外周血B淋巴细胞半套式PCR法扩增人抗体基因

目的用半套式PCR法，以一组人抗体重链和轻链引物直接从人外周血淋巴细胞中扩增人全套抗体基因片段．方法从不同人群外周血淋巴细胞中提取总RNA，经反转录后，以免疫球蛋白信号肽序列引物和家族特异性免疫球蛋白可变区基因引物，进行半套式PCR扩增人全套抗体基因片段．结果采用不同的引物进行重链、轻链Kappa和Lambda链的半套式PCR扩增，均能获得相应大小的PCR产物，其结果扩增率达到100％．结论在建立抗体基因文库时，半套式PCR法能进一步丰富扩增的抗体基因的多样性，可弥补由于转化效率不高而降低抗体库多样性的不足．     

天然人源IgG Fab噬菌体抗体库的构建及多样性分析

目的:构建天然人源IgGFab噬菌体抗体库并分析来源于健康人外周血B淋巴细胞的抗体基因可变区的多样性及优势选择。方法:以DNA重组技术从300名健康志愿者的外周血淋巴细胞中扩增出全套人抗体轻链及重链Fd基因,分别插入噬菌体载体pFabICN相应位置,构建天然人源免疫球蛋白G基因文库;进一步从抗体库中随机挑选克隆,获得重轻链基因进行核苷酸序列测定并利用IgBLAST数据库分析抗体基因可变区的同源家族。结果:从4×108库容的天然人源IgGFab噬菌体抗体库中随机挑选克隆,对其中32个轻链及重链Fd基因插入正确的克隆进行核苷酸序列测定和氨基酸序列的推算,获得29条彼此完全不同的Fd重链基因及轻链基因。以IgBLAST数据库比对分析显示29条重链基因的V区分别属于VH3(72.4%),VH1(10.3%),VH4(6.9%),VH5(6.9%)和VH7(3.4%)基因家族。29条轻链基因分别属于Vκ1(44.8%),Vκ2(15.4%),Vκ3(11.5%),Vκ4(23.1%)基因家族和Vλ1(11.5%)基因家族。结论:以300份健康人外周血淋巴细胞的抗体基因构建的天然人源IgGFab噬菌体抗体库基因多样性良好,重链VH3基因家族存在优势表达。     

外周血B淋巴细胞半套式PCR法扩增人抗体基因

目的用半套式PCR法,以一组人抗体重链和轻链引物直接从人外周血淋巴细胞中扩增人全套抗体基因片段.方法从不同人群外周血淋巴细胞中提取总RNA,经反转录后,以免疫球蛋白信号肽序列引物和家族特异性免疫球蛋白可变区基因引物,进行半套式PCR扩增人全套抗体基因片段.结果采用不同的引物进行重链、轻链Kappa和Lambda链的半套式PCR扩增,均能获得相应大小的PCR产物,其结果扩增率达到100%.结论在建立抗体基因文库时,半套式PCR法能进一步丰富扩增的抗体基因的多样性,可弥补由于转化效率不高而降低抗体库多样性的不足.     

利用人源化噬菌体抗体库筛选骨唾液酸蛋白的单链抗体

目的:从人源化噬菌体抗体库中筛选高亲和、特异结合人骨唾液酸蛋白(BsP)的人源可变区单链抗体(scFv).方法:采用噬菌体表面展示系统,以重组的BSP蛋白为包被抗原,从噬菌体可变区scFv中筛选特异性结合BSP的小分子scFv,经过3轮亲和富集筛选后,再用ELISA方法进一步鉴定与抗原BSP有特异结合活性的scFv阳性克隆,PCR扩增鉴定阳性克隆的插入轻、重链基因片段,并对阳性scFv分子测序和序列分析.结果:筛选得到的scFv片段可以特异地结合BSP蛋白,PCR扩增都得到了长为368 bp、527 bp和935bp的轻链、重链和轻链-连接片段-重链的基因片段,测序结果分析发现上述scFv片段在轻链有11处的氨基酸组成不同,在重链区域氨基酸组成则有3处不同.基因序列分析结果表明符合人源单链可变区抗体基因序列的结构特征.结论:利用噬菌体抗体库技术成功获得BSP蛋白的特异性人源单链可变区抗体.     

多样性人源天然噬菌体抗体库的构建及初步应用

目的:构建多样性良好的人源天然噬菌体抗体库。方法:从正常人外周血中分离淋巴细胞,以RT-PCR和半巢式PCR扩增重链可变区VH基因和轻链可变区VL基因,以重叠延伸PCR将VH、VL组装成scFv基因,并将其克隆入噬菌粒载体pCANTAB-5E中。以pCANTAB-5E电转化大肠杆菌TG1,构建人源天然噬菌体抗体库,测序分析抗体基因的家族信息和多样性,并用多种抗原对其进行筛选。结果:获得了库容为2×108的人源天然噬菌体抗体库。分别用5种抗原对其进行筛选,均可获得特异性噬菌体抗体的富集。结论:成功地构建了一个多样性良好的人源天然噬菌体抗体库,可用于制备具有应用前景的人源抗体。     

抗D二聚体的人源性噬菌体抗体库的构建

目的：应用噬菌体展示技术构建人源性抗D二聚体噬菌体抗体抗体组合文库。 方法： 从不同人群外周血淋巴细胞中提取总RNA，经反转录后，以免疫球蛋白信号肽序列引物和家族特异性免疫球蛋白可变区基因引物,进行半套式PCR扩增人全套抗体基因片段，并克隆于pComb3H载体，电转化大肠杆菌XL1-Blu，在辅助噬菌体的超感染下，构建噬菌体抗体组合文库。 结果： 采用不同的引物进行重链、轻链Kappa和Lambda链的半套式PCR扩增，均能获得相应大小的PCR产物，其结果扩增率达到100％。经4次电转化构建了库容为2.8×108的抗体库,轻、重链基因的重组率为46％，经辅助噬菌体的超感染，得到噬菌体滴度为4.1×1017PFU /L的人源性噬菌体抗体库。 结论： 成功构建了含抗D二聚体的人源性噬菌体抗体库，为进一步筛选抗D二聚体的Fab噬菌体抗体奠定了基础。     

人噬菌体抗体库中异常重组子的分析

目的 阐明在噬菌体抗体库技术中，选择适当限制性内切酶酶切位点的重要性，并介绍人抗体可变区胚系基因的限制酶谱。方法 从正常人外周血提取淋巴细胞总RNA，用RT－PCR扩增IgM和IgG1的Fd片段及κ链基因，重组型载体p3MH中构建噬菌体抗体库。以限制性内切酶消化及电泳分析所获重组克隆；用PCGENE软件分析人抗体可变区胚系基因的限制性内切酶谱。结果 在构建抗体库的过程中，发现高频率的异常重组子克隆。经序列分析证实，在人VH基因片段中，存在用于克隆轻链的Sac I 位点。对人全部功能性可变区胚系基因进行限制性内切酶谱分析，发现人VH等Ⅳ家族的11个成员均含有SacI位点，其它限制酶切位点在抗体可变区胚系基因中具有不同的出现率。结论 构建抗体库时，用于重组可变区基因的酶切位点，对库的构建具有重要的影响，因此，应对表达载体所用的限制性内切酶进行精心选择。现在比较广泛使用的pCOMB系统载体不利于良好性能抗体库的构建。     

构建预设CDR3基因噬菌体抗体库筛选抗人整合素ανβ3 mAb的人源化Fab

目的:构建预设CDR3基因的噬菌体抗体库,通过抗原表位导向选择方法筛选抗人整合素ανβ3单克隆抗体(mAb)人源化Fab。方法:将鼠mAbLCDR3重组到人轻链可变区文库中并与人/鼠嵌合重链Fd基因配对构建杂合噬菌体抗体库,用固相人整合素ανβ3抗原筛选人源化轻链基因。再用所获人轻链基因与移植有鼠mAbHCDR3的人重链Fd基因配对构建人源噬菌体抗体库,筛选人源化Fab。结果:分别构建了库容为2.1×106和2×107的杂合噬菌体抗体库和人源噬菌体抗体库,筛选到3株人源Fab克隆。经间接ELISA及竞争抑制ELISA证实,能特异结合整合素ανβ3抗原,其中人源D5株Fab克隆的基因序列表明,人轻链可变区基因属VKIII亚群,人重链可变区基因属VH1亚群。结论:利用噬菌体抗体库技术,成功地进行了鼠抗人整合素ανβ3mAbE10人源化的改造,为进一步临床应用奠定了基础。     

人源抗丙型肝炎病毒噬菌体抗体库的构建、筛选及表达

用常规RT PCR法 ,直接从 5名丙型肝炎患者外周血混合淋巴细胞中扩增抗体重链Fd基因和κ轻链基因 ,构建噬菌体抗体Fab库。对抗体库进行 5轮吸附 洗脱 扩增的亲和选择后 ,以ELISA法鉴定抗HCV噬菌体抗体。 5轮亲和选择使特异性噬菌体抗体得到高度富集 ,抗HCV噬菌体抗体阳性克隆达 96 %。对一阳性克隆在大肠杆菌中表达 ,经ELISA及Westernblot分析鉴定 ,证实成功表达出人源可溶性Fab。对抗体基因VH和VκDNA序列进行测定 ,证实所获基因为抗体可变区基因。抗HCV噬菌体抗体库的构建和人源抗HCV单克隆抗体Fab段的制备 ,为HCV感染的诊断、治疗和发病机制的研究提供有效的分子工具。     

米尔比霉素肟化物ScFv噬菌体展示抗体库的构建

目的构建具16元大环内酯共性结构小分子物质的特异性抗体库。方法免疫原MILO-BSA免疫小鼠后从脾细胞中提取总RNA,RT-PCR扩增得到全套抗体重链可变区基因(VH)及轻链可变区基因(VL),SOE-PCR将VH、VL片段拼接扩增得到单链抗体可变区基因片段(ScFv)。将ScFv基因克隆到噬菌粒载体pCANTAB5E中,电转化感受态大肠杆菌,辅助噬菌体超感染得到上清液即为噬菌体抗体库。结果RT-PCR扩增出长360bp左右的抗体重链可变区基因(VH)及340bp左右的轻链可变区基因(VL),SOE-PCR扩增得到750bp左右的ScFv基因片段,成功构建了库容量为2.4×106,滴度为2.0×1012pfu/mL的噬菌体单链抗体库。结论构建的抗体库目的片段连接率较高,多样性较好,为下一步16元大环内酯类小分子物质高特异性抗体的筛选奠了基础。     

Asymmetry of the internal connections of the striate cortex of the cat in the projection zone of the center of the field of vision

Studies were carried out on the organization of the internal connections of the striate cortex in cats in the projection zone of the center (0–5°) of the field of vision by microintophoretic application of horseradish peroxidase to electrophysiologically identified orientational columns. The area containing neurons showing retrograde labeling in most cases extended in the mediolateral direction. Labeled cells were located in the upper (II, III) and lower (V, VI) layers of the cortex, and the shapes and orientations of the areas containing labeled neurons in these layers coincided. Spatial asymmetry was detected in the distribution of labeled neurons relative to the orientational column studied. Labeled cells were located predominantly medial to the columns, regardless of the distance from the projection of the area centralis. Considering the visuotopical map of field 17, the asymmetry detected here provides evidence that neurons in orientational columns have more extensive connections with neurons of the peripheral part of the cortex. An asymmetrical distribution of “silent” zones around the receptive fields of neurons in orientational columns is suggested, and that these appear to receive influences from the periphery of the visual field. Laboratory of Visual Physiology and Laboratory of Central Nervous System Morphology, I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 6 Makarov Bank, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia. Translated from Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 82, No. 12, pp. 23–29, December, 1996.     

Effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on the behavior of the rat.

The effects of the lesion of the postcommissural part of the septum on behavior of the rat has been studied. Results may be summarized as follows. An increase in the exploratory behavior in the open field which decreases rapidly; a decrease in the number of defecations in this test and a decrease in time leaving a dark environment for exploration. In the shuttle box test, no facilitation of the acquisition, but a permanent and quite significant increase in the intertrial activity has been found. We conclude that the lesions tend to decrease the emotivity of the subjects. An interpretation on the basis of the species -- specific defensive reactions explains the transitory and permanent effects of the lesions on the spontaneous activity.     

The development of the ligament of the head of the femur

The hip joints of 30 human male and female fetuses and stillborns between 20 mm and 350 mm crown-rump length were studied by light microscopy. The ligament of the head of the femur developed in situ as a condensation of mesenchyme at the end of the second month of intra-uterine life (IUL), and was vascularized by branches of acetabular vessels early in the fourth month. In the majority of fetuses older than 5.5 months IUL, vessels in the ligament passed a short way into the femoral head within cartilage canals, to supply a small region around the fovea capitis. The remainder of the head was supplied by vessels in canals from around the upper part of the neck. The ligament changed from predominantly cellular to fibrous during the last 4 months of IUL. This increase in strength suggested significant mechanical functions in utero: limitation of adduction-flexion and opposition to postero-superior dislocation were the most likely.     

Counterpointing the functional role of the forebrain and of the brainstem in the control of the sleep-waking system

This paper reviews the lifetime contributions of the author to the field of sleep-wakefulness (S-W), reinterprets results of the early studies, and suggests new conclusions and perspectives. Long-term cats with mesencephalic transection show behavioral/polygraphic rapid eye movement sleep (REMS), including the typical oculo-pupillary behavior, even when the section is performed in kittens prior to S-W maturation. REMS can be induced as a reflex. Typical non-rapid eye movement S (NREMS) is absent and full W/arousal is present only after a precollicular section. The isolated forebrain (IF) rostral to the transection exhibits all features of W/arousal and NREMS [with electroencephalographic (EEG) spindles and delta waves], arousal to olfactory stimuli, and including the appropriate oculo-pupillary behaviors. These features also mature normally after neonatal transection. REMS is absent from the IF. After deprivation there is NREMS pressure and rebound in the IF, but the decerebrate cat only shows pressure for REMS. Most IF reactions to pharmacologic agents are within expectations, except for the tolerance/withdrawal effects of long-term morphine use which are absent. In contrast, these effects are supported by the brainstem (i.e. seen in the decerebrate cat). In cats with ablation of the telencephalon, or diencephalic cats, delta waves are absent in the thalamus. EEG thalamic spindle waves are seen triggering S for only 4-5 days after ablation. Therefore, true NREMS is absent in chronic diencephalic cats although pre- and postsomniac behaviors persist. These animals are hyperactive and show a pronounced, permanent insomnia; however, a low dose of barbiturate triggers a dramatic REMS/atypical NREMS rebound. Cats without the thalamus (athalamic cats), initially show a dissociation between behavioral hyperactivity/insomnia and the neocortical EEG, which for 15-20 days exhibits only delta and slower oscillations. Fast, low-voltage W rhythms appear later on, first during REMS, but spindle waves and S postures are absent from the start, such that these cats also display only atypical NREMS. Athalamic cats also show barbiturate-sensitive insomnia. Cats with ablation of the frontal cortices or the caudate nuclei remain permanently hyperactive. They also show a mild, but significant hyposomnia, which is permanent in afrontal cats, but lasts for about a month in acaudates. The polygraphic/behavioral features of their S-W states remain normal. We conclude and propose that: (a) the control of the S-W system is highly complex and distributed, but is organized hierarchically in a well-defined rostro-caudal manner; the rostral-most or highest level (telencephalon), is the most functionally complex/adaptative and regulates the lower levels; the diencephalic/basal forebrain, or middle level, has a pivotal role in inducing switching between S and W and in coordinating the lowest (brainstem) and highest levels; (b) W can occur independently in both the forebrain and brainstem, but true NREMS- and REMS-generating mechanisms exist exclusively in the forebrain and brainstem, respectively; (c) forebrain and brainstem S-W processes can operate independently from each other and are preprogrammed at birth; this helps understanding normal and abnormal polygraphic/behavioral dissociations in humans and normal dissociations/splitting in aquatic mammals; (d) NREMS homeostasis is present in the IF, but only REMS pressure after deprivation persists in the decerebrate cat; (e) the thalamus engages in both NREMS and W; (f) insomnia in diencephalic cats is the result of an imbalance between antagonistic W- and S-promoting cellular groups in the ventral brain (normally modulated by the telencephalon); (g) the EEG waves, which are signature for each S-W state, appear to truly drive the concomitant behaviors, e.g. a hypothetical human IF could alternate between behavioral NREMS and W/arousal/awareness; (h) a role for REMS is to keep the individual sleeping at the end of the self-limiting NREMS periods. The need for accelerating research on telencephaling NREMS periods. The need for accelerating research on telencephalic S-W processes and downstream control of the lower S-W system levels is emphasized.     

Topical organization of the projections of neurons of the substantia nigra and the ventral field of the tegmentum of the midbrain to the head of the caudate nucleus of the cat

Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology -     

Involvement of the striatum in the central regulation of the hormonal functions of the gonads

Studies reported here show that intrastriatal administration of corticoliberin to rats decreases the blood testosterone level. However, in conditions of chemical deficiency of dopaminergic transmission in the dorsal striatum induced by injection of 6-hydroxydopamine, the effect of this neurohormone did not appear. It is concluded that extrahypothalamic corticoliberin is involved in regulating the hormonal reproductive system acting via dopaminergic mechanisms. Translated from Rossiiskii Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 85, No. 4, pp. 594–597, April, 1999.     

Ultrastructure of the endothelium of the drainage system of the eye

The endothelium of the ocular drainage system (Schlemm’s canal, collector tubules, and aqueous veins) in primary juvenile glaucoma undergoes degenerative dystrophic changes with compensatory hypertrophy and proliferation at the initial stages of the glaucomatous process and atrophy and desquamation at advanced and terminal stages. Progressive decrease in the pinocytous function of endotheliocytes, reduction of the protein-synthesizing and mitochondrial compartments of the cytoplasm, and formation of autophagosomes reflect the process of endotheliocyte degeneration in general. __________ Translated from Byulleten’ Eksperimental’noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 145, No. 5, pp. 574–577, May, 2008