下咽及颈段食管癌的手术治疗

目的：探讨下咽及颈段食管癌的手术疗效及颈段食管重建的方法,方法：1980年至2000年6月对86例下咽及颈段食管鳞状细胞癌进行了外科治疗,下咽癌的切除率为97．4％（37／38例）,食管重建包括喉及肿瘤切除后食管与口底吻合4例,咽,喉及颈段食管切除后用颈阔肌皮瓣重建15例,游离空肠间插3例,全咽,全喉,全食管切除后用胃重建12例,3例未行喉切除者采用食管与咽部直接吻合,颈阔肌皮瓣及用胃重建食管各1例,颈段食管癌的切除率为91．7％（44／48例）,均采用非开胸食管拔脱后用胃重建食管,结果：术后发生并发症在胃重建组有57例（35％）,（包括1例术后死于心力衰竭）,游离空肠组1例（33．3％）,颈阔肌皮瓣重建组3例（18．8％）,随访6－108个月（平均57个月）,下咽癌的1,3,5年生存率分别为80．6％,60．0％和31．6％,颈段食管癌分别为70．7％,9．5％和0。结论：下咽及颈段食管癌的切除率甚高,但下咽癌的远期疗效明显优于颈段食管癌,咽,喉及颈段食管切除后采用颈阔肌皮瓣重建是一种安全,有效的手术方法,并发症少,远期效果优良。     

颈阔肌皮瓣重建下咽癌切除后颈段食管缺损

目的解决下咽癌浸及颈段食管手术后食管缺损的修补。方法采用双侧颈阔肌肌皮瓣重建下咽癌切除后颈段食管缺损１１例。肿瘤均已侵及喉和颈段食管，行全咽、全喉及颈段食管切除，永久性气管造口，于颈部两侧分别切取３．５～４ｃｍ×７～１０ｃｍ大小的颈阔肌肌皮瓣，形成管状，与口底及食管吻合。结果术后肌皮瓣全部成活，无１例死亡，２例发生瘘，均治愈，能正常经口进食。结论用颈阔肌肌皮瓣修补下咽癌切除后造成的食管缺损是一个可取的方法，解决了临床一大难题。     

颈阔肌皮瓣在修复颈部食管狭窄及重建颈段食管的应用

目的 了解颈阔肌皮瓣修复颈部食管狭窄及重建颈段食管的治疗结果。方法 19例颈部食管长约3.5cm-4.5cm狭窄病人，纵行切开狭窄，切取约（4－5）cm×（6－7）cm大小的颈阔肌皮瓣内翻缝合于狭窄切开边缘。14你下咽癌已侵及喉及颈段食管患，行全咽、全喉及颈段食管切除，永久性气管造口。于颈部两侧分别切取（3.5-4)cm×（7－10)cm大小的颈阔肌皮瓣，形成皮管，与口底及食物吻合。结果 颈阔肌皮瓣全部成活，无术后死亡，发生瘘5例，更换敷料愈合，均能正常经口进食。结论 用颈阔皮瓣修复颈部食管狭窄及重建颈段食管缺损方法简单、安全、效果满意，是颈部食管狭窄修复及重建的较为理想方法。     

显微外科技术在下咽及颈段食管重建中的应用

从１９８４年４月～１９９０年５月间应用显微外科技术和非列胸食管内翻拔脱咽胃吻合术（咽胃吻合）治疗下咽及颈段食管癌３０例，其中应用游离空肠６例，前臂游离皮瓣５例，咽胃吻合１９例，总的成功率９０％（２７／３０）。经１～５年随访及钡餐检查均通畅无狭窄表现。１年生存率８８．９％（２４／２７），３年生存率４３．５％（１０／２３），５年生存率３３．３％（４／１２）应用游离空肠及前臂游离皮瓣和咽胃吻合，对下咽及     

下咽癌及近端食管癌外科治疗价值的探讨

目的探讨下咽癌及近端食管癌外科治疗的价值。方法回顾性分析1987年以来14例下咽癌及近端食管癌的外科治疗结果,其中下咽癌6例,近端食管癌8例。结果全组均行下咽、全喉、全食管切除,咽胃吻合术,其中3例并行双侧功能性颈清扫术。患者出院后全部随访。术后1例双肺感染,1例医院内死亡,1例吻合口狭窄;患者均能经口进食,日常生活自理;2例应用电子喉可进行交流。13例已死亡,中位生存期20个月。结论下咽、全喉、全食管切除,胃咽吻合术治疗下咽癌及近端食管癌方法可行,但预后差,生活质量欠满意,应探索更加有效的治疗方法。     

非开胸胃肠组织重建食管手术的麻醉特点

对１９８３～１９９４年１３９例因下咽癌或颈段食管癌行全喉全下咽切除、食管内翻剥脱、食管重建手术病例的麻醉特点进行了总结。作者认为：（１）下咽癌、颈段食管癌存在着潜在的呼吸困难，正确选择麻醉插管方式，可提高麻醉插管的成功率。（２）本组非开胸纵隔操作时，６６例（４７．５％）患者血压下降＞３ｋＰａ，２７例（１９．４％）发生心律失常。术前、术中的妥善处理，可控制其变化程度。（３）分离食管时，本组２例发生气管膜样部撕裂，对此应予以重视。（４）保证有效的呼吸，维持稳定的循环是手术麻醉的关键。     

游离前臂皮瓣移植重建或修复颈部食管缺损

１９９０年５月～１９９６年１０月,我院采用游离前臂皮瓣移植重建颈部食管或修复食管缺损４例,疗效较好。１临床资料与方法１．１一般资料本组４例,均为男性。年龄３４～５７岁。颈段食管癌侵犯喉,行下咽、颈段食管及喉切除１例;中段食管癌行全胸段食管切除,胸骨后...     

游离空肠移植重建喉咽和颈段食管：初步报道

采用小血管吻合技术行游离空肠移植，在喉咽癌切除以后，重建喉咽和颈段食管３例，均成活。术后伤口愈合好，并发症少。吞咽功能恢复良好。手术一期完成，成功率高，安全可靠，近期效果良好。     

颈段、胸上段食管癌的外科治疗

目的总结外科手术治疗颈段、胸上段食管癌（肿瘤上极距胸廓入口下方≤3cm）的临床经验,以提高手术疗效,减少术后并发症的发生。方法回顾性分析我院收治的142例颈段、胸上段食管癌患者的临床资料,其中行食管癌根治术122例,姑息切除术15例,总手术切除率为96.5%,探查术5例。主要重建手术术式包括：单纯剥脱胃代食管术、结肠代食管术、空肠代食管术、胸大肌皮瓣重建术;右胸-上腹-颈三切口胃代食管术、全喉切除＋胃代食管术、管胃代食管术,左胸-颈两切口、胃代食管术。结果住院死亡5例,其中2例死于肺部感染,1例结肠坏死致严重感染,1例姑息切除后胃气管漏致肺部感染,1例胃大量反流误吸。9例患者食管上切端发现癌残留。8例颈段食管癌和21例胸上段食管癌患者术后发生并发症,主要包括空肠坏死、结肠坏死、喉返神经损伤、肺部感染、吞咽功能障碍、食管反流。随访117例,随访率85.4%（117/137）,随访时间1～5年;失访20例。术后1、3、5年生存率分别为72%,48%和31%。Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳa期患者的5年生存率分别为82.3%,61.2%,25.0%和5.0%。结论颈段和肿瘤上极距胸廓入口下方≤3cm的胸上段食管癌患者的手术治疗在手术方式、切除范围、术后并发症的防治、术后功能保留和恢复等方面尚需进一步探讨。     

挽救性手术对于放疗效果不佳的颈段食管癌的治疗效果

目的探讨放疗效果不佳的颈段食管癌行手术治疗的临床效果。方法回顾性分析放疗效果不佳的10例颈段食管癌患者手术治疗的临床资料。结果7例患者接受全食管拨脱、全喉切除胃咽吻合术：3例患者行胸颈腹三切口全食管全喉切除胃咽吻合术。术后病理证实均为鳞状细胞癌,其中高分化7例,中分化2例。低分化1例。术后发生吻合口瘘1例,肺部感染2例,切口感染1例。无围手术期死亡病例。经6-56个月的随访．死亡6例．生活质量较为满意。结论全食管全喉切除胃咽吻合术可用以治疗放疗效果不佳的颈段食管癌。     

Surgical management of carcinoma of the hypopharynx and cervical esophagus: analysis of 209 cases

BACKGROUND: Free jejunal transfer has become the standard technique for reconstruction of the pharynx and hypopharynx, especially with proximal neoplastic lesions, whereas gastric tube interposition is the technique of choice for reconstruction of the hypopharynx and cervical esophagus when resection extends below the thoracic inlet. HYPOTHESIS: Surgical ablation is a viable option for advanced hypopharyngeal and cervical esophageal neoplasms, with stomach interposition a safe and preferred method of reconstruction. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis. SETTING: University hospital that is a regional referral institution for esophageal cancer treatment and complex digestive reconstructions after esophagectomy. PATIENTS: We reviewed the records of 209 patients who underwent total pharyngolaryngectomy between May 1982 and July 1999. The majority of patients had advanced cancer: hypopharyngeal in 131 cases and cervical esophageal in 78 cases. INTERVENTIONS: Pharyngolaryngectomy and total esophagectomy with pharyngogastric anastomoses (n = 127); pharyngolaryngectomy, cervical esophagectomy, and reconstruction with free jejunal transplant (n = 77); and pharyngolaryngectomy and total esophagectomy with pharyngocolic anastomoses (n = 5). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Postoperative mortality and morbidity, long-term survival, and prognostic factors influencing survival. RESULTS: The postoperative in-hospital mortality rate was 4.8% (10 patients), with a postoperative morbidity rate of 38.3%. Alimentary continuity was achieved using the stomach (127 patients), colon (5 patients), or free jejunal autograft (77 patients). The 1-year and 5-year survival rates were 62% and 24%, respectively. There was no significant difference with regard to the survival between gastric transposition and free jejunal autograft, but there were fewer complications in the gastric pull-up group (33% vs 47%, P<.05). The significant adverse factors affecting survival were tumor cervical localization, postoperative complications, disease stages pT3 and pT4 for the cervical esophageal tumors, microscopic pharyngeal penetration, or incomplete resection. The significant beneficial factors were tumor hypopharyngeal localization and postoperative radiotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical ablation is a viable option for advanced hypopharyngeal and cervical esophageal neoplasms, with stomach interposition the preferred method of reconstruction. Although the prognosis is poor, satisfactory short-term palliation can be achieved. The significant adverse factors affecting survival should be taken into account to select the candidates for surgery.     

Blunt esophagectomy and gastric interposition for tumors of the cervical esophagus and hypopharynx

Between April 1982 and June 1984, 17 patients underwent blunt esophagectomy and gastric interposition for squamous carcinoma of the cervical esophagus or hypopharynx. There was one operative death; no bleeding complications required thoracotomy or re-exploration. In two patients, a previously unknown carcinoma of the resected esophagus was discovered at the time of surgery. Blunt esophagectomy with gastric interposition is a safe technique for cervical esophageal reconstruction, as it has the added benefit of removing the entire esophagus, which has a propensity for later or synchronous carcinoma in patients with head and neck malignancies.     

Strategy in the treatment of hypopharyngeal and cervical esophageal carcinoma

In the period between January 1st, 1978 and January 1st, 2003, 82 unselected patients with hypopharyngeal and cervical esophageal squamocellular carcinoma were treated at the Department of Esophagogastric Surgery, First University Surgical Hospital, Clinical Center of Serbia. In 43 (52.4%) patients operated with curative intent, radical surgical en-block resection and functional neck dissection has been performed. In 26 (60.5%) patient reconstruction was performed with stomach, in 11 (25.6%) left colon, and 6 (14%) free jejunal transfer. The overall 2-year and 5-year survival rate were 55.88% (19 patients) and 26.47% (9 patients), respectively. No patient undergoing nutritive gastrostomy and radiotherapy was alive after two years. At present surgery looks like the treatment of choice for hypopharyngeal and cervical esophageal carcinoma, providing a definitive palliation of dysphagia and better long-term survival. Free jejunal transfer has become the standard technique for reconstruction of the pharynx and hypopharynx especially with proximal lesions, whereas, gastric tube interposition is the technique of choice for reconstruction of the hypopharynx and cervical esophagus when the resection extends below the thoracic inlet or when there is a presence of synchronous carcinoma of theesophageal.     

Total esophagectomy without thoracotomy for cancer

Total extrathoracic esophagectomy was performed in 16 patients with neoplasms arising in the thoracic and cervical esophagus and the hypopharynx. The procedure was combined with posterior mediastinal gastric pull up in all but two patients who had previous gastrectomy and were managed with colon interposition. Splenectomy was avoided in all patients. Although, in the presence of TNM stage III and IV disease, the procedure was performed mostly for palliation, it resulted in only two deaths and it led to rapid initiation of oral alimentation. Extrathoracic esophagectomy constitutes a safe and simple alternative to other ablative or palliative procedures in the treatment of hypopharyngeal and esophageal malignancies.     

Pharyngolaryngo-Esophagectomy with Laparoscopic Gastric Pull-Up: A Reappraisal for the Pharyngoesophageal Junction Cancer

Background

Surgical treatment of advanced hypopharyngeal tumors is still a surgical challenge. We report a case of a hypopharyngeal tumor treated with a pharyngolaryngo-esophagectomy (PLE) and laparoscopic gastric tubulization and interposition.

Methods

A 56-year-old man presented with a relapsing hypopharynx carcinoma, after primary chemoradiation therapy. Preoperative workup showed a stage IV cancer with esophageal invasion and multiple cervical lymph node metastases. Surgical treatment consisted of a cervical phase, with larynx, pharynx, and esophagus dissection, radical lymph node dissection, homolateral hemithyroidectomy and definitive tracheostomy, and an abdominal phase with a 4-trocar laparoscopy. The gastrocolic ligament was opened, and short gastric and left gastric vessels were divided preserving an accessory left hepatic artery. Gastric tailoring was carried out with 45-mm linear staplers. The hiatus was opened and the esophagus dissected free with Ultracision (Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Cincinnati, OH) to the tracheal bifurcation. The upper esophagus was bluntly mobilized by finger and sponge stick dissection. The gastric tube was pulled up, and the anastomosis between the stomach and the tongue base was performed with a 2-layer interrupted hand-sewn technique.

Results

Total operative time was 390?min (abdominal time 180?min). Estimated blood loss was 400?cc. The number of dissected cervical lymph nodes was 32. Oral feeding was started after 10?days, and the patient was discharged after 14?days. Stage of disease was pT4N1M0 G3 R0.

Conclusions

Laparoscopic surgery allows a minimally invasive gastric tailoring and tubulization and transhiatal esophageal dissection and represents a valuable alternative for intestinal reconstruction after PLE.

Cancer of the hypopharynx and cervical esophagus

Between 1975 and 1988 we observed 169 patients with carcinoma of the cervical esophagus, 85 with a carcinoma involving the hypopharynx and the cervical esophagus, and 27 patients with a carcinoma of the cervical esophageal region arising after laryngectomy for laryngeal cancer. The mean age was 57.5 years (range 41-73). 167 patients underwent surgical exploration (operability rate 59.5%) and in 152 cases the tumor was resected (resectability rate 91.1%). The resection was complete in 129 patients (84.5%) and palliative in 23 (14.5%). In 33 cases a segmental laryngo-pharyngo-cervical esophagectomy with free intestinal loop transplantation was performed with an operative mortality of 6.1%. 101 patients underwent total laryngo-pharyngo esophagectomy and the gastrointestinal tract was reconstructed by means of pharyngo-gastrostomy and pharyngo-colostomy in 85 and 16 cases, with an operative mortality of 12.9% and 18.3%, respectively. Total esophagectomy without laryngectomy was performed in 18 patients with a carcinoma of the distal cervical esophagus refusing laryngectomy with a hospital mortality of 5.5%. The overall 5-year actuarial survival, excluding the operative mortality, was 15.8%. After complete resection, better results were recorded with patients operated for carcinoma of the hypopharynx than with patients with carcinoma of the cervical esophagus: the 2-year and 5-year actuarial survival was 59% vs 26% and 43% vs 17%, respectively. No patient undergoing palliative resection was alive at the 3-year interval.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Surgical treatment of carcinoma of the hypopharynx and cervical esophagus]

Between 1975 and 1988 we observed 169 patients with carcinoma of the cervical esophagus, 85 a carcinoma involving the hypopharynx and the cervical esophagus, and 27 patients with a carcinoma of the cervical esophageal region arose after laryngectomy for laryngeal cancer. The mean age was 57.5 years (range 41-73). 167 patients underwent surgical exploration (operability rate 59.5%) and in 152 cases the tumor was resected (resectability rate 91.1%). The resection was complete in 129 patients (84.9%) and palliative in 23 (14.1%). In 33 cases of laryngo-pharyngo-cervical segmentary esophagectomy with free intestinal loop transplantation was performed with an operative mortality of 6.1%. 101 patients underwent laryngo-pharyngo-total esophagectomy and the digestive tract was reconstructed by means of pharyngo-gastrostomy and pharyngo-colostomy in 85 and 16 cases, with an operative mortality of 12.9% and 18.3%, respectively. Total esophagectomy without laryngectomy was performed in 18 patients with a carcinoma of the distal cervical esophagus refusing laryngectomy with an hospital mortality of 5.5%. The overall 5-year actuarial survival, excluding the operative mortality, was 15.8%. After complete resection, better results were recorded with patients operated for carcinoma of the hypopharynx than with patients with carcinoma of the cervical esophagus: the 2-year and 5-year actuarial survival was 59% vs 26% and 43% vs 17%, respectively. No patient undergoing palliative resection was alive at the 3-year interval.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Gastric emptying after gastric interposition for cancer of the esophagus or hypopharynx

Transhiatal esophagectomy with primary anastomosis to the stomach (gastric pull-up) is an attractive surgical alternative to colic interposition in patients with cancer of the esophagus and hypopharynx. However, the lack of intrinsic gastric peristalsis and complaints by patients of postprandial regurgitation prompted us to measure the effect of body posture on the rates of gastric emptying in these patients. The rates of solid and liquid gastric emptying were measured in 14 patients who had undergone gastric interposition for esophageal and hypopharyngeal carcinoma. Rates of emptying were measured in both the supine and upright position using a dual-isotope radiolabeling technique. In these patients, the rate of gastric emptying of both solids and liquids was significantly slower in the supine position than in the upright position. Emptying in supine patients was also prolonged when compared with supine normal volunteers. Conversely, the upright rate of solid and liquid emptying in the patients was accelerated when compared with published values for upright normal volunteers. We conclude that gastric emptying after gastric interposition is dependent on upright posture after meals.     

Free jejunal graft for hypopharyngeal and esophageal reconstruction

Aims This study assessed the techniques of the free jejunal graft for the reconstruction of hypopharynx or cervical esophagus and discussed the main aspects related to those procedures.Methods and results By using free jejunal grafts, we reconstructed 54 hypopharyngeal and cervical esophageal cancers. In this study, 23 out of 54 patients had a malignant tumor located in the hypopharynx and 31 in the cervical esophagus (27 primary cases and four secondary cases). Despite the multi-step and time-consuming procedure, we did not incur any trans-operative complication. Furthermore, we undertook the larynx preserving cervical esophagectomy and free jejunal graft reconstruction in six patients with cervical esophageal cancer, and those patients acquired a good quality of life.Conclusion For the reconstruction of hypopharynx or cervical esophagus, the free jejunal graft is a very useful technique and improves the patients quality of life.