or exhibited intermittent elevation of the liver aminotransferases serum levels. In the group of individuals with moderate liver impairment serum total bile acid levels were significantly elevated in 26% of patients, and the serum cholic acid level was significantly elevated in 25% of patients. These two parameters mutually correlated at a high level of significance. Juvenile hyperbilirubinaemia is one of the common conditions of adolescent age. Its etiology is diverse; it includes both benign conditions like Gilbert's syndrome and post-hepatitic and toxic conditions that require a long-term regimen and follow-up examinations. The number of people suffering from juvenile hyperbilirubinaemia has been growing in the population. Currently 4-6% of the adolescent population suffers from this disease. This growing number is probably caused by external factors of our environment (infection, toxic effects). The determination of mild liver disease in hyperbilirubinaemic patients and the provision of an adequate regimen of exercise and adequate nutritional measures is of great importance for the health of the adolescent population.     

FXR和LXR核受体在胆汁酸-胆固醇代谢中的作用

胆汁酸是胆汁的重要组成部分,其合成是胆固醇降解的主要途径,在胆汁酸-胆固醇代谢调节中起着不可或缺的作用。近年来对核受体在胆汁酸一胆固醇代谢中的研究又有了新的认识。作者主要对法尼酯衍生物x受体（famesoid X receptor,FXR）和肝x受体（liver Xreceptor,LXR）在胆汁酸一胆固醇代谢方面的一些新进展作一简要综述。     

Visual evoked potentials in workers with chronic solvent encephalopathy

Objectives Two promising variations of visual evoked potentials (VEPs) were studied in solvent-exposed workers: the effect of a low-contrast stimulus in comparison with the usually applied high contrast, and the ability of pattern-onset VEP to reveal damage to specific visual cortical areas. In addition, we studied disturbances of a visual event-related potential (P300).Methods Thirty male patients (48±9 years of age) with solvent-induced chronic encephalopathy, and 41 controls (46±8 years) without solvent exposure, participated. Pattern-reversal checkerboards with low (11%) contrast and with high (93%) contrast between the checks were used. For onset VEPs two dedicated stimulus patterns were used. P300 was elicited with an oddball paradigm.Results At low contrast the N75–P100 peak-to-peak amplitude in the controls was 9.6±4.9 V, i.e. 57% of the amplitude at high contrast (16.3±7.2 V). In the patients the response at low contrast was only 48% of that at high contrast; the corresponding amplitudes were 7.5±3.5 V and 15.8±4.9 V. For the pattern-onset VEPs no effect of exposure was found. With regard to the P300, the patients missed more targets (average 3.6%) than did the controls (average 0.5%). Patients had a smaller P300 amplitude (8.8±4.5 V) than the controls (11.5±5.3 V), and a longer latency (390±34 ms compared to 376±24 ms).Conclusion The results point to a physiological basis for the solvent-induced decrease of visual contrast sensitivity as found by others by means of psychophysical methods. The results also suggest that the neurophysiological examination of the visual system in persons who have undergone exposure to toxins might be benefited by the addition of low-contrast stimuli.     

还原型谷胱甘肽对大鼠肝移植中胆管细胞缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的 探讨胆管上皮细胞缺血再灌注损伤的机制及阿拓莫兰在大鼠肝移植中胆管细胞I/R损伤中的作用.方法 采用重建肝动脉血供的大鼠原位肝移植模型.分3组观察在不同条件下胆管细胞的病理形态变化及阿拓莫兰对此缺血再灌注损伤的影响.结果 缺血再灌注组的胆管细胞损伤更重,血清ALT、AST水平,γ-谷氨酰转肽酶更高,氧自由基生成更多,胆管上皮细胞凋亡发生更多,阿拓莫兰预处理保护组胆管细胞损伤明显减轻.结论 缺血再灌注损伤对胆管细胞的损伤更重,阿拓莫兰预处理可减轻该损伤,其机制可能为抑制氧自由基生成,减少胆管上皮细胞凋亡.     

妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积症血清胆汁酸水平对孕妇及胎儿的影响

目的:探讨血清胆汁酸水平对妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积症(ICP)孕妇及胎儿的影响。方法:回顾性分析2007年6月~2010年6月在临安市中医院待产的64例ICP孕妇的病历资料,以血清胆汁酸水平(TBA)40μmol/L为界分为A组(>40μmol/L)和B组(<40μmol/L),比较两组孕妇的临床表现、黄疸程度、肝酶水平以及围生儿早产、胎儿窘迫、羊水粪染、新生儿窒息等方面的发生率。结果:①对孕妇的影响:A组孕妇皮肤瘙痒出现的时间更早,黄疸的程度更重,丙氨酸转氨酶、门冬氨酸转氨酶值的升高更明显。②对围生儿的影响:A组在早产、羊水粪染、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息等方面发生率比B组高,有明显统计学差异。结论:TBA是评估ICP孕妇及胎儿宫内情况及其预后的敏感指标,能可靠地反映其发生妊娠不良结局的可能性。     

胆汁酸诱导的细粒棘球绦虫分化基因的转录组学分析

目的探究细粒棘球绦虫(E.g)原头蚴向成虫早期发育的分子机制以及成虫体外培养时犬胆汁的作用,与平行无犬胆汁的包囊方向培养的样本相比较,发现成虫早期发育的差异表达基因。方法通过对有无犬胆汁培养的E.g原头蚴发育早期的21个样本进行转录组测序;对测序得到的原始序列(raw reads)经过质控(QC)检测,再与参考序列比对;进行比对率和序列在参考序列上分布的统计来判断结果是否适合进一步分析。若通过,则进行差异表达基因(DEG)筛选,对筛选出的组间差异表达基因,进行基因本体(GO)功能分析。结果 DEG显示,在有无0.05%犬胆汁平行培养相同时间的两组样本中,AW0.5h-vs-AWB0.5h. DEseq2检测中,上调的DEG数目为65个,下调的DEG数目为9个;而AW3h-vs-AWB3h.DEseq2和AW72h-vs-AWB72h.DEseq2两组差异检测中,上调的DEG数目均为0个,下调的DEG数目分别为0和1个。AW0.5hvs-AWB0.5h.DEG GO功能分析显示在细胞组分中,表达产物位于膜。除膜部分的差异基因表达有下调以外,其余细胞组分中的差异基因都上调,而且表达产物位于...     

单纯性肥胖儿童血清氨基酸水平分析

【目的】 研究单纯性肥胖患儿血清17种氨基酸水平的分布情况,探讨血清氨基酸水平与胰岛素抵抗之间的关系,为临床制定综合治疗干预方案提供科学依据。 【方法】 用高效液相色谱法对78例单纯性肥胖儿童和40例正常儿童的血清17种氨基酸水平进行检测;用化学发光法检测空腹胰岛素(FINS)、全自动生化仪检测空腹血糖(FPG),计算稳态模型的胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR),并对氨基酸与FINS、FPG 和HOMA-IR之间的相关性进行分析。 【结果】 实验组患儿的血清氨基酸水平严重失衡,其蛋氨酸Met,半胱氨酸Cys和甘氨酸Gly显著的低于对照组(P<0.05),其余14种氨基酸[苏氨酸(Thr)、缬氨酸(Val)、异亮氨酸(Ile)、亮氨酸(Leu)、苯丙氨酸(Phe)、赖氨酸(Lys)、组氨酸(His)、精氨酸(Arg)、天冬氨酸(Asp)、谷氨酸(Glu)、丙氨酸(Ala)、脯氨酸(Pro)、丝氨酸(Ser)、酪氨酸(Tyr)]显著高于对照组(P<0.05);患儿存在着血清Thr、His、Arg、Gly和Ala水平分布高、低极不均的情况;实验组患儿虽空腹血糖正常,但普遍存在胰岛素抵抗;其FINS 及HOMA-IR与 Lys、Ile、Leu、Val呈正比。 【结论】 在对单纯性肥胖患儿治疗干预的过程中,动态监测血清氨基酸水平,可以帮助临床医生了解肥胖儿童体内氨基酸水平失衡的情况,为制定针对性的综合治疗方案,提供科学依据。     

血清总胆汁酸在判断肝损害中的诊断意义

目的评价血清总胆汁酸在各类肝胆疾病中的诊断价值。方法采用BECKMAN CX9全自动生化仪测定健康对照及各类肝胆疾病患者血清中的TBA、ALT、ALP。结果血清总胆汁酸在各种肝病中均有很高的阳性率,TBA阳性率显著高于ALT和ALP。结论血清总胆汁酸对各类肝胆疾病有很高的诊断价值,是肝实质性损伤的灵敏指标。     

全氟辛烷磺酸对大鼠兴奋性氨基酸影响

目的探讨全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)与大鼠中枢神经系统兴奋性氨基酸含量关系。方法将成年Wistar大鼠经口PFOS染毒。实验组剂量分别为12.5,25,50 mg/kg,对照组给予等体积的2%吐温-80溶液。24 h后高效液相色谱法测定脑组织中谷氨酸、天冬氨酸、γ-氨基丁酸及甘氨酸含量变化。结果天冬氨酸12.5,50 mg/kg组含量分别为(1.24±0.109),(1.1l±0.452)μmol/g,与对照组(1.51±0.076)μmol/g比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。谷氨酸无明显变化。甘氨酸12.5,25,50mg/kg组含量分别为(0.82±0.201),(1.09±0.215),(1.12±0.395)μmol/g,与对照组(1.54±0.120)μmol/g比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。γ-氨基丁酸12.5,25 mg/kg组含量分别为(1.52±0.187),(1.68±0.188)μmol/g,与对照组(2.03±0.370)μmol/g比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论低剂量PFOS染毒后中枢神经系统出现先抑制后兴奋的症状可能与兴奋性氨基酸的参与有关。     

Association of fatty acids in serum phospholipids with lung function and bronchial hyperresponsiveness in adults

Background The dietary intake of certain fatty acids might have an impact on inflammatory processes in the lung and therefore contribute to the development of lung diseases like asthma or COPD. Methods In this study data from a population based cross-sectional study on respirator y health including measurement of fatty acids in serum phospholipids of 593 adults between 20 and 64 years of age were analyzed. Results Statistically significant positive associations were found between percentage predicted FEV₁ (P = 0.0085) and FVC (P = 0.0267) and docosahexaenoic acid concentration in serum phospholipids in men. Dihomo-γ-linolenic acid content in serum phospholipids was significantly negatively associated with percentage predicted FEV₁ (P = 0.0003) and FVC (P = 0.0045) and transformed dose-response slopes (P = 0.0488) in men. Palmitoleic acid was negatively associated with percentage predicted FEV₁ (P = 0.0037) and FVC (P = 0.0029) in men. Other fatty acids in serum phospholipids did not consistently affect lung function parameters or bronchial hyperreactivity. Conclusion A high concentration of docosahexaenoic acid in serum phospholipids may have a protective effect on lung function. Because this long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid is almost exclusively derived from marine oils, fish might have a beneficial effect on lung diseases. Authors contribution: Iris Kompauer did the data analysis and wrote the paper. Hans Demmelmair did laboratory work. Berthold Koletzko did interpretation and discussion. Gabriele Bolte did acquisition of funding, interpretation and discussion. Jakob Linseisen did interpretation and discussion. Joachim Heinrich did design, interpretation and discussion.     

Dermal, inhalation, and internal exposure to 1,6-HDI and its oligomers in car body repair shop workers and industrial spray painters

Objectives

To study inhalation and dermal exposure to hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) and its oligomers as well as personal protection equipment (PPE) use during task performance in conjunction with urinary hexamethylene diamine (HDA) in car body repair shop workers and industrial spray painters.

Methods

Personal task based inhalation samples (n = 95) were collected from six car body repair shops and five industrial painting companies using impingers with di‐n‐butylamine (DBA) in toluene. In parallel, dermal exposure was assessed using nitril rubber gloves. Gloves were submerged into DBA in toluene after sampling. Analysis for HDI and its oligomers was performed by LC‐MS/MS. Urine samples were collected from 55 workers (n = 291) and analysed for HDA by GC‐MS.

Results

Inhalation exposure was strongly associated with tasks during which aerosolisation occurs. Dermal exposure occurred during tasks that involve direct handling of paint. In car body repair shops associations were found between detectable dermal exposure and glove use (odds ratio (OR) 0.22, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.09 to 0.57) and inhalation exposure level (OR 1.34, 95% CI 0.97 to 1.84 for a 10‐fold increase). HDA in urine could be demonstrated in 36% and 10% of car body repair shop workers and industrial painting company workers respectively. In car body repair shops, the frequency of detectable HDA was significantly elevated at the end of the working day (OR 2.13, 95% CI 1.07 to 4.22 for 3–6 pm v 0–8 am). In both branches HDA was detected in urine of ∼25% of the spray painters. In addition HDA was detected in urine of a large proportion of non‐spray painters in car body repair shops.

Conclusion

Although (spray) painting with lacquers containing isocyanate hardeners results in the highest external exposures to HDI and oligomers, workers that do not perform paint related tasks may also receive a considerable internal dose.     

Detection of serum AFB1-lysine adduct in Malaysia and its association with liver and kidney functions

Aflatoxin is ubiquitously found in many foodstuffs and produced by Aspergillus species of fungi. Of many aflatoxin metabolites, AFB₁ is classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as group one carcinogen and linked to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The study on molecular biomarker of aflatoxin provides a better assessment on the extent of human exposure to aflatoxin. In Malaysia, the occurrences of aflatoxin-contaminated foods have been documented, but there is a lack of data on human exposure to aflatoxin. Hence, this study investigated the occurrence of AFB₁-lysine adduct in serum samples and its association with liver and kidney functions. 5 ml fasting blood samples were collected from seventy-one subjects (n = 71) for the measurement of AFB₁-lysine adduct, albumin, total bilirubin, AST (aspartate aminotransferase), ALT (alanine transaminase), ALP (alkaline phosphatase), GGT (gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase), creatinine and BUN (blood urea nitrogen). The AFB₁-lysine adduct was detected in all serum samples (100% detection rate) with a mean of 6.85 ± 3.20 pg/mg albumin (range: 1.13–18.85 pg/mg albumin). Male subjects (mean: 8.03 ± 3.41 pg/mg albumin) had significantly higher adduct levels than female subjects (mean: 5.64 ± 2.46 pg/mg albumin) (p < 0.01). It was noteworthy that subjects with adduct levels greater than average (>6.85 pg/mg albumin) had significantly elevated level of total bilirubin (p < 0.01), GGT (p < 0.05) and creatinine (p < 0.01). Nevertheless, only the level of total bilirubin, (r = 0.347, p-value = 0.003) and creatinine (r = 0.318, p-value = 0.007) showed significant and positive correlation with the level of AFB₁-lysine adduct. This study provides a valuable insight on human exposure to aflatoxin in Malaysia. Given that aflatoxin can pose serious problem to the health, intervention strategies should be implemented to limit/reduce human exposure to aflatoxin. Besides, a study with a big sample size should be warranted in order to assess aflatoxin exposure in the general population of Malaysia.