宽恕性与“大七”人格维度

目的:考查大学生宽恕性与大七人格维度之间的关系。方法:本研究选取335名大学生,对宽恕性特质问卷和中国人人格七因素量表((QZPS-SF))进行评定,根据大学生在宽恕性特质问卷上的总分排序,取上27%人群为高宽恕性组,取下27%人群为低宽恕性组。结果:高宽恕组在中国人人格七因素量表的七个维度上的得分均显著高于低宽恕组。从回归分析来看,人际关系、善良、情绪性以及外向性四个人格维度可以显著预测个体的宽恕性水平。结论:大七人格维度可以有效预测个体的宽恕性水平。     

Nesting and Fitness: Lifetime Reproductive Success in House Mice Bidirectionally Selected for Thermoregulatory Nest-Building Behavior

To test the hypothesis that large, well-built, nests are an important component of fitness, we kept 12 mating pairs of two high-selected, two control, and two low-selected lines, selected for therrnoregulatory nest-building behavior, at 22 and 4°C with access to 10 g of cotton to build a nest, for a period of 180 days. Measurements included number of litters bom per family, number of young per litter born and surviving up to 40 days of age, nest type built by the parents, and weight gain of the young from weaning (20 days of age) to 40 days of age. In all lines the production and survival of offspring was substantially decreased at 4°C compared to 22°C, but the high-selected lines produced more and better-quality offspring, surviving up to 40 days of age at both temperatures compared to the control and low-selected lines. This indicates that thermoregulatory nest-building behavior and evolutionary fitness are closely associated.     

脑优势性认知方式与大五人格的关系

目的：探讨脑优势性认知方式与大五人格之间的关系。方法：通过对86名被试进行HIPS测试，确定认知方式组别，其中，左脑优势组32人，右脑优势组26人，均衡组28人，对不同组别被试施测NEO-PI-R问卷。结果：左脑优势组比右脑优势组和均衡组有更高的神经质和严谨性倾向；右脑优势组比左脑优势组有更高的经验开放性和外倾性；均衡组比左脑优势组有更高的外倾性，比右脑优势组有更高的严谨性。结论：脑优势性认知方式与大五人格中的神经质、外倾性、经验开放性、严谨性等人格具有相关关系。     

初中生主观幸福感与人格特征的关系研究

目的：探讨初中生主观幸福感与人格特征之间的关系。方法：采用中学生主观幸福感量表和EPQ对283名中学生进行调查。结果：(1)初中生的主观幸福感水平在中等程度以上，体验到的正性情感较多，但是仍有一定比例的学生体验到较强的不幸福感。男女生在总体幸福感、家庭满意感、自我满意感、同伴交往满意感和生活条件满意感上存在显著的差异，女生得分均高于男生。(2)总体幸福感及各因子与精神质和神经质显著负相关，与内外向显著正相关。结论：初中生主观幸福感与人格特征关系密切。     

大学生心理健康与人格特质的相关

目的:了解大学生心理健康与人格特征的关系。方法:运用症状自评量表(SCL-90)和卡特尔16种人格因素问卷(16PF)对随机选取的某民办高校3310名大学新生进行调查。结果:(1)心理健康问题检出率13.05%,男女之间有统计学差异(χ~2=4.519,P0.05);(2)男女生在敌对(t=2.340,P0.05)、偏执(t=4.984,P0.001)、焦虑(t=~2.902,P0.01)和恐怖(t=-3.793,P0.001)4个因子有显著性差异;(3)相对于全国大学生常模和中国青年常模,大学新生表现出较好(P0.001)和较差心理健康水平。SCL-90各因子与敏感性、怀疑性、忧虑性、独立性和紧张性呈显著正相关(r=0.052~0.513);(4)回归分析表明,人格特质可解释大学生心理健康0.5%~31.1%变异量。结论:大学新生心理健康与人格特质关系密切。     

The Impact of Personality Traits on the Success of a Multimodal Obesity Treatment

This prospective study investigated personality traits as predictors of the outcome in a 52-week weight-loss program for obesity. Personality traits were rated with the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems (IIP) in 54 consecutive obese outpatients when entering a multimodal weight-reduction program. The value of these variables to predict success was assessed after 12, 26, and 52 weeks of treatment. A stepwise linear regression analysis for all follow-ups was calculated to examine the impact of each IIP subscale on weight reduction. The IIP subscale “intrusive or needy” significantly correlated with weight reduction observed at every follow-up examination and accounts for 13.6% to 29.8% of the variance (p values < .05). Obese patients describing themselves as excessively friendly, outgoing, and sociable improved more from a weight-loss program than those with lower instances of these traits. Accordingly, personality traits deserve more attention at initial assessment and while planning treatment of obese patients.     

The Genetic Correlation Between Impulsivity and Sensation Seeking Traits

A number of studies have demonstrated associations between sensation seeking traits and measures of impulsivity. This study examined genetic contributions to the observed correlations between imupulsivity and sensation seeking traits. Fifty-seven pairs of identical and 49 pairs of fraternal twins who were reared apart and 90 individuals who also participated in the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart completed the Control scale of the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire (MPQ; Tellegen, 1982) and the four subscales of the Sensation Seeking Scale (SSS; Zuckerman, 1979), Consistent with previous studies, the Control scale was significantly correlated with the SSS. A Cholesky decomposition of the data indicated that the phenotypic correlations between the Control scale and the four subscales of the SSS were mediated almost entirely by genetic factors. In the final reduced model the proportion of the genetic variance of the Control scale in common with the SSS was estimated as 55%, and the rest of the genetic variance (45%) was attributed to the genetic variance specific to the Control scale. The results emphasize the importance of common biological mechanisms underlying associations between impulsivity and sensation seeking traits.     

Genetic Associations Between Fibrinogen and Cognitive Performance in Three Scottish Cohorts

There is increasing evidence to suggest that elevated plasma levels of fibrinogen are associated with late-life cognitive performance. This study tested the association of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the fibrinogen α (FGA) and β (FGB) genes with cognitive performance. Data were analysed from three community-dwelling populations of older persons (>50?years) in central Scotland: the Aspirin for Asymptomatic Atherosclerosis (AAA) Trial (n?=?2,091), the Edinburgh Type 2 Diabetes Study (ET2DS, n?=?1,066), and the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936 (LBC1936, n?=?1,091). Cognition was assessed using a battery of five, seven, and four psychometric tests, respectively. This information was used to derive a general cognitive factor. Weakly significant associations were found between the rs4220 (FGB), and rs2227412 (FGB) SNPs and a single test of cognitive performance in the AAA Trial (p?相似文献   

中学生创新心理素质与人格特征的相关研究

目的：探讨中学生创新心理素质与其人格特征的关系。方法：采用王极盛编制的创新心理素质量表和龚耀先修订的艾森克人格问卷对558名中学生进行问卷调查。结果：中学生的创新意识、创新能力和竞争心与EPQ的E量表分显著正相关，与N分显著负相关；竞争心还与P分显著负相关。外向稳定、外向不稳、内向稳定和内向不稳四种人格类型的创新心理素质存在十分显著的差异。E对创新意识、创新能力和竞争心均有较大的预测作用，P对竞争心也有较好的预测作用。结论：中学生创新心理素质和人格特征关系密切。     

大学生成人依恋与人格特点的关系

目的:探讨大学生成人依恋和人格特点之间的关系。方法:采用成人依恋量表(AAS)和人格形容词检测表(PACL)对392名大学生进行调查。采用典型相关分析、聚类分析、方差分析等对数据进行分析。结果:对成人依恋维度和PACL的二阶人格因子进行典型相关分析,共得到3个典型变式。对不同成人依恋类型的大学生人格特点进行方差分析发现,不同依恋类型的个体在内向的、抑制的、合作的、社会化的、敏感的以及实验量表这几个人格分量表上都存在显著差异。结论:大学生的成人依恋与人格特点之间存在着显著的对应关系。     

大学生情绪智力与自我妨碍的关系:以人格特质为中介

目的:了解大学生情绪智力、人格特质与自我妨碍的关系;方法:采用自我妨碍量表、大学生情绪智力问卷、大五人格问卷对1094名大学生进行问卷调查;结果:①大学生自我妨碍与情绪智力显著负相关(P<0.001).人格特质在情绪智力与自我妨碍间有完全中介作用,情绪智力通过神经质、外倾性、宜人性、责任心间接影响自我妨碍;②大学生自我妨碍与神经质人格显著正相关(P<0.001),与宜人性、责任心、外倾性、开放性显著负相关(P<0.001);神经质对自我妨碍的影响力最强(β=0.416).结论:人格特质在情绪智力与大学生自我妨碍的关系中有中介作用:不同的人格特质对自我妨碍的影响不同.     

Bayesian Analysis of Genetic Associations of Skin Lesions and Behavioural Traits to Identify Genetic Components of Individual Aggressiveness in Pigs

There is increasing interest in genetic selection against behavioural traits that impact negatively on welfare and productivity in commercial livestock production. Post-mixing aggressiveness in pigs shows wide phenotypic variation, affects health, welfare and growth performance and is a routine feature of production. A Bayesian approach was used to estimate the heritability of three traits associated with aggressiveness in pigs during the 24 h post-mixing; duration in reciprocal aggression, and in receipt of, or delivery of non-reciprocal aggression (NRA). For the purposes of genetic selection, recording aggressive behaviour is excessively labour intensive. The genetic correlations were quantified between the behavioural traits and an easily measurable indicator trait; the number of skin lesions following mixing (lesion score, LS). The heritabilities for the three behavioural traits ranged from 0.17 to 0.46 (receipt of NRA and reciprocal aggression respectively). The duration in reciprocal aggression and in delivery of NRA showed a strong genetic correlation (r _g = 0.79 with 95% Bayesian credibility interval of 0.62–0.94). The genetic correlation between LS and these two behaviours indicated that selection on breeding values of LS could be used to reduce aggressiveness. The duration in receipt of NRA appeared to be regulated by different genes or genomic effects compared with the other behavioural traits and LS. Although duration in receipt of NRA was not genetically associated with LS, it was lowly but significantly environmentally associated with the residuals of central and caudal LS (r _e = 0.28–0.32), indicating that pigs that received NRA also received bites on the central and caudal third of the body. The pen that the animals were mixed into was found to be a very important factor for the analysed traits, in particular those representing behavioural characteristics. Based on the estimated genetic parameters, it is concluded that selection on breeding values for reduced LS (especially central LS) is expected to reduce reciprocal aggression and the delivery of NRA but will not change the receipt of NRA directly. Edited by Stephen Maxson.     

The Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations: Factorial Structure and Associations With Personality Traits and Psychological Health1

Principal components analyses on the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (C1SS; Endler & Parker, 1990a) were carried out for 730 Scottish doctors and farmers. Endler and Parker's three‐factor structure was supported both in the male and female subgroups and in the two occupational groups. Intercorrelations of the C1SS factors with personality factors of the NEO‐Five Factor Inventory and a self‐reported psychological distress scale, the General Health Questionaire‐28, provided predictive validity for the C1SS in the transactional model of stress.     

Assessment of Genetic Variability of Fish Personality Traits using Rainbow Trout Isogenic Lines

The study of inter-individual variability of personality in fish is a growing field of interest but the genetic basis of this complex trait is still poorly investigated due to the difficulty in controlling fish genetic origin and life history. When available, isogenic lines that allow performing independent tests on different individuals having identical genotype constitute a very relevant experimental material to disentangle the genetic and environmental components of behavioural individuality. We took advantage of heterozygous isogenic lines to investigate the personality in rainbow trout through the analysis of their reactions to different experimental situations. To this end, seven to ten rainbow trout isogenic lines were screened for their spatial exploratory behaviour, their flight response toward a stressor and their risk taking behaviour. Results showed that some lines seemed less sensitive to new events or environmental changes and could be defined as low responsive, while others were very sensitive and defined as high responsive. The use of isogenic lines highlighted the importance of genetic factors, in combination with life history, in the expression of personality in domesticated fish.     

Blood Platelet Aggregation and Personality Traits

Abstract

Changes in blood platelet aggregation may precipitate episodes of arterial occlusive diseases. Little is known, however, regarding the influence of psychological traits, emotional states and other behavioral stressors on platelet aggregation phenomena.

This study examined 46 healthy college men at rest and after submaximal treadmill exercise. Associations were found between the duration of platelet aggregation and a number of scores from the California Psychological Inventory and self-administered anxiety scales. The more socially adequate, poised and dominant persons — those with more mature ego development and less overt anxiety — had platelets with more prolonged aggregation reactions to the in vitro introduction of noradrenalin.

Irreversible aggregation of platelets occurred more regularly to lower in vitro concentrations of noradrenalin in platelet samples drawn from subjects who were less anxious and tended to be more rigidly defensive. It is premature to attempt to derive clinical implications from this exploratory work, but some implications for the design of future research are discussed.     

飞行员个性特征与认知能力的分析

目的探讨飞行员个性特征与认知能力的关系。方法采用中国科学院心理研究所李德明教授编制的《基本认知能力测验》系统2.0版。该测验共分数字快速拷贝、汉字快速比较、心算、正反字识别、心算答案回忆、双字词再认和无意义图形再认。同时完成艾森克个性问卷(EPQ)的填写。结果在精神质倾向中,稳定型个性占了调查者的多数,而认知能力上只有数字快速拷贝因子在个性特征为稳定型中显示了明显优势,具有显著性差异(F=7.48;P<0.05);内外向、神经质或情绪稳定维度的认知能力没有显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论该群体飞行员具有稳定、外倾型的良好性格特怔,也更适合飞行职业的要求。     

A Genetic Analysis of Avian Personality Traits: Correlated,Response to Artificial Selection

Individuals in a range of species consistently differ in their behavior towards mild challenges, over age and time. Differences have been found for several personality traits in a range of species. In great tits these traits have a genetic basis and are phenotypically correlated. Estimates of genetic correlations are, however, fundamental to understanding the evolution of consistent individual differences in behavior. This study analyzed two selection experiments on two avian personality traits, early exploratory behavior and risk-taking behavior. The selection lines used were both started using wild great tits (Parus major) from two natural populations. Genetic correlations were calculated using the response and the correlated response to artificial selection. We found genetic correlations ranging from 0.51 to 0.66, based on individual values, and from 0.84 to 1.00 based on nest means. Genetic correlations can be due to pleiotropic effects or to linkage disequilibrium. The different behavioral traits might therefore have a common genetic basis, possibly constraining independent evolution of personality traits in natural populations. These results are discussed in relation to domain generality and domain specificity of personalities.     

青少年罪犯的人格障碍及人格特征研究

目的:了解青少年罪犯的人格障碍分布情况及人格特征,探讨进行人格矫正改造的重要性.方法:采用人格诊断问卷(PDQ-4 )对405名男性青少年犯人进行筛查,使用明尼苏达多相人格问卷(MMPI)进行人格特征调查,并与全国常模进行比较.结果:PDO-4 筛查结果示罪犯组12型人格障碍得分均显著高于对照,MMPI结果示罪犯组F、Hs、Hy、Pd、Pa、Pt、Sc、Ma等8个量表的均分显著高于对照.结论:青少年罪犯存在多种人格特征偏移正常,部分达人格障碍,需要及时矫正治疗.     

Genetic and Environmental Mediation Between Measures of Personality and Family Environment in Twins Reared Together

In this study we analyzed the etiology of the relationship between personality traits and retrospectively recalled family environment. The data of 226 identical and 168 fraternal twin pairs reared together from the Jena twin study of social attitudes were available. Personality traits were measured using the self- and peer report versions of the German NEO-personality inventory-revised. A German version of Blocks Environmental Questionnaire was applied to measure two broad dimensions of the family environment retrospectively: support and organization. We could replicate earlier findings that retrospective reports of these family environment dimensions were in part genetically influenced. A total of 66% of the genetic variance in support and 24% in organization could be accounted for by heritable variance in self-rated personality. That was replicated by using peer reports of personality, 41% explained genetic variance in support and 17% in organization. Environmental mediations were negligible. This indicates that the relationship between personality and retrospectively recalled family environment is largely genetically mediated.