即刻及延期乳房再造方法的选择

目的回顾总结乳腺癌根治术后应用单纯假体植入、Becker可扩张假体植入和单蒂腹部横形腹直肌肌皮瓣（TRAM）移植、扩大背阔肌肌皮瓣（ELDF）移植乳房再造术的经验,探讨手术的适应证、方法和效果。方法自2002年7月至2005年10月,共67例患者进行了乳腺癌根治术后乳房再造术。即刻乳房再造56例：单纯假体植入38例、Becker可扩张假体植入16例、单蒂TRAM移植2例。延期乳房再造11例：单蒂TRAM移植6例、ELDF移植4例、Becker可扩张假体植入1例。结果手术效果满意,优良率超过90％。5例患者出现轻微并发症：皮瓣局灶性坏死2例,保留的乳头乳晕部分坏死1例,血清肿2例。结论单纯假体植入用于即刻乳房再造,适用于乳房较小、行保留皮肤的乳腺癌根治术后的患者,不宜用于延期乳房再造;可扩张假体植入即刻乳房再造适用于乳房较大或改良乳腺癌根治术的患者,同时可扩张假体植入延期乳房再造可用于皮肤、肌肉保留较好的乳腺癌根治患者;TRAM和ELDF皮瓣移植乳房再造是自体组织移植,其安全性高,可用于即刻和延期乳房再造。     

乳腺癌术后单蒂横行腹直肌肌皮瓣乳房再造

目的：探讨下腹部单蒂横行腹直肌肌皮瓣（Transverse Rectus Abdomials Myocataneous，TRAM）在乳腺癌术后乳房再造中的应用。方法：2004～2007年，对13例乳腺癌患者应用对侧单蒂TRAM皮瓣进行乳房再造，其中Ⅰ期再造7例，Ⅱ期再造6例，乳腺癌根治术后1例，乳腺癌改良根治术后12例。1例Ⅱ期进行乳头乳晕再造。9例供区下腹部应用涤纶补片加强腹壁预防腹壁软弱和腹壁疝形成。结果：2例Ⅱ期再造术后TRAM皮瓣小部分坏死，1例Ⅱ期再造术后TRAM皮瓣部分皮下脂肪硬结伴部分液化，1例对侧下腹壁轻度膨隆不适，无腹壁疝。结论：乳腺癌术后应用单蒂TRAM皮瓣乳房再造术是一种较为有效、简单和安全的方法，应用涤纶补片加强腹壁可以有效预防腹壁软弱和腹壁疝形成。     

乳房再造术的临床研究

目的 回顾总结了乳癌根治术后应用单纯假体植入、Becker可扩张假体植入和带蒂腹部横形腹直肌肌皮瓣(TRAM)移植、扩大的背阔肌肌皮瓣(ELDF)移植乳房再造术的经验,探讨手术的适应征、方法和效果.方法 16例行保留皮肤的乳癌根治术一期假体植入乳房再造;13例行Becker可扩张假体植入一期乳房再造;4例行单蒂下腹部横形腹直肌肌皮瓣(TRAM)移植乳房再造手术,其中2例为一期再造,另2例为二期再造.应用Becker可扩张假体行二期乳房再造1例.扩大背阔肌肌皮瓣(ELDF)移植二期乳房再造1例.结果 手术效果满意,优良率超过90%.3例病人出现轻微并发症,其中1例皮瓣局灶坏死,一例出现保留的乳头乳晕部分坏死,1例出现血清肿.结论 单纯假体植入适用于瘦小病人,对侧乳房小且没有明显下垂.优点是不增加额外瘢痕,术后恢复快;可扩张假体植入乳房再造适用于乳房大或改良乳癌根治术的患者,此法结合了单纯假体植入法和组织扩张术乳房再造术的优点;TRAM和ELDF皮瓣移植乳房再造的优点是自体组织移植,安全、手术效果好.     

乳房皮下切除与自体组织即刻乳房再造

目的探索乳房皮下切除与几种方法的乳房再造术，即腹直肌肌皮瓣或背阔肌肌皮瓣加乳房假体或局部皮瓣等即刻再造乳房的方法。方法选择乳腺导管内原位癌10例和巨大乳腺良性肿瘤5例，顺乳晕切口活检，病理检查确立诊断后，采用经乳腺切口行乳癌或巨大肿瘤的乳房皮下切除术，若乳癌或良性肿瘤体积较大，另于腋窝部加做顺腋下皱襞的附加切口，以便于取出切除的组织及切除乳腺的腋尾部，同时可以切取腋淋巴结行冰冻切片活检。然后，应用腹直肌肌皮瓣或背阔肌肌皮瓣加乳房假体或局部皮瓣即刻行再造乳房，充填乳房切除后的空间，仅以少量的肌皮瓣皮肤修复乳头、乳晕切除后的缺损，并在此转移皮瓣上再造乳头、乳晕。结果经过多专科协作共完成15例，随访结果良好，无肿瘤复发。此法再造的乳房易与健侧乳房对称，保留了原有乳房皮肤的良好感觉，外观形态自然，再造乳房瘢痕较少，且手术切口瘢痕隐蔽。结论在严格选择手术适应证防止乳腺癌复发的前提下，乳房皮下切除与即刻乳房再造法，对乳腺导管内原位癌和巨大乳腺良性肿瘤患者I期完成肿瘤切除和乳房再造术，具有积极有效的意义。     

乳癌术后不同乳房再造术式的临床应用

目的探讨适合乳癌术后各种乳房再造术式的适应证。方法对我院2003至2005年收治的44例、45只乳癌术后乳房再造的患者,根据不同情况分别采用扩张器/假体置入(5只)、背阔肌肌皮瓣 假体置入(13只)、背阔肌肌皮瓣(3只)、DIEP皮瓣(6只)、单蒂TRAM瓣(10只)及劈开的双蒂TRAM瓣(8只)等方法进行乳房再造,分析各手术方法的适应证。结果应用皮瓣乳房再造40只,皮瓣全部成活;1只应用扩张器/假体乳房再造术后,注射壶部表皮坏死;1只应用背阔肌 假体乳房再造术后半年出现假体破裂伴局部感染;1只应用DIEP乳房再造术后,出现皮瓣下积液;2只部分皮瓣坏死。术后随访3个月至半年,医生及患者对乳房形态均较满意。所有应用腹部皮瓣的患者均无腹壁疝发生。结论6种乳房再造技术基本满足了我国女性乳癌术后各个时期各种条件再造乳房的要求,整形外科技术的改进以及新材料的应用扩大了乳房再造的适应证。     

伴有剖腹产史的单蒂横行腹直肌肌皮瓣乳房再造术

目的 探讨伴有剖宫产史的单蒂横行腹直肌肌皮瓣乳房再造术的手术方法、临床可行性及应用技术.方法 对9例剖宫产后不同时间的乳腺癌患者,在乳腺癌仿根治术后,采用即刻转移对侧单蒂横行腹直肌肌皮瓣进行乳房再造手术,腹壁横梭形皮瓣的上切口位于脐上l～2 cm,下切口于下腹壁纵行切口瘢痕的中下1/3,切取以对侧腹直肌为单蒂的下腹壁皮瓣,转移至胸壁缺损部位,修整塑造乳房外形.结果 9例乳房再造术患者转移的单蒂横行腹直肌肌皮瓣完全成活,再造乳房形态自然,外形逼真,无皮瓣坏死发生.2例保留乳头者发生乳头缺血,部分坏死脱落后愈合.结论 单蒂横行腹直肌肌皮瓣乳房再造术,对于有剖宫产史的乳腺癌患者并非绝对禁忌证,在做好术前充分评估的基础上,可以安全选择应用.     

游离腹壁下深动脉穿支皮瓣一期重建乳房

目的　行乳癌改良根治术同时应用游离腹壁下深动脉穿支 (deepinferiorepigastricper forator,DIEP)皮瓣行一期乳房再造 ,以降低术后并发症的发生率。方法　 2 0 0 1年 12月～ 2 0 0 3年 1月对 12例患单侧乳癌的女性患者 ,在行乳癌改良根治术的同时用游离DIEP皮瓣行一期乳房再造 ,受区血管采用胸背动、静脉或胸廓内动、静脉。结果　本组 12例DIEP皮瓣中有 1例因为下腹部多条瘢痕 ,术后整块皮瓣坏死 ,其余 11例全部存活。 11例再造乳房和对侧乳房大小基本一致 ,术后无一例发生腹壁薄弱、腹部包块、腹壁疝等。结论　DIEP皮瓣是利用自体组织一期重建乳房合理可靠的新方法 ,较TRAM皮瓣 ,术后供区的并发症明显降低 ,康复快 ,但手术较复杂、时间较长 ,对外科技术的要求较高。     

乳癌术后的乳房再造

目的 探索乳癌根治术后3种不同乳房再造方法的最佳外观效果.方法 (1)乳癌切除Ⅱ期行扩大背阔肌肌皮瓣乳房再造.(2)乳癌切除即时腹直肌横行皮瓣乳房再造.(3)保留胸大肌乳癌切除,Ⅱ期乳房假体置入并行乳头、乳晕再造;对不保留胸大肌乳癌切除者,Ⅱ期皮肤扩张后乳房假体置入再造.结果 共计治疗12例,10例皮瓣全部成活,外观形态满意,优良率较高.2例不满意,其中1例扩张后,因局部皮肤皮下组织较薄,扩张程度不足,勉强置入140 ml乳房假体,外观形态明显偏小;另1例腹直肌肌皮瓣大部分坏死,经再次修复创面愈合,乳房再造失败.结论 乳房再造的方法选择得当,可使乳房形态更为自然.普通背阔肌皮瓣改用扩大的背阔肌皮瓣后,软组织量比前者增加1倍以上,使再造乳房与对侧相近.假体置入乳房成形后,Ⅱ期行单蒂乳头、乳晕再造,可给患者以心理和外观上的更多抚慰.     

乳腺癌术后横行腹直肌皮瓣乳房再造的适应证剖析

目的探讨乳腺癌术后下腹部横行腹直肌（transverse rectus abdominal myocutaneous,TRAM）皮瓣乳房再造术的适应证的选定,并进行临床剖析。方法对17例乳腺癌切除术后患者应用对侧单蒂TRAM皮瓣进行乳房再造,其中I期再造者7例,Ⅱ期再造10例,均为乳腺癌改良根治术后患者。9例Ⅱ期进行乳头、乳晕再造。12例供区下腹部应用涤纶补片加固腹壁以预防腹壁软弱和腹壁疝形成。由多学科诊疗小组对适应证选择,并进行总结和分析。结果17例经过5个月至6年的观察,2例Ⅱ期再造术后,TRAM皮瓣的皮肤发生小面积坏死,1例对侧下腹壁轻度膨隆,无腹壁疝,经过对症处理,17例均取得较好疗效。结论对于乳腺癌术后具有适应证的患者应用横行TRAM皮瓣乳房再造术是一种较为有效和安全的方法。严格选定适应证,是乳房再造成功的关键。     

应用下腹部横行腹直肌肌皮瓣的乳房再造

目的 安全应用下腹部横形腹直肌肌皮瓣（TRAM）进行乳房再造。方法 总结42例乳房再造的经验,详尽介绍了病例选择,皮瓣设计和手术方法。结果 应用TRAM再造乳房42例,其中即时再造25例,后期再造17例;单蒂TRAM35例,双蒂TRAM7例,单蒂中有7例附加血管吻合。2例术后腹部供区皮瓣部分坏死,2例TRAM部分坏死,1例双蒂皮瓣术后腹壁疝形成。结论 附加血管吻合或选用双蒂肌皮瓣,以及肌肉内分离是减少并发症的重要措施。     

几种乳房再造术的临床应用体会

目的：探讨乳腺癌根治术后应用单纯假体植入、可扩张假体植入和带蒂腹部横形腹直肌肌皮瓣（TRAM）移植乳房再造的适应证、手术方法、手术效果。方法：本组共24例病例。14例乳腺癌患者行保留皮肤的乳腺癌根治术，Ⅰ期行假体植入乳房再造；6例采用改良乳腺癌根治可扩张假体植入Ⅰ期乳房再造；4例接受单蒂下腹部横形腹直肌肌皮瓣（TRAM）移植乳房再造手术，其中2例为Ⅰ期再造，另2例为Ⅱ期乳房再造。结果：手术效果较满意，2例出现轻微并发症，其中1例皮瓣局灶坏死，另1例出现乳头乳晕部分坏死。结论：单纯假体植入适用于乳房小，没有明显下垂的瘦小病人。优点是不增加额外瘢痕，术后恢复快；可扩张假体植入乳房再造适用于乳房大或改良乳腺癌根治术的患者，此法结合了单纯假体植入法和组织扩张的优点：TRAM皮瓣移植乳房再造的优点是自体组织移植，安全、手术效果好。     

Immediate breast reconstruction with the transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flap after skin-sparing mastectomy

Immediate breast reconstruction with the transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous (TRAM) flap after skin-sparing mastectomy is becoming an increasingly performed procedure in patients with ductal carcinoma in situ, early invasive breast cancer, and prophylactic mastectomy. Through a periareolar approach, it is possible to remove the breast parenchyma along with the nipple areola complex, preserving almost all the original skin envelope and the inframmamary fold. The TRAM flap is used to recreate the volume and shape of the original breast. This technique has higher quality and easier reconstruction. The major disadvantages, extensive scar and donor site skin color mismatch, are reduced to a minimum level because the former is limited at the natural border of the nipple areola and the latter can be effectively concealed with proper nipple reconstruction. Thirty-one patients with a mean age of 39 years (range, 26-50 years) who had undergone unilateral or bilateral mastectomy for early breast cancer and immediate breast reconstruction with the pedicled TRAM flap were retrospectively reviewed. Requirements for the skin-sparing mastectomy technique include suitability of donor site tissue for autologous tissue, early breast cancer or ductal carcinoma in situ, and adequate size and shape matching of the contralateral breast. There was no observed local recur- rence during the follow-up period (mean, 20 months; range, 11-30 months). Complications at the recipient site include mastectomy skin flap partial necrosis in 2 patients and cellulitis of the transferred flap in 1 patient. No total or partial flap necrosis was observed. One patient developed abdominal bulging 1 month after the operation, during the administration of chemotherapy. All reconstruction was considered very satisfactory from an aesthetic perspective by the surgeon and the patient. The nicer aesthetic result with oncological safety is achieved with immediate breast reconstruction with the TRAM flap after skin-sparing mastectomy. The risk of local recurrence is not higher compared with more radical surgical techniques.     

Feasibility of postmastectomy radiation therapy after TRAM flap breast reconstruction

Background: Postoperative radiotherapy (PORT) has been shown to decrease locoregional failure rates in high-risk breast cancer patients following modified radical mastectomy. However, there had not been a study evaluating the effect of PORT in patients after transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous (TRAM) flap breast reconstruction. Therefore, we evaluated flap viability, cosmetic results, and locoregional recurrence in patients who underwent TRAM flap reconstruction and PORT. Methods: The charts of patients who had undergone modified radical mastectomy with TRAM flap reconstruction and PORT at our institution were reviewed. Patients were examined in the clinic and interviewed by telephone to evaluate their perceptions of the cosmetic result. Results: PORT was delivered to 19 patients with TRAM flaps (3 pedicled and 16 free flaps) between 1988 and 1994. There were no TRAM flap losses as a result of either surgical or radiotherapy complications. Two patients developed fat necrosis, one with a pedicled and one with a free TRAM flap. Patients with pedicled TRAM flaps noted more volume loss in the breast after radiation therapy. Eighty-four percent of patients felt their overall cosmetic result was excellent or good; only one patient reported a poor cosmetic result. Local control was achieved in three of the four patients who received PORT for local recurrence. There was only one local recurrence among the 14 patients who received PORT because they were at high risk of local recurrence. Conclusions: These results suggest that PORT can be given safely to high-risk patients following TRAM flap breast reconstruction with excellent cosmetic results and good locoregional control.     

乳腺癌切除术后乳房再造

目的 探讨乳腺癌切除术后乳房再造的方法及时间.方法 总结30例不符合保乳条件的乳腺癌病例,乳房切除术后假体置人乳房再造16例,下腹部横行腹直肌肌皮瓣(TRAM瓣)乳房再造10例,背阔肌肌皮瓣乳房再造4例.其中即刻乳房再造27例,延期乳房再造3例.结果 16例假体置入乳房再造术后外观评价均为良,未出现术后并发症.10例TRAM瓣乳房再造术后发生皮瓣部分坏死2例,腹壁疝1例,术后外观评价7例为良.2例为较好,1例为差.4例背阔肌肌皮瓣再造术后外观评价为良.结论 乳房再造术是乳腺癌综合治疗不可忽视一部分,对于有强烈的保乳愿望,而又不符合保乳条件的患者,乳房再造术是一种较好的选择.即刻乳房再造优于延迟乳房再造.乳房再造的方法选择要因人而异.局部晚期乳腺癌患者可以选择性进行即刻乳房再造术.     

An analysis of breast cancer surgery after free transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous (TRAM) flap reconstruction

BACKGROUND: Breast reconstruction is currently offered on a more routine basis to patients after mastectomy for breast cancer. This paper analyzes the outcomes of breast cancer surgery, and the results and effects of breast reconstruction using free TRAM flaps. METHODS: A retrospective review of 75 consecutive patients who had free transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous (TRAM) flap breast reconstruction after breast cancer surgery was performed. A total of 92 free TRAM flaps were performed on 75 patients in Victoria, British Columbia, from January 1992 to May 1999. Thirty-three patients (44%) underwent primary breast cancer surgery and an immediate reconstruction (7 bilateral and 27 unilateral) and 42 patients (56%) had delayed reconstruction (10 bilateral and 32 unilateral). RESULTS: Twenty- one patients (28%) had stage 0 disease, 20 (26.7%) had stage I disease, 17 (22.7%) had stage IIA disease, 12 (15%) had stage IIB disease, and 4 (5.3%) had stage IIIA disease. In 1 patient the stage of disease was unknown. The mean patient age was 49.4 years (range 33 to 73). Of the patients undergoing immediate reconstruction 3 had postoperative chemotherapy and 1 had postoperative radiotherapy. Three patients had combined chemoradiotherapy. In none of these cases was the adjuvant therapy delayed by the reconstructive surgery. Overall mean follow-up time from cancer diagnosis was 56.8 months and from the time of TRAM flap reconstruction, 36.7 months. To date, 5 recurrences have been detected (6.6%). Mean time between reconstruction and detection of recurrence was 22.8 months. Detection of recurrence was achieved clinically and was not impaired in any of the cases by the presence of the free flap. Patient satisfaction was assessed via a telephone survey, with 93% of patients pleased with the cosmetic results of their surgery. CONCLUSIONS: For those patients with breast cancer requiring mastectomy, free TRAM flap reconstruction is a safe, cosmetically acceptable surgical alternative that impairs neither effective breast cancer surgery nor detection of recurrent disease.     

The "banked" TRAM: a method to insure mastectomy skin-flap survival

BACKGROUND: Necrosis of the skin flaps after mastectomy can be a devastating complication following immediate breast reconstruction with a TRAM flap. Skin-flap loss compromises the aesthetic result and may necessitate revisional surgery. The authors wish to present a simple and effective method to insure mastectomy skin-flap survival. METHODS: Seven patients over the last 5 years were treated with immediate breast reconstruction with a TRAM flap after skin-sparing mastectomy and had evidence of skin-flap compromise intraoperatively. These patients had their TRAM flaps "banked" under the flaps and returned to the operating room within 72 hours for definitive debridement of the skin flaps, deepithelialization, and insetting of the TRAM. RESULTS: In all cases, there was 100% survival of the skin flaps after delayed insetting. There was no skin-flap loss. No patients required additional surgery for revision. CONCLUSIONS: The banked TRAM is a simple and effective method to insure mastectomy skin flap survival if there is a question of flap viability.     

Aesthetic modification for delayed autologous breast reconstruction: using a thoracodorsal flap to create a breast pocket.

Many patients still undergo delayed breast reconstruction. Although advances in transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous (TRAM) breast reconstruction have led to the achievement of a satisfactory shape, the aesthetic result is often marred by the obvious color and texture differences between the abdominal skin and the breast. After mobilizing the mastectomy flaps, the author raises a thoracodorsal flap, which creates a "breast pocket" that is filled with a deepithelialized TRAM flap. This technique has been used in three patients. The advantage of this technique is that it enables a better "aesthetic" reconstruction in that the color and texture of the breast skin is better than that obtained with the abdominal skin from the TRAM flap. The disadvantage of this technique is a slightly longer procedure and the presence of an extra scar.