综合性营养评估法在血液透析患者中的应用

我们采用反映营养状况的新方法———综合性营养评估法(GNA),探讨血透患者的营养状况。对象与方法1.对象:我院维持性血液透析患者57例,透析6个月以上,排除感染及其它活动性疾病。男36例,女21例,年龄(56.1±16.6)岁,透析时间(26.8±27.1)个月。2.方法:(1)实验室指标:包括Alb、前白蛋白(PA)、胆固醇(Ch)、BUN、Scr、转铁蛋白(TRF)、蛋白分解率(nPCR)、蛋白日摄入量(DPI)。(2)主观综合评估法(SGA)评定:根据近期体重变化、消化道症状、皮下脂肪厚度、肌肉消耗程度和水肿情况进行评分。(3)GNA评分:在SGA评分基础上加入实验室指标,依…     

血液透析患者营养不良与动脉粥样硬化的关系

目的 研究维持性血液透析患者营养不良与颈动脉粥样斑块发生率及颈动脉内膜中层厚度(CIMT)的关系.方法 选取同济大学附属东方医院血液透析中心行维持性血液透析治疗98例患者,将所有患者分为动脉粥样硬化组(AS组,52例)和非动脉粥样硬化组(N-AS组,46例),分析两组营养不良状况差异.并根据GNA评分结果,将患者分为营养良好组(54例)和营养不良组(44例),分析CIMT与各营养指标相关性.结果 AS组GNA营养不良发生率较N-AS组显著升高(P＜0.05);AS组与N-AS组相比HDL-C、Allb、PA、TRF、Scr、Kt/v、Lc、DPI水平显著降低,差别有统计学意义(P＜0.05);对营养不良组患者CIMT值与各营养指标进行多元线性回归分析,结果显示MHD患者CIMT与HDL-C、Alb、Scr、Lc、Kt/v、GNA评分密切相关(P＜0.05).结论 颈动脉内膜中层厚度(CIMT)的形成和发展与HDL-C、Alb、Scr、Lc、Kt/v、GNA评分密切相关.MHD患者动脉粥样硬化与营养不良密切相关.     

200例慢性肾脏疾病患者营养状况与病程进展的关系

目的探讨主观综合营养评估法（subjective global assessment of nutrition,SGA）评价慢性肾脏疾病（chronic kidney disease,CKD）2～4期患者营养状态并分析其与病程进展的关系。方法对200例CKD患者进行分组：①根据肾小球滤过率（estimated glomerular filtration rate,eG-FR）分为CKD2期组、3期组、4期组;②根据SGA评估分为营养正常组、轻一中度营养不良组和重度营养不良组;③根据病程进展分为进展1组、进展2组、进展3组。于随访第1天、第12个月、第24个月分别检测血红蛋白（hemoglobin,Hb）,白蛋白（albumin,Alb）,前白蛋白（prealbumin,PA）,血清钙（Ca）,血清磷（P）,分析CKD患者的营养状况与病程进展的关系。结果在随访第1天、第12个月、第24个月,CKD4期组与2期组Hb比较有显著性差异;4期组与3期组比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,但2期组与3期组比较无统计学差异;CKD2期组第1天与12个月Hb比较差异有统计学意义（P〈O．05）。CKD4期组随访第1天、第12个月、第24个月PA比较,均有统计学差异（P〈0．05）。在第1天、12个月,营养正常组、轻一中度营养不良组、重度营养不良组Alb组间比较,差异有统计学意义;轻一中度营养不良组随访第1天、第12个月、第24个月比较,均有统计学差异（P〈0．05）。重度营养不良组随访第1天、第12个月、第24个月PA比较,均有统计学差异（P〈0．05）。CKD患者不同营养状况与病程进展发生率差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,且重度营养不良患者进展3组发生率为92．6％。结论Alb可作为营养状况的评价指标之一。CKD患者PA随着肾功能下降及病程的延长而升高。重度营养不良对CKD患者病程进展影响较大,SGA评估CKD患者的营养状态具有一定临床参考价值。     

维持性血液透析患者三种营养状况评估方法的比较研究

目的：比较营养不良-炎症评分（MIS）、改良SGA（MQSGA）和血清白蛋白三种维持性血液透析（MHD）患者营养评估方法,为选择MHD患者营养评估方法提供依据。方法：选取我院血透中心行MHD3个月以上患者为研究对象,观察指标：（1）营养不良指标：MIS、MQSGA和血清白蛋白。（2）人体测量学指标：体重指数（BMI）、肱三头肌皮褶厚度（TSF）、上臂围（MAC）、上臂肌围（MAMC）等。（3）生化指标：血清白蛋白、转铁蛋白、总胆固醇、肌酐、铁蛋白。统计分析MIS、MQSGA和白蛋白与其他营养指标的相关性,并对所有患者追踪1年,分为住院组和未住院组,比较两组中MIS、MQSGA和白蛋白的差异,然后建立COX比例风险模型,分析这3个指标与MHD患者住院风险有无关系。结果：（1）MIS标准：118例MHD患者全部为营养不良占100%;MQSGA标准：营养不良占74.57%;白蛋白标准：营养不良占16.95%。（2）白蛋白、MQSGA和MIS与血液生化和人体测量指标呈现相关性（P〈0.05）,但是以MIS与其他营养指标的相关系数最大。（3）118例MHD患者中,住院组MIS和MQSGA均显著高于未住院组（P〈0.05）。（4）Cox风险比例模型显示MIS与患者住院风险有关。结论：MIS对营养不良的检出率最高,与其他营养评价指标的相关性更好,可以预测MHD患者的住院风险。     

腹膜透析患者慢性炎症状态与营养不良及心血管病的关系

目的 探讨腹膜透析患者慢性炎症状态与营养不良及心血管病的关系。方法 记录90例稳定的持续性不卧床腹膜透析(CAPD)患者的心血管并发症和透析处方。通过食谱调查计算平均每日每公斤体重的热卡(DEI)和蛋白质(DPI)。测定或计算营养指标:血白蛋白(Alb)、前白蛋白(PA)和转铁蛋白(TF)、瘦体重(LBM)、瘦体重％(LBM％)和标准化的氮出现率相当蛋白(nPNA)。进行主观综合性营养评估(SGA)。分别以Alb、PA、LBM％和SGA作为营养不良的判定标准,将本组患者分为营养良好和营养不良组。测定慢性炎症指标:血清白介素-6(IL-6),肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)和C-反应蛋白(CRP)。测定血清瘦素和血浆神经肽Y(NPY)水平。结果 本组CAPD患者的血IL-6为(17.17±27.72)pg/ml,TNF-α(34.21±25.92)pg/ml,均显著高于正常对照。血CRP(9.88±20.93)mg/L,有24例(26.67％)超过正常参考值(8 mg/L)。本组患者合并心绞痛、陈旧性心肌梗死(心梗)或慢性心力衰竭(心衰)者共55例(61.11％),其中仅并发心绞痛或陈旧心梗者、仅并发慢性心衰者或伴以上两种并发症者的血CRP均分别显著高于未合并以上心血管疾病者(P<0.05)。在各营养不良组,至少有一个慢性炎症指标的升高,且有显著性意义(P<0.01～0.05)。血CRP升高组较CRP正常组的DEI、DPI水平显著为低(P<0.0     

中药对血透患者营养不良-炎症综合征的影响

目的:研究中药对慢性肾衰竭维持性血透患者营养不良-炎症反应综合征(MICS)的影响.方法:MHD患者60例,随机分为治疗组和对照组各30例,治疗组在常规治疗中加入中药益气固肾液,对照组为常规血液透析液.观察治疗后患者血TNF-α、IL-6水平及营养指标(Alb、TF).结果:治疗组与对照组治疗后比较,血浆TNF-α水平明显下降(P＜0.05),各项营养指标BW、TSF、AMC以及Alb、TF均提高(P＜0.05).结论:中药益气固肾液能降低血浆TNF-α水平,提高BW、TSF、AMC以及Alb、TF水平,提示能改善维持性血透患者营养不良-炎症综合征.     

人体成分测量在血液透析患者营养状态评价中的运用价值

目的:评价人体成分测量在血液透析患者营养状态评估中的运用价值。方法:选择2017年02月～2018年10月间我院血液净化中心透析龄大于3个月的维持性血液透析(maintenance hemodialysis,MHD)患者196例,采用多频生物电阻抗法(bioelectric impedance analysis,BIA)进行人体成分测量,内容包括:体质量指数(BMI),体脂比,瘦体重(体重-脂肪重量),水过多(Over Hydration,OH),干瘦体重(瘦体重-OH),细胞外液与总体水之比(ECW/TBW),结合血清营养指标评价患者营养状态。结果:两两比较显示:对MHD患者营养不良判断的评价,人体成分测量中的干瘦体重指标明显优于瘦体重指标及血清中白蛋白(Alb),前白蛋白(PAB),转铁蛋白(Tf)、胆固醇(TC)对患者营养不良的判断(P0.01);瘦体重指标对患者营养不良的判断优于血清中白蛋白,前白蛋白,转铁蛋白、胆固醇对营养不良的判断(P0.01)。Spearman相关分析结果显示:人体成分测量中的干瘦体重与BMI、体脂百分比呈正相关(r=0.294及r=0.183,P均0.05),与患者年龄、ECW/TBW及OH值呈负相关(r=-0.215,r=-0.198及r=-0.447,P均0.05);Logistic回归分析显示:干瘦体重、年龄、OH值为MHD患者营养不良的独立危险因素。结论:生物电阻抗技术较血清学对MHD患者营养不良的评估具有无创、经济、灵活等优点,可用于MHD患者早期营养不良的判断及指导临床对患者营养不良进行干预。     

三种术前营养评价方法对消化道恶性肿瘤患者术后并发症预测价值比较

目的比较欧洲营养风险筛查2002（NRS2002）、微型营养评价法（MNA）和主观全面评价法（SGA）3种术前营养评估方法对消化道恶性肿瘤患者术后并发症的预测价值。方法前瞻性入组2012年1月至2013年6月间南华大学附属第一医院普通外科和肿瘤外科收治的235例消化道恶性肿瘤患者,其中食管癌31例,胃癌82例,结直肠癌122例。分别采用NRS2002、MNA和SGA3种营养评价方法进行术前营养评估,分别比较这3种方法筛选出的存在营养不良（营养风险）患者与营养正常（无营养风险）患者术后并发症发生率。结果按照SGA评分,235例消化道恶性肿瘤患者术前重度营养不良、中度营养不良和无营养不良者术后并发症发生率分别为40．5％（17／42）、25．3％（22／87）和14．2％（15／106）,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。按照iVINA评分,术前营养不良、潜在营养不良者和营养正常者术后并发症发生率分别为32．9％（23／70）、24．7％（18／73）和14．1％（13／92）,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。按照NRS2002评分,术前存在营养风险和无营养风险者术后并发症发生率分别为27．6％（27／98）和19．7％（27／137）,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。多因素逻辑回归分析证实,SGA评分和MNA评分均为术后并发症的独立预测因素（均P〈0．01）。SGA评分预测术后并发症的敏感性较MNA评分为高（90．7％比79．6％）,特异性相当（49．7％比50．8％）。结论SGA评分和MNA评分均能有效预测消化道恶性肿瘤患者术后并发症的发生情况;但相较之下,SGA的预测敏感性更高。术前制定营养支持方案时应重点参考SGA评估结果。     

肠外营养对维持性血液透析患者营养不良及微炎症状态的影响

目的研究静脉营养治疗是否可以通过逆转营养不良而改善维持性血液透析（MHD）患者的微炎症状态。方法采用营养不良-炎症评分（MIS）法对65例MHD患者进行评分，按照得分分为轻、中、重度营养不良，同时测定与营养不良相关的血生化指标以及血清C反应蛋白（CRP）和白细胞介素6（Ib6）水平，将患者随机分为肠外营养治疗组和对照组，治疗组每周3次在血液透析中给予肠外营养治疗（IDPN），共4周，治疗期结束后再次进行MIS评分及以上指标检测，对照组不接受IDPN治疗。结果治疗期末，治疗组中度和重度营养不良患者比例（17．14％和2．86％）与治疗前比较均显著下降；MIS评分下降[治疗前为（13．92±2．18）分，治疗后为（8．48±1．32）分，P〈0．05）]；血白蛋白、前白蛋白升高，铁代谢和贫血指标改善；治疗后CRP和IL-6均较治疗前显著下降，CRP治疗前为（6．82±2．71）mg／L，治疗后为（3．05±1．86）mg／L，治疗前后差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）；IL-6治疗前为（82．65±22．38）ng／L，治疗后为（33．19±12．50）ng／L，治疗前后差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论IDPN可改善MHD患者营养状况，减轻患者体内微炎症状态。     

血液透析病人的营养护理

营养不良是维持性血透病人常见并发症，约三分之一维持性血液透析患存在营养不良。这种营养不良主要是由于尿毒症或透析不充分引起的食欲下降，摄入不足，以及血透过程中营养物质流失和分解代谢增强等原因所致。目前认为营养不良可引起多种并发症，是严重影响病人生活质量，直接降低病人长期存活率的重要原因之一。因此，加强营养宣传，定期进行营养评估，指导营养治疗，已经成为透析中心医务工作不可或缺的重要工作。     

Prevalence of Protein-energy Wasting and Its Various Types in Iranian Hemodialysis Patients: A New Classification

Background: This study was designed to determine the prevalence of protein-energy wasting (PEW) and its various types in hemodialysis (HD) patients in Tehran, Iran. Methods: For this cross-sectional study, 291 HD patients were randomly selected. The nutritional status of the patients was determined by subjective global assessment (SGA) and their dietary intakes were assessed using a 4-day dietary recall. In addition, serum high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) was measured. Results: The prevalence of mild-to-moderate and severe PEW based on SGA was 60.5% and 1% in Tehran HD patients, respectively. The prevalence of various types of PEW in HD patients was 20.5% type I (inadequate energy or protein intake without inflammation), 65.5% type IIa (inadequate energy or protein intake with inflammation), and 14% type IIb (adequate energy and protein intake with inflammation). Of the total HD patients with no PEW based on SGA, about 3.5% had type 0 normal nutritional status (adequate energy and protein intake without inflammation), 34% had type I normal nutritional status (inadequate energy or protein intake without inflammation), 55.5% had type IIa normal nutritional status (inadequate energy or protein intake with inflammation), and 7% had type IIb normal nutritional status (adequate energy and protein intake with inflammation). Conclusion: PEW in Tehran HD patients is considerably prevalent and PEW type IIa is the most common type. In addition, HD patients with no PEW based on SGA should also be paid attention because they may be in the early stages of inadequate intake of energy and/or protein and inflammation.     

Assessment of nutritional status in hemodialysis patients using patient-generated subjective global assessment.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the scored Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA) as a nutrition assessment tool in hemodialysis patients. DESIGN: A cross-sectional observational study assessing the nutritional status of hemodialysis patients. SETTING: Private tertiary Australian hospital. SUBJECTS: Sixty patients, ages 63.9 +/- 16.2 years. INTERVENTION: Scored PG-SGA questionnaire, comparison of PG-SGA score > or =9 with subjective global assessment (SGA), albumin, corrected arm muscle area, and triceps skinfold. RESULTS: According to SGA, 80% of patients were well nourished and 20% of patients were malnourished. Patients classified as well nourished (SGA-A) attained a significantly lower median PG-SGA score compared with those rated as moderately malnourished or at risk of malnutrition (SGA-B). A PG-SGA score > or =9 had a sensitivity of 83% and a specificity of 92% at predicting SGA classification. There were significant correlations between the PG-SGA score and serum albumin, PG-SGA score, and percentage weight loss over the past 6 months. There was no association between PG-SGA score and body mass index or anthropometric measurements. CONCLUSION: The scored PG-SGA is an easy-to-use nutrition assessment tool that allows quick identification of malnutrition in hemodialysis patients.     

The impact of nutrition intervention on a reliable morbidity and mortality indicator: the hemodialysis-prognostic nutrition index.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of risk for hospitalization in hemodialysis (HD) patients and examine the impact of oral kilocalorie and protein supplementation in two Midwestern outpatient dialysis centers. DESIGN/SETTING: This was a prospective intervention study conducted at 2 outpatient dialysis centers in the Midwest. PATIENTS: The inclusion criteria for patients were (1) more than 18 years of age, (2) receiving HD 3 times per week, and (3) a functioning gastrointestinal tract. INTERVENTION: Patients who met study criteria and signed an informed consent form were screened using the hemodialysis prognostic nutrition index (HD-PNI) to determine risk for hospitalization. Patients determined to be at high risk (HD-PNI > or =0.8) were included in the treatment group, and patients at low risk did not receive the intervention. They followed their normal nutritional regimen. The intervention group received an oral supplement daily for 3 months. The team of the dietitian, patient, researcher, and physician determined the type of oral supplements based on patient needs and preferences. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Before and after HD-PNI, 24-hour recall and subjective global assessments (SGA) were conducted to assess risk for hospitalization, dietary intake, and nutritional status, respectively. RESULTS: A total of 117 patients were screened, with a total of 26 in the treatment group (high risk) and 91 in the low-risk group. Baseline SGA distribution was 23% for patients with low nutritional risk (group A), 64% for those with moderate nutritional risk (group B), and 13% for those with severe nutritional risk (group C). When the HD-PNI scores of the treatment group were analyzed using paired t-tests, significant differences were observed between pre- and post-HD-PNI mean scores, 1.92 +/- 1.16 and 1.42 +/- 1.59, (P <.05) respectively. When comparing the responders versus the nonresponders by the dependent and independent variables (pre- and post-HD-PNI, SGA, kilocalorie intake, diabetic status, and presence of hypertension) only post-HD-PNI score was significantly different (0.96 +/- 1.69 and 2.20 +/- 1.09, respectively). CONCLUSION: This study succeeded in showing that 22% of the hemodialysis patients in 2 Midwestern centers were at an increased risk for hospitalization. Furthermore, dietitian intervention with oral kilocalorie and protein supplements decreased the patients' hemodialysis prognostic nutrition index scores and thereby decreased the patients' risks for hospitalization.     

Is subjective global assessment a reliable measure of nutritional status in hemodialysis?

OBJECTIVE: Subjective global assessment (SGA) is recommended in US and European guidelines for the nutritional assessment of patients with end-stage renal failure (ESRF). SGA identifies patient groups with abnormal nutritional parameters, but may fail to identify patients with malnutrition as identified by other techniques, such as total body nitrogen. We sought to compare SGA with a composite nutritional score. METHODS: HD patients were assessed by SGA, anthropometry, 3-day food diary, serum albumin, Kt/V urea, and normalized protein catabolic rate (nPCR). A composite nutritional score was derived from SGA, body mass index, percent of reference weight, triceps skinfold, midarm muscle circumference, and serum albumin. RESULTS: In 72 HD patients an abnormal SGA identified a patient group with reduced midarm circumference, midarm muscle circumference and serum creatinine and an increased composite nutritional score. However, overlap of nutritional scores was considerable between the normal and abnormal SGA groups, suggesting that SGA misclassified a large number of subjects. Serum albumin correlated with C-reactive protein (r = -0.473, P <.0001), not nutritional status. The composite nutritional score correlated with all of its components except for serum albumin. CONCLUSIONS: SGA may not reliably identify hemodialysis patients with abnormal nutrition. Serum albumin is related to inflammation and not to nutrition status.     

Total-body nitrogen by neutron activation in maintenance dialysis

The nutritional status of 35 patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) was assessed by the traditional methods of dietary history and anthropometric measurements, and was compared with simultaneous measurements of dietary protein intake (DPI) calculated from urea generation rate and total-body nitrogen (TBN) assessment by prompt neutron activation analysis (PNAA). DPI as determined by dietary recall was significantly higher than calculated DPI (1.04 +/- 0.42 v 0.84 +/- 0.28 g/kg/d; P less than 0.001). Anthropometric measurements did not differ significantly from the predicted normal values for sex, height, and age. However, PNAA measurements of TBN demonstrated significant nitrogen depletion, being 88.2% of normal for males (P less than 0.001) and 87.5% of normal for females (P less than 0.002); TBN correlated significantly with DPI calculated from urea generation rate (P less than 0.05). Assessment of these 35 patients 17.5 +/- 4.4 months later, demonstrated that patients who died or suffered serious morbidity requiring transfer from CAPD (n = 10) had significantly lower TBN than those who remained on CAPD or underwent successful renal transplantation (n = 25): 80.0% v 93.2% of normal (P less than 0.01). No difference in anthropometric measurements was observed between the two groups of patients. Eleven patients on maintenance home or satellite hemodialysis underwent identical dietary, anthropometric, and TBN assessments and results were similar to those obtained in the CAPD population, although no correlation with calculated DPI and TBN was observed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

左卡尼汀及饮食干预对维持性血液透析患者营养不良的影响

目的探讨左卡尼汀及饮食干预对维持性血液透析患者营养状态的疗效。方法选择维持性血液透析营养不良患者30例,随机分对照组（A组）、饮食干预组（B组）和左卡尼汀组（c组）,每组10例;均给予每周3次血液透析治疗,B、C组患者给予饮食干预,C组每次血液透析后静脉注射左卡尼汀,连续观察12周,比如治疗前后体质量指数（BMI）、血总蛋白（TP）、白蛋白（Alb）、前白蛋白（PA）、血肌酐（SCr）、尿素氮（BUN）、总胆固醇（Tc）及甘油三酯（TG）的变化。结果A组各项指标治疗前后无显著差异（P〉0．05）;B组BMI、TP、Alb、PA、SCr、BUN、TC及TG在治疗前后有统计学差异（P〈0．05）;C组BMI、TP、Alb、PA、SCr及BUN治疗前后有统计学差异（P〈0．05）;C组BMI、TP、Alb、PA、SCr及BUN较B组升高更明显（P〈0．05）。结论通过充分的血液透析、饮食干预及左卡尼汀治疗能显著改善维持性血液透析患者的营养状态。     

Nutritional Profile and Inflammatory Status of Hemodialysis Patients

Background. Malnutrition and abnormal inflammatory markers are prominent features of the uremic syndrome, but associations and repercussions are somewhat controversial. Objective. To determine nutritional and clinical profile of hemodialysis patients, aiming at potential diagnostic recommendations for stable subjects with elevated C-reactive protein. Material and Method. Design: Prospective observational cross-sectional clinical study in a stable chronic hemodialysis population; Setting: Renal and Nutritional Service of a mid-size charity academic hospital; Patients: Subjects (n = 44) were analyzed concerning nutritional status and C-reactive protein. Some displayed acute infections (Group I, n = 9) and others did not (Group II, n = 35). Age was 47.0 ± 16.9 years with 63.6% males. Body mass index (BMI) was 22.2 ± 3.9 kg/m2, calorie intake was 1262 ± 601 kcal/day (20.7 ± 6.7 kcal/kg/day), and protein ingestion was 74.3 ± 16.6 g protein/day (1.2 g/kg/day); Intervention: No nutritional supplement or artificial modality of alimentation was employed in this series; Main outcome measures: Subjective global assessment and C-reactive protein. Results. Malnutrition estimated by subjective global assessment (SGA) was very common (>90%), despite acceptable BMI and serum albumin. C-reactive protein was moderately elevated in 40.9% and was positively associated with SGA and negatively with plasma proteins. Comorbidities were associated positively with extracellular water and negatively with reactance (bioimpedance). When infected versus non-infected cases were analyzed, 100% of the former displayed high CRP concentrations in contrast with 22.9% of remaining patients. Conclusions. 1) Malnutrition profile was rather unique, with relatively favorable objective findings (body mass index, serum albumin) and more deranged SGA; 2) Bioimpedance analysis suggested that phase angle could be used as an indicator of nutritional status; 3) C-reactive protein was negatively associated with plasma proteins; 4) Infected subjects, although few and displaying moderate clinical troubles, were responsible for most C-reactive protein determinations above 8 mg/L; 5) Investigation of occult infectious foci is advised in these circumstances.