大中专医学生开展农村艾滋病健康教育的效果探讨

目的调查大中专医学生到农村开展艾滋病健康教育的效果，论证将大中专医学生培养成农村艾滋病健康教育主体的可行性。方法采取普查方法，以某医学高等专科学校2006年在校大中专学生为研究对象，对其进行艾滋病社区健康教育知识和技能的培训，组织医学生利用假期下农村开展艾滋病健康教育，并开展农村居民艾滋病相关知识和态度问卷调查，了解其对农村开展艾滋病健康教育效果。结果经过医学生开展农村艾滋病健康教育，农村居民的艾滋病相关知识正答率由24．4％提高到89．3％，认为应允许艾滋病感染者和病人继续工作和学习的人数由22．4％提高到90．5％，表示愿意与患艾滋病亲友交往的人数由64．7％提高到90．8％，差别均具有高度统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论组织医学生利用假期下农村开展艾滋病健康教育，能明显改善农民的艾滋病相关知识和态度，大中专医学生可培养成农村艾滋病健康教育的主体。     

医学生艾滋病职业暴露知识及其影响因素调查

目的了解医学生艾滋病相关职业暴露知识、信念和行为的状况,为针对性的开展艾滋病防治教育提供科学依据。方法 2018年,以1所医学高等专科学校医学生为研究对象,采用自行设计的问卷对艾滋病职业暴露知识、职业防治知识及教育需求状况、毕业后从业意愿等进行调查。采用多因素Logistics回归法分析影响医学生从事艾滋病防治职业意愿的影响因素。结果共调查392名学生。艾滋病防治知识平均得分为76.25±4.28分,临床医学专业学生得分最高(83.03±6.75分),药学专业最低(72.05±4.72分)。临床医学、护理学、口腔医学和医学检验专业学生的得分均明显高于药学和医学影像专业学生,差异有统计学意义(P 0.05)。不同年级医学生对艾滋病防治知识得分差异有统计学意义(P 0.05),年级越高,平均得分越高。对艾滋病传播途径回答正确率较高,而对非传播途径的回答正确率较低。回答正确率最高的是职业暴露后的正确处理流程(26.28%),正确率最低的是职业暴露分级,仅为7.14%。职业防治知识回答正确率最高的是接触艾滋病患者的血液和体液需做好个人防护,为81.63%;回答正确率最低的是接触艾滋病患者都应该预防性服用药物(50.00%)。仅有11.7%的医学生愿意从事艾滋病防治工作,男性、艾滋病传播途径知识得分越高、职业暴露和职业防治知识得分越高的医学生越乐意从事艾滋病防治工作。结论医学生艾滋病职业暴露及职业防治知识总体较低,应加强艾滋病职业暴露知识和防治知识的教育。     

河池学院师生艾滋病健康教育干预前后对比分析

目的通过调查，了解河池学院师生对艾滋病的认知、预防知识、态度及健康教育干预效果，为制定该院预防艾滋病健康教育实施方案提供依据。方法采用整群抽样法分别抽取学院中专生、大专生及教师共计1842人，进行艾滋病健康教育干预前后的调查。结果师生对艾滋病相关知识回答正确率，干预前后比较，中专生由64％提高到91．5％，大专生由64．3％提高到92．3％、教师由80．1％提高到97．4％。所测项目差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05或P〈0．01），与学历、年龄有关，号性别、专业无关。结论学生对艾滋病知识认知尚不够全面深入，健康教育亟待加强。     

医学中等专科学校学生艾滋病/性病认知及性行为调查

目的 了解医学中等专科学校学生艾滋病/性病的认知及性行为,为学校健康教育提供依据.方法 采用自填式问卷调查昆明某医学中等专科学校学生艾滋病/性病认知及婚前性行为现状.结果 该校学生对艾滋病的3种传播途径有所了解,回答正确率女生高于男生.性病知识知晓程度低;性行为情况:4.3%学生自我报告曾经有性行为(男生7.1%,女生2.7%);对婚前性行为持肯定态度的男女生分别为21.4%和2.0%,差异有显著性.结论 医学生艾滋病/性病知识缺乏,婚前性行为发生率高,需要对医学生开展科学的性健康教育.     

实习护生艾滋病健康教育调查

目的调查某临床教学医院护理实习生艾滋病相关知识现状及对待艾滋病病人的态度,评价对护理实习生进行健康教育的效果。方法采用问卷抽样方法对132名进入临床的护理实习生进行艾滋病知识和态度的现况调查,并对其运用传统授课方式进行艾滋病知识和技能的培训,对培训前后问卷结果进行统计分析。结果护理实习生培训前对职业感染、不可能传播HIV的途径等知识回答正确率低,培训后正确率增加,培训前后艾滋病相关知识的正确回答率差异有统计学意义。大部分护理实习生表示同情和支持艾滋病病人,但对AIDS患者的态度因其感染途径不同而存在较大差异,培训前后对待艾滋病患者的态度差异无统计学意义。结论培训前后护理实习生艾滋病相关知识正确回答率差异有统计学意义,对护理实习生开展艾滋病健康教育效果明显。培训后护理实习生对艾滋病病毒感染者的恐惧程度明显降低,但仍然难以消除对艾滋病病毒感染者和艾滋病病人的歧视。说明对态度的干预是一项复杂的工程,传统授课可能难以取得明显效果。     

株洲市某校医学生艾滋病知识和态度的现况调查

目的调查株洲市医学生的艾滋病相关知识和态度的现状,为制定医学生艾滋病健康教育对策提供依据。方法以株洲市某医学专科学校的在校学生为对象,采取普查方法,进行艾滋病知识和态度的现况调查。结果株洲市医学生的艾滋病相关知识因专业、年级、学历层次不同而异,差别具有高度统计学意义(P<0.01),但未发现性别差异;有近半数的医学生对待艾滋病的态度有待改善。结论医学院校应在新生入学时即开展艾滋病健康教育,并督促学生利用假期回基层开展艾滋病健康教育。     

医学生有关艾滋病知识、态度的调查

为了解医学生有关艾滋病的知识、态度,1997年调查青岛医学院311名1～4年级医学本科生.用单纯随机抽样,选择回答问题.大部分医学生艾滋病知识掌握较好,对艾滋病病人及艾滋病的健康教育态度正确,有关艾滋病知识的来源主要是医学书籍和传播媒介,但是比较完全了解艾滋病的主要临床表现的学生只占2.6%;部分医学生对艾滋病的传播途径认识不清,对艾滋病病人及艾滋病的健康教育态度不正确.因此,在医学院校有关专业的教学中应加强有关艾滋病知识的教育,培养医学生对艾滋病病人的正确态度.     

贵州省教育工作者预防艾滋病健康教育培训效果评价

目的了解贵州省教育工作者预防艾滋病知识健康教育培训效果,为加强贵州省预防艾滋病健康教育培训和宣传提出可行性建议。方法采用自填问卷方式,对贵州省320名教育工作者进行培训前后预防艾滋病知识和态度调查。结果贵州省教育工作者对艾滋病相关知识的正确了解在培训前后差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;艾滋病预防与治疗方面知识的正确认知率在培训前后差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）;培训后对艾滋病的关爱态度正向率与培训前比较差异有统计学意义。结论贵州省教育工作者在预防艾滋病知识和关爱态度方面通过培训后得到了较大的提高。政府部门在师资培训方面应加大投入并扩大培训面。     

莱芜市854名大中专学生对艾滋病的认知和态度

目的了解莱芜市大中专学生对艾滋病的认识情况和态度，为健康教育工作提供科学依据。方法用整群随机抽样法抽取莱芜市2所大中专院校学生854名进行问卷调查。结果大中专学生对艾滋病的认识，尤其是我国艾滋病的现状正确回答率偏低，对艾滋病的传播途径正确回答率较高，但对蚊虫叮咬及母婴之间能否传播缺乏全面正确认识，获得艾滋病有关知识的渠道以报纸，杂志，广播电视及互联网为主。结论应通过各种新闻媒体加强对艾滋病防治知识的宣传，学生群体存在艾滋病健康教育需求，有必要开展针对性健康教育，提高大中专学生对艾滋病知识的认识程度，使其树立同情、关心和善待艾滋病患者的意识。     

HIV课堂教学与AIDS健康教育对医学生的影响

目的探索医学生AIDS健康模式,为医学院校防治AIDS提供依据,为未来AIDS的防治培养生力军。方法选取抚州市某医学专科学校开设了《病原生物学和免疫学》课程的1243名学生,在HIV教学前后医学生对AIDS相关知识及对HIv感染者和AIDS病人态度、性观念进行问卷调查。结果HIV教学前后除性交时会使用安全套外,AIDS相关知识对HIV感染者和AIDS病人态度、性观念相比,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论医学院校课堂教学与AIDS健康教育结合有效地提高了医学生AIDS的相关知识,改善了对HIV感染者和AIDS病人态度．一定程度上改变了性观念．HIV课堂教学与AID6健康教育模式值得推广。     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

Changes in immune function in asthma in the elderly

Asthma is an inflammatory disorder of the airway. The airway inflammation of asthma is typically an allergic inflammation characterized by cells and mediators described as a "Th2" inflammatory response. There is a growing body of evidence describing changes in the function of immune cells upon aging, a phenomenon referred to as "immunosenescence". Several studies utilizing animal models and human subjects with asthma have begun to explore age-related effects on the airway inflammation in asthma. This review explores the existing data on the presence and effects of immunosenescence or age-related changes in immune function in asthma.     

Changes in Fatty Acid Composition in Beef in Italy

Results from a study conducted in Italy concerning the updating of composition data of beef consumed in Italy are reported here. The study required a very wide sampling plan with regard to both animals and cuts to analyse. Data related to lipid composition of the most widely used type of beef consumed in Italy (young bull, 16–22 months old) show a reduction in total lipid content (which, according to the cuts, ranges between 1.8 and 10.2%) and a substantial change in fatty acid composition, with a high % of polyunsaturated fatty acids (mean 20% of total fatty acids). Such data have been confirmed by other studies conducted in Italy, and are in contrast with data reported in the tables of food composition from other countries, reporting a fatty acid composition characterized by a high fatty acid saturation degree. The occurrence of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid is probably due to the high ratio of phospholipids: triglycerides, occurring when the content in intramuscular lipid is very low; to the young age of animals; to the reduced activity of the rumen, where saturation of fatty acids occurs. It may be concluded that a fatty acid composition, which is particularly rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, seems typical for Italian products.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.