诱导化疗和放疗综合治疗晚期鼻咽癌的前瞻性研究

目的：比较诱导化疗加放疗与单纯放疗治疗晚期鼻咽癌的疗效。方法：将78例Ⅲ、Ⅳa期鼻咽癌随机分为2组，每组39例。治疗组（A组）诱导化疗2个疗程后再行放疗（化疗方案：卡铂300mg/m^2,静脉滴注，第1天；5－Fu 500mg/m^2,静脉滴注，第1－3天；平阳霉素16mg/m^2,静脉滴注，第1天）；对照组（B组）单纯放疗。结果：诱导化疗后鼻咽癌病灶及颈淋巴结有效率（CR＋PR）分别为53．8％（21／39）、72．7％（24／33）。A、B组5年总生存率及无瘤生存率分别为43．6％、40．8％、38．4％、34．0％（P＞0．05）；远处转移率A、B组分别为38．5％；、41．0％；2组远期严重并发症发生率相近。结论：诱导化疗加放疗不能提高晚期鼻咽癌患者的生存率，也不能降低其远处转移率。     

胃癌术后早期腹腔热灌注化疗的临床观察

目的：探讨胃癌术后腹腔持续热灌注化疗的临床意义。方法：将78例胃癌术后患者随机分成治疗组和对照组。治疗组41例采用腹腔热灌注化疗联合静脉化疗，对照组37例只进行静脉化疗，比较2组的术后并发症、不良反应、局部复发率、远处转移率、1年和3年生存率。结果：2组的术后并发症及不良反应无统计学差异。治疗组的局部复发率21．95％、远处转移率17．07％，低于对照组的40．54％和37．83％，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。治疗组1年和3年生存率均分别为90．24％和68．29％，高于对照组的81．68％和48．64％，其中3年生存率2组之间差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论：胃癌术后早期腹腔热灌注化疗能显著降低局部复发率和远处转移率，并提高生存率，操作简便、安全性高。     

顺铂与多西紫杉醇同步放化疗治疗中陵期富颈癌64例疗效观察

目的探讨治疗中晚期宫颈癌同步放化疗的化疗药物选择。方法64例中晚期宫颈癌患者同步放化疗随机分成顺铂组（30例）及多西紫杉醇组（34例），两组在同样放疗的基础上，顺铂组同步给予顺铂40mg／m^2，每周1次，化疗6周；多西紫杉醇组同步给予多西紫杉醇25mg／m^2，每周1次，化疗6周。放疗方法：两组患者均采用^60Co全盆对穿两头照射野DT30Gr后，改为^60Co盆腔四野照射并后装治疗。观察两组的治疗效果和不良反应，并进行比较。结果外照射结束时两组的有效率分别为96．67％及100％，差异无显著性（P〉0．05），两组4年生存率分别为56．67％及73．52％，差异有显著性（P〈0．05），局部复发率分别为10．00％及5．88％，差异有显著性（P〈0．05），远处转移率分别为8．82％及5．88％，差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。顺铂组有较明显的骨髓抑制和消化道反应，而且肾功损害明显，差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。结论多西紫杉醇同步放化疗能明显提高患者的生存率，降低局部复发率及远处转移率，副作用相对较轻。     

诱导化疗加放射综合治疗局部晚期鼻咽癌的临床分析

目的：探讨诱导化疗对局部晚期鼻咽癌放疗疗效的影响,方法：96例Ⅲ、Ⅳ期鼻咽癌随机分为两组（化疗组及单放组）,每组48例,放疗采用^60Co机或直线加速器照射鼻咽及颈部,鼻咽剂量DT66－76Gy／6．5－7．5周,颈部剂量DT50－70Gy／5－7周。诱导化疗采用DDP＋5－FU方案。结果：化疗组一、三、五年生存率分别为为94．2％、72．9％、65．75;单放组分别为89．1％、56．8％、46．85,有显著性差异（P＜0．05）。化疗组一、三、五年局控率各为89．2％、71．4％、63．9％;单放组各为82．5％（50．1％、44．2％）,有显著性差异（P＜0．05）。化疗组远处转移率为为20．95,单放组为41．75,两组比较有显著性差异（P＜0．05）。结论：诱导化疗能提高局部晚期鼻咽癌放疗的局控率及生存率,降低远处转移。     

局部晚期鼻咽癌放疗加化疗研究的进展

鼻咽癌的标准治疗方法是放射治疗，但超过60％的患者确诊时已属局部晚期或晚期，单纯放疗后的局部复发率及远处转移率较高。鼻咽癌也是化疗敏感性肿瘤，放疗联合应用化疗可显著改善局部晚期鼻咽癌的疗效，近年来的研究也表明以同步放化疗的治疗方式有益于提高总生存率及无瘤生存率，而放疗前新辅助化疗及放疗后辅助化疗作用尚不明确。本文综述了近年来局部晚期鼻咽癌放疗加化疗综合治疗的现状及研究进展。     

Ⅲ期乳腺癌综合治疗方案初探

本院自１９７６～１９８９年收治Ⅲ期乳癌１７６例，全组５年生存率，局部复发率，远处转移率分别为５０％、１２．５％、２１．５％。单纯手术组（３０例）分别为４３．３％、２６．７％、４０％；术后放疗组（４９例）分别为５１％、８．２％、３６．７％；术后化疗组（３０例）分别为５０％、１６．７％、１０％；术后放、化疗组分别为５２．２４％、７．５％、７．５％。局部复发率单纯手术组最高，术后放疗及放化组最低，二者比较有显著性（Ｐ＜０．０５）；远处转移率单纯手术组最高，术后化疗组及放化组最低，（Ｐ＜０．０５）５年生存率综合治疗组较高，但与手术组比较无显著性差别（Ｐ＞０．０５）。     

Ⅲ期乳腺癌综合治疗方案初探

本院自１９７６～１９８９年收治Ⅲ期乳癌１７６例，全组５年生存率，局部复发率，远处转移率分别为５０％、１２．５％、２１．５％。单纯手术组（３０例）分别为４３．３％、２６．７％、４０％；术后放疗组（４９例）分别为５１％、８．２％、３６．７％；术后化疗组（３０例）分别为５０％、１６．７％、１０％；术后放、化疗组分别为５２．２４％、７．５％、７．５％。局部复发率单纯手术组最高，术后放疗及放化组最低，二者比较有显著性（Ｐ＜０．０５）；远处转移率单纯手术组最高，术后化疗组及放化组最低，（Ｐ＜０．０５）５年生存率综合治疗组较高，但与手术组比较无显著性差别（Ｐ＞０．０５）。     

局部晚期宫颈癌同步放化疗临床观察

目的探讨同步放化疗治疗局部晚期宫颈癌的疗效和不良反应。方法 80例经病理确诊、临床分期为Ⅱb~Ⅲb期局部晚期宫颈癌患者随机分成两组,每组各40例,均予根治性放疗,体外放疗均采用直线加速器15 MV X射线,DT46~50 Gy,腔内治疗采用192Ir后装机,A点6 Gy/周,总剂量为36~42 Gy。两组放疗方法相同,同步放化疗组在放疗前每周日加用多西紫杉醇(希存)40 mg静滴,共6周。观察近期疗效、3年生存率及放化疗并发症。结果放疗后3个月同步放化疗组有效率(100%)明显高于单纯放疗组72.5%(P<0.05),局部复发率、远处转移率两组分别为5.0%、2.5%和17.5%、15.0%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);3年生存率分别为82.5%和55.0%(P<0.05),而毒副作用无明显增加(P>0.05)。结论同步放化疗能提高局部晚期宫颈癌患者的疗效及生存率,降低局部复发率及远处转移率。     

高危早期子宫内膜癌术后辅助放疗与化疗的临床对比研究

目的探讨高危早期子宫内膜癌术后辅助放疗与化疗的临床效果。方法选取2011年11月至2013年11月间新疆维吾尔自治区人民医院收治的接受手术治疗的90例高危早期子宫内膜癌患者,采用随机数表法分为放疗组与化疗组,每组45例,比较两组患者的近期不良反应及随访3年的生存率、局部复发率和远处转移率。结果与放疗组比较,化疗组骨髓抑制、肠道反应、泌尿系统反应及皮肤反应发生率均较低,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。放疗组患者的3年生存率、局部复发率和远处转移率分别为66.7%、20.0%和28.9%,化疗组生存率、局部复发率和远处转移率分别为86.7%、8.9%和13.3%,化疗组随访3年生存率较高,局部复发率及远处转移率较低,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。结论对接受手术治疗的高危早期子宫内膜癌患者术后给予化疗的效果明显优于放疗,局部复发率及远处转移率较低,生存率较高,不良反应较轻。     

局部晚期鼻咽癌同时放、化疗疗效观察

目的：观察同期放、化疗治疗局部晚期鼻咽癌的近期疗效、生存率、局部控制率、远处转移率和毒副反应。方法：60例局部晚期鼻咽癌为综合治疗组，分别在放疗第1，5周及放疗后1周给予DDP30mg／m^2 1天～3天，5-Fu500mg／m^2 1天～5天化疗共4～5个周期，另配对选取60例单纯放疗者为对照组，两组放疗方法相同。结果：综合组与单放组鼻咽肿瘤完全消退率分别为93％和84．2％（P〉0．05），颈部淋巴结完全消退率分别为87．2％和59．8％（P〈0．05），3年生存率分别为75．2％和48．3％（P〈0．05），3年局控率分别为87．2％和70．3％（P〈0．05），3年远处转移率分别为17．2％和38．8％（P〈0．05）。综合组白细胞减少症、胃肠道反应和口腔粘膜反应较单放组多且明显（P〈0．05），但可接受。结论：同期放、化疗与辅助化疗有助于提高局部控制率和生存率，减少远处转移率。     

New and emerging radiosensitizers and radioprotectors

The combination of chemotherapy and radiation has led to clinical breakthroughs in several disease sites, and current work continues to define optimum combinations of proven chemotherapy as well as more recently available, noncytotoxic agents. Administration of systemic therapies allows modulation of radiation response to improve tumor control (radiosensitization) or to prevent normal tissue toxicity (radioprotection). Substantial progress has been made in identifying the targets of standard chemotherapeutic radiation sensitizers and protectors as well as in the introduction of a new generation of molecularly targeted therapies in combination with radiation. We have reviewed the most recent, predominantly early phase clinical trials combining systemic agents with radiation. Although the proof of an improved schedule ultimately needs to come from well-run Phase III trials, the search among schedules could be shortened by the use of surrogate endpoints such as presence of active drug metabolites in the tumor. This has been accomplished only in a few cases and needs to become a more standard part of radiation sensitizer and protector trials.     

Religiosity and Physical and Emotional Functioning Among African American and White Colorectal and Lung Cancer Patients

The literature suggests that religiosity helps cope with illness. The present study examined the role of religiosity in functioning among African Americans and Whites with a cancer diagnosis. Patients were recruited from an existing study and mailed a religiosity survey. Participants (N = 269; 36% African American, 56% women) completed the mail survey, and interview data from the larger cohort was utilized in the analysis. Multivariate analyses indicated that in the overall sample religious behaviors were marginally and positively associated with mental health and negatively with depressive symptoms. Among women, religious behaviors were positively associated with mental health and negatively with depressive symptoms. Religiosity was not a predictor of study outcomes for men. Among African Americans, religious behaviors were positively associated with mental health and vitality. Among Whites, religious behaviors were negatively associated with depressive symptoms. These findings suggest a mixed role of religious involvement in cancer outcomes. The current findings may have applied potential in the areas of emotional functioning and depression.     

Fruit and vegetables and cancer risk

The possibility that fruit and vegetables may help to reduce the risk of cancer has been studied for over 30 years, but no protective effects have been firmly established. For cancers of the upper gastrointestinal tract, epidemiological studies have generally observed that people with a relatively high intake of fruit and vegetables have a moderately reduced risk, but these observations must be interpreted cautiously because of potential confounding by smoking and alcohol. For lung cancer, recent large prospective analyses with detailed adjustment for smoking have not shown a convincing association between fruit and vegetable intake and reduced risk. For other common cancers, including colorectal, breast and prostate cancer, epidemiological studies suggest little or no association between total fruit and vegetable consumption and risk. It is still possible that there are benefits to be identified: there could be benefits in populations with low average intakes of fruit and vegetables, such that those eating moderate amounts have a lower cancer risk than those eating very low amounts, and there could also be effects of particular nutrients in certain fruits and vegetables, as fruit and vegetables have very varied composition. Nutritional principles indicate that healthy diets should include at least moderate amounts of fruit and vegetables, but the available data suggest that general increases in fruit and vegetable intake would not have much effect on cancer rates, at least in well-nourished populations. Current advice in relation to diet and cancer should include the recommendation to consume adequate amounts of fruit and vegetables, but should put most emphasis on the well-established adverse effects of obesity and high alcohol intakes.     

VEGF及KDR在大肠腺瘤和腺癌中的表达及意义

目的：探讨VEGF和KDR在大肠腺瘤和大肠腺癌中的表达及临床病理特征的关系。方法：大肠腺瘤和大肠腺癌组织标本各100例,采用免疫组织化学染色法检测VEGF和KDR在标本中的表达情况。结果：VEGF和KDR在大肠腺癌组中的阳性表达明显高于大肠腺瘤组（P〈0.05）;在正常大肠黏膜均未见VEGF和KDR表达的阳性染色;VEGF阳性表达组中KDR的阳性表达率为70%,显著高于VEGF阴性表达组中KDR的阳性表达率16%,两组比较有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论：大肠腺癌组织中KDR的表达与肿瘤大小、转移情况、浸润深度密切相关;VEGF和KDR在大肠腺瘤中的表达与患者的年龄、性别及分型均无相关性,而与增生程度相关（P〈0.05）。在大肠腺癌患者中VEGF及KDR表达更高,二者具有协同效应。     

肾上腺素能β受体与肿瘤生长及转移

大量研究表明肿瘤细胞可表达β受体，而一些神经递质、药物和社会心理因素可能通过β受体影响肿瘤的生长和转移，β受体激动剂、β受体阻滞剂以及抑郁等社会心理因素可加强或削弱这种作用。这为表达β受体肿瘤的治疗开辟了新的道路，提供了新的治疗靶点。     

Occupational and environmental radiation and cancer

Epidemiologic evidence on the relation between occupational and environmental radiation and cancer is reviewed. Studies of pioneering radiation workers, underground miners, and radium dial painters revealed excess cancer deaths and contributed to the setting of radiation protection standards and to theories of carcinogenesis. Occupational exposures today are generally much lower than in the past, thus any associated increases in cancer will be difficult to detect. Pooling investigations of these more recently exposed workers, however, has the potential to validate current estimates of risk used in radiation protection. New information on the effects of chronic radiation exposure also may come from studies in the former Soviet Union of Chernobyl clean-up workers and of workers at the Mayak nuclear facilities. Studies of environmental radiation exposures, other than radon, are largely inconclusive, due mainly to the difficulties in detecting the low risks associated with low dose exposures. Thyroid cancer, however, has been linked to environmental radiation from the Chernobyl accident and from nuclear weapons tests. Low-level radiation released during normal operations at nuclear plants has not been found to increase cancer rates in surrounding populations. Radon, a human carcinogen, is the most ubiquitous exposure to human populations; remediating high residential-radon levels is recommended, recognizing that the exposure can never be removed completely because it occurs naturally.     

Cell and tissue interactions in carcinogenesis and metastasis and their clinical significance

This review describes a new vision for future directions in the study of metastatic cancer biology and pathology. It is based upon clinical and experimental observations on the constituent cell lineages within a neoplasm and on tumour-host interactions. The vision incorporates information from studies in population biology, developmental biology and experimental pathology as well as investigations upon human malignant disease. The assembled information reveals that invasion and metastasis are supra-cellular manifestations of "emergent behavior" among combinations of normal and malignant cell lineages in vivo. Emergent behavior is a combinatorial interactive process in which a population displays new traits which cannot be achieved by individuals acting separately and which subside when the specific population mix disaggregates. Disruption of such pathological interactions in the field of a developing primary or secondary tumour is, therefore, required to disable the malignant population and arrest progression without tissue destruction. These conclusions originate, in part, from principles which govern the sociobiology and group behavior of bees, ants, fish, birds and human societies. In all these social organisms, external factors can disrupt signaling mechanisms and induce expanding self-perpetuating rogue behavior, leading to social disintegration. These principles also apply to cellular societies composing higher animals, which likewise need intrinsic rules to maintain social order and avoid anarchy, and recognition of this is essential for advancing future research on the mechanisms involved in carcinogenesis and metastasis. Summarised evidence is presented here to support the conclusion that miscommunications between cells and tissues in the region of the developing tumour and its metastases are the main direct perpetrators of malignant disease. Genetic lesions (mutations, deletions, translocations, reduplications, etc.), commonly seen in cancers, can significantly disrupt important molecular pathways in the networks of communications needed to sustain orderly tissue/organ structure and function. However, genetic lesions can also, themselves, be induced by abnormal cell interactions initiated by extrinsic carcinogenic agents such as chemicals, viruses, hormones and radiation. The evidence shows that, irrespective of the initiating cause, it is this miscommunication in the region of a developing tumour and its metastases that is ultimately responsible for the emergence and progression of the disease. The article describes how this information collectively, provides a framework for designing specific novel therapeutic approaches targeting the cell and tissue interactions driving tumour metastasis and its manifold effects on the whole body.     

Vitamin D and melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer risk and prognosis: A comprehensive review and meta-analysis

Vitamin D is formed mainly in the skin upon exposure to sunlight and can as well be taken orally with food or through supplements. While sun exposure is a known risk factor for skin cancer development, vitamin D exerts anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects on melanocytes and keratinocytes in vitro. To clarify the role of vitamin D in skin carcinogenesis, we performed a review of the literature and meta-analysis to evaluate the association of vitamin D serum levels and dietary intake with cutaneous melanoma (CM) and non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) risk and melanoma prognostic factors. Twenty papers were included for an overall 1420 CM and 2317 NMSC. The summary relative risks (SRRs) from random effects models for the association of highest versus lowest vitamin D serum levels was 1.46 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.60–3.53) and 1.64 (95% CI 1.02–2.65) for CM and NMSC, respectively. The SRR for the highest versus lowest quintile of vitamin D intake was 0.86 (95% CI 0.63–1.13) for CM and 1.03 (95% CI 0.95–1.13) for NMSC. Data were suggestive of an inverse association between vitamin D blood levels and CM thickness at diagnosis. Further research is needed to investigate the effect of vitamin D on skin cancer risk in populations with different exposure to sunlight and dietary habits, and to evaluate whether vitamin D supplementation is effective in improving CM survival.