外科病人肠内营养途径的选择

探索肠内营养的途径。收集胃癌、大肠癌、胰腺癌、肝癌以及门脉高压症等病人共 39例。经鼻置管 2 4例 ,在术中将鼻肠管通过胃空肠吻合口 15～ 2 0 cm;非胃手术病人鼻肠管通过幽门 15 cm。空肠穿刺造口 8例 ,在屈氏韧带下方 2 0 cm处选择穿刺点 ,按 Nutricia公司介绍的方法进行穿刺。其特点是在空肠的浆肌层与粘膜层之间用细针作一隧道 ,使空肠造口管通过隧道进入肠腔。胃穿刺造口 3例 ,按 Nutricia公司介绍的方法进行穿刺。空肠切开造口术 3例 ,按传统的方法进行空肠切开造口术。 1例未能切除贲门癌的病人行胃切开造口术。结果 :行经鼻置管…     

三腔胃肠管在上消化道手术中的应用价值

目的:评价一种新型三腔胃肠管(FT,Freka Trelumina)在上消化道手术中的应用价值.方法:选择上消化道手术病人48例,根据置管情况分成鼻胃管 单腔普通空肠营养管(空肠营养造口管或鼻肠管)、经鼻置三腔胃肠管和胃造口置三腔胃肠管三组.通过对置入成功率、出现恶心、呕吐及不耐受情况的比率、达到预期营养目标的比率、感染发生率等分析,对三腔胃肠管术中置管应用途径进行了临床研究和评估.结果:在用新型三腔胃肠管进行空肠肠内营养的同时,进行胃内减压,显著降低了并发症的发生率.结论:运用新型三腔胃肠管进行肠内营养安全可靠,具有更好的耐受性和较少的并发症,与其他营养管相比具有更明显的优越性.     

经皮内镜下胃造口的临床应用

0 引言 充足地营养支持可以减少危重病人的并发症及改善其预后,当胃肠功能正常时,肠内营养(EN)是营养支持的首选途径.肠内营养可以经鼻胃管、鼻肠管、胃造口和空肠造口等多种途径进行,其中插入鼻胃管或鼻肠管简便易行,但长期使用易造成病人不适.因此,危重病人需要长期肠内营养时,通常进行胃造口或空肠造口,病人耐受较好.传统使用手术胃造口,缺点是并发症多和病死率高,费用高.1980年,非手术经皮内镜下胃造口术(percustanous endoscopic gastrostomy,PEG)被介绍应用于临床,优点是操作简便,并发症少[1].     

穿刺式空肠造口术在肝移植中的应用

目的 :探讨术中穿刺空肠造口在肝移植受体中的应用 ,以便术后早期行肠内营养支持。　方法 :对 5例有适应证的肝移植病人 ,选用Flocare可裂式空肠穿刺造口管 ,于手术结束前 ,在距Treitz韧带约 2 0cm处作穿刺 ,使导管在肠壁内潜行 4～ 5cm后进入肠腔 ,再固定于腹膜壁层上 ,并于术后第 1天经空肠造口管给予肠内营养。　结果 :术中经空肠穿刺 ,放置造口管时间为 (9.2± 2 .3)min ,造口管应用良好 ,分别于术后 1 4～ 4 6天拔除。 5例病人中有 1例发生导管堵塞 ,在介入引导下用导丝予以疏通后重新应用。本组中未发生其他与空肠造口有关的并发症。　结论 :经穿刺式空肠造口置管可作为某些肝移植病人术后早期肠内营养的首选方法     

经皮内镜下胃造口置管术导致严重并发症3例分析

<正>经皮内镜下胃造口置管(PEG)术是在内镜引导下,经腹部皮肤穿刺放置胃造口管,直接给予肠内营养(EN)支持的一种手术,具有操作简单、只需局部麻醉、安全、并发症少的特点,对营养状况差和危重症病人也可进行该项手术。对需要空肠营养的病人,还可采用经皮内镜下胃造口空肠置管(PEJ)术。我院自2008年3月至2014年6月共开展PEG/PEJ术85例,其中有3例出现严重并发症,现报道如下。     

胃镜辅助下放置空肠营养管的方法

目的:探讨内镜下放置空肠营养管的方法.方法:给148例病人放置空肠营养管,116例病人在胃镜下用异物钳钳夹胃腔内空肠营养管,推送胃镜将其送至Treitz韧带以下.32例经鼻超细胃镜放置导丝后,再经导丝放入空肠营养管.结果:两种空肠营养管放置成功率均为100%,其中鼻肠管126例,三腔鼻肠管22例.两组均无严重并发症,1例病人置管后出现血淀粉酶升高.结论:两种空肠营养管放置的方法成功率均高,不良反应小,操作简单安全.     

X线辅助超滑导丝法放置经鼻小肠营养管在危重症患者中的应用

营养支持治疗是危重症患者重要的临床治疗措施之一,由于肠内营养具有更多的优越性而广泛应用于临床[1].但有相当一部分危重症患者,经鼻胃管喂养可能出现胃潴留,尤其伴有胃动力障碍的患者更为严重,为减少并发症常需要行经鼻小肠营养.但常规放置小肠营养管需要内窥镜引导或行空肠造瘘,对危重症患者影响较大.我院于2008年4-10月,共采用X线辅助超滑导丝法放置经鼻小肠营养管30例,取得较好的疗效,现报道如下.     

胃肠道术后早期不同途径肠内营养的应用

目的 :比较胃肠道术后早期经鼻肠管和空肠造口管二条途径进行肠内营养支持的方便性、优越性以及并发症。　方法 :选择胃肠道手术病人共 5 5例 ,按序随机分成A、B、C三组 ,A组为鼻肠管组 ,B组为空肠造口管组 ,C组为对照组。A、B二组应用肠内营养输注系统 ,在手术后 6h开始均匀输注能全力 ,分别记录术中鼻肠管和空肠造口管的放置时间、观察肠内营养支持期间的临床表现 ,并分别测定肠内营养支持前后病人的血常规、血糖、肝肾功能、电解质和营养指标以及术后并发症。　结果 :A组术中放置鼻肠管时间为 (2 9.2± 5 .6 )min ,B组术中经空肠穿刺放置Flocare可裂式空肠造口管时间为 (7.2± 2 .3)min ,二者比较差异非常显著 (P <0 .0 1)。术后肛门排气恢复时间A、B二组均比对照组快 (P <0 .0 1)。A组应用能全力后有 1例胃癌行根治术病人因腹痛、腹胀 ,不能耐受 ,中途停止使用 ;2例出现恶心、呕吐 ,经减慢输注速度后缓解 ;有 8例出现鼻咽部不适及 2例出现肺炎 ,经超声雾化、抗菌药物治疗后痊愈。B组 1例结肠癌行根治术病人因护理不当导致空肠造口管滑脱而中途停止使用 ;3例出现腹痛 ,经调整温度后缓解。所有病人没有出现腹泻、急性机械性肠梗阻、肠瘘和代谢性并发症。A组和B组应用能全力后 ,前白蛋白比对照组升高 (     

经皮内镜下胃和空肠造口术在临床中的应用

目的: 探讨经皮内镜下胃和空肠造口术的方法. 方法: 114例病人胃造口术(PEG)采用Pull法,26例空肠造口术(PEJ),在PEG基础上用异物钳钳夹胃腔内空肠造口管,推送胃镜将其送至Treitz韧带以下. 结果: PEG成功率为100%,通过改良胃镜下直接置管方法,26例PEJ全部一次放置成功.15例局部有活动性出血, 8例局部有分泌物和红肿,经相应处理后缓解.21例引起呼吸道感染,用抗生素治愈,1例胃黏膜下出血,形成血肿, 1例在第8天发现胃造口内固定片嵌顿,未出现严重并发症. 结论: PEG简单、安全、可行;PEJ方法可一次使造口管到达空肠,有临床应用价值.     

神经系统疾病经皮内镜下胃造口喂养中国专家共识

<正>经皮内镜下胃造口置管术(percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy,PEG)喂养是管饲喂养的一种方式,即内镜下经腹壁穿刺胃腔,置入导丝,应用导丝引导胃造口管经口腔、食管进入胃腔的微创造口手术。经皮内镜下胃造口空肠置管术(percutaneous endoscopic jejunostomy,PEJ)是另一种造口方法。这些手术以操作简便易行、并发症少、耐受性好等优势     

Occupational Health Services in Manufacturing Industries in Nigeria

The provision of adequate health care facilities to cater forthe health of workers is an important consideration in the managementof manufacturing industries, since productivity is dependenton the health status of the workers. There are very few studiesevaluating the health care provision in Nigerian industries.This study elucidates such health care services in Edo and DeltaStates of Nigeria. One hundred and thirty-five (56%) of the241 registered manufacturing industries in Edo and Delta Statesof Nigeria were randomly selected and investigated. The responserate was 91.1% and the result showed that the medical staffcomprised 2.5% of the total workforce, with the large scaleindustries contributing the highest proportion of these. Fourpoint five per cent of the medical staff had formal trainingin occupational health and 15.6% of them visited the factoryshop floor. The doctor:staff ratio in the medium and large scaleindustries were 1:819 and 1:618 respectively. It was found thatall the industries used the health care facilities providedby the government, there were no clinics in all the small scaleindustries and group practice was not used by any of the industriesstudied. Pre-employment medical examinations were carried outin each of the groups of industries (100%, 39.4% and 5%) respectively,as were periodic medical examinations during employment, althoughto a lesser extent (100%, 13.2%, 0%) for the large, medium andsmall scale industries respectively. These finding suggest theavailability of a reasonable standard of health care provisionfor large scale industries and somewhat less availability formedium and small scale industries. Health education of boththe employers of labour, and the employees and the enforcementof existing laws are needed to improve the existing standardof occupational health services.     

Les cellules endothéliales du tissu adipeux

The adipose tissue plays a major role in energy homeostasis through the storage and release of fatty acids as well as adipokine production. The endothelial cells of the adipose tissue vascular network constitute a barrier between the blood and the adipocyte compartments. They are key players in the metabolic status of the fat mass controlling the exchanges of nutrients, hormones, oxygen and immune-inflammatory cells. Recent data highlight the process of lipid handling at the endothelial cell surface and of the transendothelial transit of fatty acids. The extension of the vascular network and its functionality are necessary for the adipose tissue integrity. Insufficient oxygen supply generates hypoxic area within the tissue that favors metabolic abnormalities and the recruitment of immuno-inflammatory cells. The present review relates to the role of adipose tissue endothelial cells in the adipose tissue physiology. Their involvement and more particularly the role of accelerated ageing, in the link between obesity and associated metabolic and cardiovascular pathologies are described.     

镉对大鼠胰脏的毒作用

目的探讨镉对内分泌和外分泌功能的影响。方法将96只SD大鼠分为4组,分别为对照组和50、100、200mg/LCdCl2染毒组,饮水染毒30、60、90d。测定不同染毒时间大鼠血糖、尿糖、血胰岛素、淀粉酶的改变及血液中金属含量的改变;测定尿N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG);并测定了胰脏组织中金属的含量以及胰脏金属硫蛋白基因、胰岛素基因和淀粉酶基因的表达情况。结果染毒组大鼠血糖水平在染毒90d的中、高剂量组有明显增加,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),中剂量组血糖平均值为5.83mmol/L,高剂量组为6.46mmol/L;发现尿糖水平的增高先于尿NAG的增高。各剂量组大鼠血液和胰脏中镉的含量明显增加。在染毒90d中、高剂量组血锌含量降低。在染毒30d的中、高剂量组血液中胰岛素水平明显降低,而血淀粉酶改变不明显。在染毒90d的中、高剂量组胰脏组织中锌的含量明显增加。胰脏中金属硫蛋白基因表达均有不同程度的增加;胰岛素基因的表达除染毒60d中剂量组明显降低外,其他各组差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。而胰淀粉酶的基因表达在染毒60d和90d的中、高剂量组均明显增高。结论镉可以在胰脏组织蓄积,引起组织中必需元素锌水平的改变,导致基因和蛋白表达的改变,进一步引起胰脏内、外分泌功能的改变。     

脑卒中亲属防治知识知晓现状调查

目的 脑卒中是危害人类健康的主要疾病，其治疗目前还没有十分可靠的方法，但人群的防治知识水平直接影响着其发病率和治疗效果，为此，对脑卒中亲属的防治知识知晓现状进行了调查，并提出了改进措施。方法 选取4所不同级别的医院，对陪同前来就诊住院患者的亲属进行“脑卒中知晓”调查，调查采用答卷或提问的方式，当场独立完成，调查资料使用显著性检验进行统计学处理。结果 调查发现脑卒中患者的亲属对脑卒中的危险因素，早期症状和需紧急治疗认识不足，其知晓率同年龄、职业、文化程度、医院级别、被调查者同患者的关系等均密切相关，经统计学处理有显著意义。结论 脑卒中患者亲属的“脑卒中知晓”程度和健康教育密切相关。因此加强健康教育，是搞好脑卒中防治的重要措施。     

运动对男性生殖影响的研究进展

运动对男性生殖的作用具有双重性，即合理运动有益于生殖内分泌，超负荷运动却常会损害男性的生育力。合理运动量的体能锻炼，卵泡刺激素（FSH）水平相比锻炼前上升，黄体生成激素（LH）和睾酮（T）水平显著上升；改善睾丸局部微环境，还改变生殖细胞的表观遗传修饰，有利于后代健康。超负荷运动则使睾丸微环境的温度显著上升，热应激可损伤精子的结构和功能并最终导致男性生育力下降；超负荷运动还抑制促性腺激素释放激素（GnRH）神经元和垂体功能，干扰生殖激素分泌。此外，运动还使精子DNA CpG岛相关基因发生明显的去甲基化，影响微小RNA（miRNA）表达水平，影响表观遗传。综述运动对男性生殖的影响及其机制。     

Optimizing energy for a ‘green’ vaccine supply chain

This paper describes an approach piloted in the Kasserine region of Tunisia to increase the energy efficiency of the distribution of vaccines and temperature sensitive drugs. The objectives of an approach, known as the ‘net zero energy’ (NZE) supply chain were demonstrated within the first year of operation. The existing distribution system was modified to store vaccines and medicines in the same buildings and to transport them according to pre-scheduled and optimized delivery circuits. Electric utility vehicles, dedicated to the integrated delivery of vaccines and medicines, improved the regularity and reliability of the supply chains. Solar energy, linked to the electricity grid at regional and district stores, supplied over 100% of consumption meeting all energy needs for storage, cooling and transportation. Significant benefits to the quality and costs of distribution were demonstrated. Supply trips were scheduled, integrated and reliable, energy consumption was reduced, the recurrent cost of electricity was eliminated and the release of carbon to the atmosphere was reduced. Although the initial capital cost of scaling up implementation of NZE remain high today, commercial forecasts predict cost reduction for solar energy and electric vehicles that may permit a step-wise implementation over the next 7–10 years.Efficiency in the use of energy and in the deployment of transport is already a critical component of distribution logistics in both private and public sectors of industrialized countries. The NZE approach has an intensified rationale in countries where energy costs threaten the maintenance of public health services in areas of low population density. In these countries where the mobility of health personnel and timely arrival of supplies is at risk, NZE has the potential to reduce energy costs and release recurrent budget to other needs of service delivery while also improving the supply chain.     

白藜芦醇抗骨质疏松的研究机制进展

骨质疏松是一种随着年龄增长或病态而骨质不断流失、骨微结构不断恶化且易致骨折的全身代谢性疾病。随着人口的老龄化,全世界的发病率都在持续上升,这严重的影响了老年人群的健康和生活质量。白藜芦醇具有雌激素样作用且在骨骼中具有多向靶点,能促进骨髓间充质干细胞成骨分化、增加成骨细胞增殖生长及抑制破骨细胞,白藜芦醇治疗骨质疏松的研究日益增多并有一定的进展。本文将对近年来白藜芦醇防治骨质疏松症的研究进展作一综述。     

Political violence and mental health: A multi-disciplinary review of the literature on Nepal

Implementation of current international consensus guidelines regarding mental health and psychosocial support in emergencies requires the consideration of findings from both the medical and social sciences. This paper presents a multi-disciplinary review of reported findings regarding the relations between political violence, mental health and psychosocial wellbeing in Nepal. A systematic search of six databases resulted in the identification of 572 studies, of which 44 were included in the review. These studies investigated the influence of political violence on contextual variables that shape mental health and psychosocial wellbeing, and examined psychological distress and mental disorders in the context of political violence. The majority of studies addressed the mental health of Bhutanese refugees in Nepal and the impact of the Maoist People's War. Based upon these results from Nepal, we discuss a number of issues of concern to international researchers and practitioners and present policy and research recommendations. Specifically, we consider (a) the need for longitudinal multi-disciplinary research into protective and risk factors, including agency, of psychological distress and mental disorders in situations of political violence, (b) the continuing controversy regarding the PTSD construct, and (c) the lack of robust findings regarding the effectiveness of mental health and psychosocial support.     

医疗事故处理中的法学思考

国务院《医疗事故处理条例》的正式颁布是我国医学法制建设的一件大事，具有重要的意义。《条例》对医疗事故的概念及级别进行了更具体、公正、合理的定义，使之更符合法学的意义和范围。作者参比《民法》、《民事诉讼法》、《消费者权益保护法》、《刑法》等法律法规，用法学的观点分析《条例》对医疗事故的法学界定及法学度量标准。在此基础上对《条例》中一些重要的观点进行法学思考，进而提出完善医疗法律法规，建立处理医疗纠纷制约机制，拓宽医疗纠纷救济途径的建议和办法。     

Validity of the HSE stress tool: an investigation within four organizations by the Corporate Health and Performance Group

AIM: To examine the validity and accuracy of the HSE Management Standards Stress Tool. METHODS: A cross-sectional questionnaire was administered to employees of the occupational health and human resource departments of four of the Corporate Health and Performance Group organizations. The relationship between the six first-pass stress filter questions and self-rated health were examined using the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ12) and the Short Form. The relationship between the filter questions and objective work characteristics such as sickness absence, self-rated performance and job satisfaction was also examined. RESULTS: Two hundred and thirty-five employees participated, giving an overall response rate of 68%. The study sample met the proposed HSE of 85 and 65% pass rates and would not normally progress to further analysis. Almost 40% of the group were above threshold on the GHQ12; 19% rated their work as very or extremely stressful. While the filters were highly specific, they were insensitive and at best detected for less than 40% of those with psychological or work stress. All but one of the filters had less than 50% positive predictive value for work stress and the majority of those identified by the filters did not consider themselves stressed, either overall or by work. Five of the filter questions were significantly associated with self-rated performance, three with absence and two with other objective work indicators. CONCLUSIONS: Further developmental work on these filter questions is indicated. Use of work absence as a measure of the impact or 'cost' of stress may lead to a significant underestimation of the 'true cost' of psychosocial hazards in the workplace.