拇指对掌功能重建的临床应用

目的 评价尺侧腕伸肌-拇短伸肌腱移位术的临床疗效。方法 通过对20侧新鲜成人尸体上肢标本的应用解剖学研究，建立以尺侧腕伸肌为动力肌，拇短伸肌腱移位术的解剖模型，并观察到该肌腱移位后的走行和拇短展肌的走行基本一致，并有旋前功能。2004年2月-2005年1月，对6例拇指对掌功能丧失者，实施肌腱移位术重建拇指对掌功能。结果 术后随访3～12个月，拇指对掌功能满意。6例中优5例，良1例，优良率为100％。结论 尺侧腕伸肌-拇短伸肌腱移位术，手术方式简单，重建拇指对掌功能效果满意。     

重度虎口挛缩的改良修复

目的探讨重度虎口挛缩行虎口开大皮瓣修复术同时拇对掌功能重建的治疗效果。方法12例病人分别用食指近节背侧皮瓣、鼻烟窝皮瓣、前臂骨间背侧动脉逆行岛状皮瓣修复虎口，同时用环指指屈浅肌腱、尺侧伸腕肌腱 拇短伸肌腱、尺侧伸腕肌腱 掌长肌腱，行拇对掌功能重建，术后配合训练。结果12例病人皮瓣全部成活，经6～15个月随访，拇指内收得到彻底或部分矫正，对掌和抓握力获得了很好的恢复。结论重度虎口挛缩在行虎口开大皮瓣修复同时一期拇对掌功能重建，术后功能恢复好，操作技术容易，值得推广。     

拇短伸肌腱移位重建拇对掌功能的应用解剖和临床经验

目的研究拇短伸肌腱和桡侧腕屈肌腱纤维鞘管的解剖特点,寻找拇指对掌功能重建的方法.方法对24侧新鲜成人上肢标本,建立拇短伸肌腱、桡侧腕屈肌腱纤维鞘管的解剖模型.为8例拇指对掌功能障碍者,设计以桡侧腕屈肌腱纤维鞘管为滑车,行拇短伸肌腱移位、重建拇对掌功能术.结果拇短伸肌腱止点恒定,肌腹长度为[(85.67 ± 1.67) mm, ± s,下同],肌腱长(102.41 ± 1.65) mm.桡侧腕屈肌纤维鞘管长度为(13.76 ± 0.40) mm,宽度为(6.18 ± 0.16) mm,高度为(4.11 ± 0.18) mm.8例拇对掌功能重建者,按吉林大学中日联谊医院手外科制定的评定标准优4例,良2例,可2例.结论拇短伸肌腱位置恒定,长度、肌力足够,移位后其作用方向与拇短展肌作用方向一致.以桡侧腕屈肌腱纤维鞘管作滑车,用拇短伸肌腱移位重建拇对掌功能,是一种简便有效的手术方法.     

一期拇指对掌功能重建治疗重度腕管综合征

目的 介绍一期肌腱转位治疗重度腕管综合征的临床经验。方法 对7例（10侧）重度腕管综合征患者，在腕管切开减压的同时，一期采用尺侧腕伸肌为动力肌，拇长伸肌或拇短伸肌转位拇指对掌功能重建术。结果 术后随访2～13个月，平均6．6个月。术后桡侧3个半手指感觉均有明显的恢复，尺侧腕伸肌-拇长伸肌转位（6侧）：优5侧（占83％），良1侧（占17％）；尺侧腕伸肌-拇短伸肌转位（4侧）：优3侧（占75％），良1侧（占25％）。结论 对重度腕部正中神经压卡患者，在腕管松解的同时行拇指对掌功能重建术，术后能早期恢复拇指的运动功能。     

肌腱移位重建不可逆桡神经损伤的手功能

目的 总结探讨不可逆桡神经损伤后肌腱移位重建伸腕、伸指、伸拇功能的治疗效果.方法采用尺侧屈腕肌腱、旋前圆肌、掌长肌腱移位术重建不可逆桡神经损伤手功能13例,非手术治疗22例.结果手术组13例经3～36个月随访,术后疗效评定结果为:优8例,良5例,手功能恢复基本满意;对照组19例获5～64个月的随访,疗效评定:良1例,可...     

尺侧腕伸肌-拇短仲肌腱移位重建拇指对掌功能临床疗效分析

目的评价尺侧腕伸肌及拇短伸肌移位重建拇指对掌功能的临床疗效。方法回顾分析2003年以来，接受尺侧腕伸肌及拇短伸肌移位术重建拇指对掌功能的15例腕部正中神经不可逆损伤患者和5例正中神经合并尺神经损伤患者的随访结果。结果15例单纯正中神经不可逆损伤中，优11例，良4例，优良率100％；合并尺神经损伤的5例中，优3例，良1例，可1例，优良率80％。结论对腕部正中神经不可逆损伤，特别是合并尺神经损伤患者，尺侧腕伸肌及拇短伸肌移位术是一种理想的重建拇指对掌功能的手术方法，操作简单，效果好。     

尺侧腕伸肌联合拇短伸肌腱转移重建拇指对掌功能

目的评价尺侧腕伸肌联合拇短伸肌腱转移重建拇指对掌功能的临床疗效。方法 2006年3月-2009年8月,采用尺侧腕伸肌联合拇短伸肌腱转移重建20例单纯腕部正中神经损伤、15例正中神经合并尺神经损伤患者的拇指对掌功能。其中男25例,女10例;年龄20～53岁,平均33.5岁。致伤原因:锐器伤24例,钝器伤9例,热压伤2例。合并尺、桡骨远端骨折6例。患者均于伤后1～3 h行神经修复术,平均2 h。受伤至该次入院时间为6～14个月,平均7.5个月。35例患者除2例单纯正中神经损伤拇外展功能不完全消失、无对掌功能外,其余拇外展及主动对掌功能完全消失。结果术后切口均Ⅰ期愈合。患者均获随访,随访时间12～18个月,平均14个月。腕关节屈伸、拇指末节背伸活动正常。20例单纯正中神经损伤患者均恢复正常拇外展及对掌功能。15例合并尺神经损伤患者中,13例恢复正常对掌功能,2例对掌功能不全;拇外展功能均恢复良好。术后12个月,根据赵书强等拇指对掌功能评定标准,患者拇对掌功能测量值均在正常范围。结论对单纯正中神经损伤或合并尺神经损伤患者,尺侧腕伸肌联合拇短伸肌腱转移是一种操作简便且有效的手术方法。     

尺侧腕伸肌-拇短伸肌腱移位重建拇指对掌功能临床疗效分析

目的 评价尺侧腕伸肌及拇短仲肌移位重建拇指对掌功能的临床疗效.方法 回顾分析2003年以来,接受尺侧腕伸肌及拇短伸肌移位术重建拇指对掌功能的15例腕部正中神经不可逆损伤患者和5例正中神经合并尺神经损伤患者的随访结果.结果 15例单纯正中神经不可逆损伤中,优11例,良4例,优良率100%;合并尺神经损伤的5例中,优3例,良1例,可1例,优良率80%.结论 对腕部正中神经不可逆损伤,特别是合并尺神经损伤患者,尺侧腕伸肌及拇短伸肌移位术是一种理想的重建拇指对掌功能的手术方法,操作简单,效果好.     

伸腕、伸指和伸拇功能重建的手术图解

因桡神经不可逆损伤,造成伸腕、伸指、伸拇和拇指桡侧外展功能丧失,可用正中神经和尺神经支配的前臂屈肌移位重建其功能。修复的方式较多,至今在临床上被公认为是标准的、疗效最好的肌腱移位术,是1960年Boyes提出的肌腱移位组合方式:即用旋前圆肌移位修复桡侧腕长短伸肌,尺侧腕屈肌移位修复指总伸肌,掌长肌移位修复拇长伸肌的方式。1 适应证用正中神经、尺神经支配的前臂屈肌移位,修复伸腕、伸指和伸拇功能,主要用于桡神经不可逆     

劈开桡侧腕屈肌重建伸拇、伸指功能的初步探讨

目的 探讨将前臂桡侧腕屈肌劈开转位重建伸拇、伸指功能的可行性及临床效果.方法 沿桡侧腕屈肌中央肌腱向近心端纵行剖开,形成尺侧部分和肱侧部分同时重建伸拇、伸指功能.术后按照桡神经损伤肌腱移位术的疗效评定标准进行功能评定.结果 本组共3例患者,术后切口均Ⅰ期愈合,获随访12～36个月,疗效优者1例,良者2例,术后患者均未行肌腱松解,伸拇、伸指功能恢复良好.结论 按照骨骼肌"亚部化"的原则,将桡侧腕屈肌劈开后转位,并同时重建两个功能的缺失,与传统的复杂重建术式相比,这一技术的多能性和简易性具有更大的优势.     

A method of restoration of the abduction of the thumb in traumatic tetraplegic patients

A method of restoring extension and abduction of the thumb in traumatic tetraplegia is described. This method includes tenodesis of the abductor pollicis longus, transfer of the distal stump of the extensor pollicis brevis tendon to the flexor carpi radialis tendon, and transfer of the distal stump of the extensor pollicis longus tendon to the brachioradialis tendon. I performed this procedure on 6 hands in 5 patients and monitored each patient for 6 to 12 months. A significant increase in radial abduction of the thumb (0.5 +/- 0.2 cm to 2.8 +/- 0.2 cm) occurred in all hands.     

The extensor carpi radialis intermedius tendon

I examined 312 arms from 156 cadavers in the anatomy laboratory of Loma Linda University to find the incidence of the extensor carpi radialis intermedius tendon. I found 29 bodies (12%) that had a good extensor carpi radialis intermedius. In 17 of these 29 bodies, an extra tendon was found bilaterally. Thirty-two extensor carpi radialis intermedius tendons were suitable for transfer operations, and seven were unacceptable. One must be careful to differentiate between a true extensor carpi radialis intermedius tendon and accessory tendinous bands. The relatively high incidence rate and percentage of tendons suitable for transfer operations make this tendon potentially valuable in treating severe quadriplegia with tendon transfers. It can be used successfully for thumb opposition, to motor the flexor pollicis longus, or as a motor for the extensor pollicis longus of the thumb.     

Reconstruction of the thumb in tetraplegia following spinal cord injury

Functional positioning of the thumb is paramount to the restoration of lateral pinch to the hands in patients with tetraplegia as the result of spinal cord injury. Useful lateral pinch can be provided to patients with at least wrist extension control preserved by use of a combination of flexor pollicis longus tenodesis or transfer and carpometacarpal and inter phalangeal joint stabilization. In patients who retain function in the brachioradialis, extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis, pronator teres, and flexor carpi radialis, strong grasp as well as effective lateral pinch can be restored to the hand by surgery. Thumb control for flexion and extension is provided by tendon transfer to the flexor pollicis longus and tenodesis or transfer to the extensor pollicis longus. Proper positioning for lateral pinch can be accomplished by either arthrodesis of the first metacarpal-trapezial joint or tendon transfer to restore adduction-opposition to the thumb. The surgical concepts presented in this paper have been applied to the functional reconstruction of the hands of more than 50 patients with spinal cord injury during the last 15 years. The patients have been pleased with the significant improvement in function, strength, and speed that has resulted from surgery and have been cooperative advocates as the alternate methods of thumb control have been evaluated.     

Restoration of pinch in intrinsic muscles of the hand

The primary intrinsic muscles responsible for key and tip pinch are the adductor pollicis, first dorsal interosseous and flexor pollicis brevis muscles. Numerous conditions can lead to their dysfunction. Non-operative treatment consists of exercises of the compensating extensor pollicis longus and flexor pollicis longus muscles and use of adaptive devices, such as larger grips. Operative treatments include tendon transfers and joint fusions. The most common tendon transfer procedures include transfering of the extensor carpi radialis brevis to the adductor pollicis muscle or transfering of the abductor pollicis longus to the first dorsal interosseous muscle. Both require use of extension tendon grafts. In cases of joint instability or arthrosis, arthrodesis of the thumb and index finger MP or IP joints, alone or in combination, may be indicated.     

A new modification of trapeziectomy and soft tissue interposition arthroplasty with abductor pollicis longus advancement

A new modification of trapeziectomy, soft-tissue interposition arthroplasty with a one-half slip of the flexor carpi radialis tendon and advancement of the abductor pollicis longus tendon for treatment of thumb carpometacarpal degenerative arthritis and instability is presented. This procedure facilitates tenodesis of the flexor carpi radialis slip at the first metacarpal and realigns and rebalances the thumb posture by using and advancing the abductor pollicis longus tendon. Therefore, this new modification eliminates the need for perioperative pin fixation of the first metacarpal, offers better soft tissue tenodesis of the ligament reconstruction component of the procedure, and results in improved intraoperative thumb alignment.     

Extensor pollicis brevis tendon can hyperextend thumb interphalangeal joint in absence of extensor pollicis longus:Case report and review of the literature

We are reporting a case of extensor pollicis longus tendon rupture which did not require tendon transfer owing to the ability of the intact extensor pollicis brevis(EPB) to fully hyperextend the thumb interphalangeal joint. The thumb metacarpophalangeal joint was also able to be fully actively extended by the EPB. Previous anatomical studies have demonstrated that the insertional anatomy of the EPB tendon is highly variable and sometimes inserts onto the extensor hood and distal phalanx, which is likely the mechanism by which our patient was able to fully extend the thumb interphalangeal joint. Despite the potential for the EPB to extend the IP joint of the thumb, virtually all previously reported cases of extensor pollicis longus(EPL) tendon rupture had deficits of thumb IP extension requiring tendon transfer. This case highlights the potential ability of the EPB tendon to completely substitute for the function of the EPL tendon in providing thumb IP joint extension.     

Upper-limb surgery for tetraplegia.

We reviewed the results of reconstruction of 97 upper limbs in a consecutive series of 57 tetraplegic patients, treated from 1982 to 1990. Of these, 49 had functional and eight had cosmetic reconstructions. The principal functional objectives were to provide active elbow extension, hook grip, and key pinch. Elbow extension was provided in 34 limbs, using deltoid-to-triceps transfer. Hook grip was provided in 58 limbs, mostly using extensor carpi radialis longus to flexor pollicis longus transfer, and key pinch in 68, mostly using brachioradialis to flexor pollicis longus transfer. Many other procedures were employed. At an average follow-up of 37 months, 70% had good or excellent subjective results, and objective measurements of function compared favourably with other series. Revisions were required for 11 active transfers and three tenodeses, while complications included rupture of anastomoses and problems with thumb interphalangeal joint stabilisation and wound healing. We report a reliable clinical method for differentiating between the activity of extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis and describe a successful new split flexor pollicis longus tenodesis for stabilising the thumb interphalangeal joint. Bilateral simultaneous surgery gave generally better results than did unilateral surgery.     

Biomechanical evaluation of thumb opposition transfer insertion sites

The optimal location for insertion of the transferred tendon in opposition transfer is controversial. The purpose of this study was to examine 4 commonly used insertion sites into the thumb and determine which maximizes thumb opposition. The flexor digitorum superficialis of the ring finger was used as a donor tendon and was attached in random order to the abductor pollicis brevis (APB) tendon, the APB and extensor pollicis longus, the flexor pollicis brevis (FPB) and dorsal radial extensor hood, and the ulnar extensor hood at the base of the proximal phalanx. As normal opposition was simulated, the minimum distance between the thumb and little finger and the pinch force were measured. The FPB and radial dorsal extensor hood site resulted in the statistically highest pinch force. The FPB and radial dorsal extensor hood and the APB sites had statistically smaller minimum distances between the thumb and little finger than the ulnar extensor hood site. A subjective evaluation of the 3-dimensional thumb path of motion revealed that the FPB and radial dorsal extensor hood site and the APB insertion site allowed the closest approximation of normal thumb opposition. This biomechanical study supports the use of the FPB and radial dorsal extensor hood insertion site or APB insertion site for opposition transfers.