肠道菌群紊乱与围术期神经认知障碍的研究进展

正随着手术麻醉的普及和医学人文的发展,围术期神经认知障碍(perioperative neurocognitive disorders,PND)受到越来越多的关注。2018年11月麻醉学领域6大权威期刊同步刊发关于PND的最新定义,明确PND是指发生在术前和术后12个月内,且符合第五版神经障碍手册(diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders-fifth edition,DSM-5)中神经认知障碍诊断标准的围术期认知功能损害[1]。PND好发于老年患者,主要表现为注意力、记忆力、语言思维能力等减     

睡眠-觉醒节律与围术期神经认知障碍的研究进展

<正>随着社会老龄化的到来,老年手术患者日益增加,围术期神经认知障碍(perioperative neurocognitive disorders, PND)也逐渐被人们关注。PND是指患者术前、术后短时间和术后长时间的认知功能损害或改变,包括了以往临床上所说的术后认知功能障碍(postoperative cognitive dysfunction, POCD)~([1])。PND是老年患者围术期常见的问题之一,主要表现为定向力、注意力、记忆力、思     

围术期神经认知障碍脑源性生物标志物的研究进展

围术期神经认知障碍（PND）是一种常见于老年患者的术后并发症，其特征是患者出现认知功能下降、记忆受损、注意力不能集中等改变。随着老年患者手术数量的持续增长，出现PND的患者数量也将随之上升。PND的危险因素及诱发因素十分复杂，具体机制尚不清楚，且无统一的诊断标准。本文总结近年来各类PND脑源性生物标志物的研究进展，以期为PND的预测和诊断提供参考。     

神经炎症与围术期神经认知障碍关系的研究进展

围术期神经认知障碍(PND)是一种常见的术后并发症, 多见于老年患者, 随着人口老龄化进程以及老年患者手术量的增加, PND的发生率也逐步增加。近年来, 神经炎症与PND的关系受到了广泛关注, 其在PND的发生机制中起主要作用[1]。本文就神经炎症与PND关系的研究进展进行综述, 以了解现状、预测未来研究趋势及寻求新的研究突破点。     

认知筛查量表评定老年患者围术期神经功能障碍的研究进展

<正>随着老龄化社会的到来,"围术期神经功能障碍"( perioperative neurocognitive disorders,PND)已成为围术期医学的热门话题之一~[1]。PND特指患者在术前或术后出现的认知功能损害或改变,它包含了以往常用术语"术后认知功能障碍(postoperative cognitive dysfunction, POCD)"的研究范畴~[2]。对于临床工作及研究而言,选择合适的围术期认知功能评估工具格外重要。国际学     

脑内胰岛素与围术期神经认知障碍相关性的研究进展北大核心CSCD

围术期神经认知障碍(PND)是老年患者常见的围术期并发症,表现为注意力不集中,学习能力下降和记忆受损,严重影响患者生存质量,增加社会和家庭负担。PND是多种因素共同作用的结果,脑内胰岛素信号通路异常或胰岛素抵抗是PND发生的重要原因之一。脑内胰岛素具有调节能量代谢、促进神经元再生以及改善记忆和认知等作用,其功能失调可能导致老年患者发生认知障碍。麻醉及手术等破坏脑内胰岛素功能,引发神经炎症反应、突触功能受损、β淀粉样蛋白沉积和tau蛋白过度磷酸化等病理变化,最终导致PND。因此,本文就脑内胰岛素对PND的影响进行综述,以期为探究PND的发病机制和寻找新的治疗靶点提供参考。     

类淋巴系统与围术期神经认知障碍相关性的研究进展

围术期神经认知障碍(PND)是患者在术后出现的人格、社交及认知功能改变,以学习记忆能力下降为主要特征,严重影响患者术后健康状况及生存质量,但目前临床尚缺乏有效防治措施。类淋巴系统是由水通道蛋白4(AQP4)介导的脑脊液转运系统,可清除神经毒性物质,维持大脑内环境稳定。类淋巴系统损伤机制可从大脑废物清除角度综合解释PND的诸多病理生理改变,有望成为干预PND发生发展的集束化靶点。本文对类淋巴系统的研究进展及类淋巴系统与PND相关诱发因素间的潜在联系进行综述,以期为PND的防治提供新思路。     

术前参麦注射液干预对患者围术期神经认知功能紊乱影响的Meta分析

目的评价参麦注射液术前干预对患者围术期神经认知功能紊乱的影响。方法通过计算机检索中国知网、中国生物医学文献数据库、维普、万方医学、PubMed、Embase等数据库,纳入参麦注射液术前干预对改善患者围术期神经认知功能紊乱影响的随机对照试验(RCT),检索年限为建库至2020年2月。采用RevMan 5.3软件进行统计学分析。结果纳入7项RCT研究,567例患者,其中参麦干预组284例,对照组283例。参麦干预组围术期神经认知功能紊乱(PND)的发生率明显低于对照组(OR=0.26,95%CI 0.16~0.42,P<0.001),术后简易智能精神状态量表评分(MMSE)明显高于对照组(MD=3.13,95%CI 2.89~3.36,P<0.001)。结论术前应用参麦注射液进行干预能够降低患者PND的发生率。     

肺移植患者围手术期神经认知障碍发生率及危险因素分析

目的了解肺移植患者围手术期神经认知障碍(perioperative neurocognitive disorders,PND)的发生率,探究PND的危险因素及其模型预测效能。方法选择2019年6月—2020年5月于无锡市人民医院行肺移植手术患者为研究对象,于术前1 d和术后第7天、1个月、3个月分别接受简易精神状态检查(Mini Mental Status Examination,MMSE)量表及蒙特利尔认知评估(Montreal Cognitive Assessment,MoCA)量表检测判定是否发生PND,根据是否发生PND分为非PND组和PND组。记录患者一般资料、围手术期情况[包括ASA分级、入室肺动脉压、供肺冷缺血时间、体外膜氧合器(extracorporeal membrane oxygenator,ECMO)使用、肺动脉阻断时间、麻醉时间、手术时间、术中出血量、术中尿量、术中总输液量、术中总输血量、去甲肾上腺素用量、术中Hb下降率等]、术后入ICU后ECMO转流时间、拔管时间、ICU滞留时间、术后前3 d乳酸值等情况。采用Logistic回归模型分析肺移植患者术后第7天发生神经认知障碍的独立危险因素,构建受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线检验相关模型对PND的预测效能。结果共纳入101例患者,术后第7天PND发生率为32.7%(33/101),术后1个月PND发生率降至14.9%(15/101),术后3个月PND发生率为8.9%(9/101)。在单因素分析中,术后第7天PND组供肺冷缺血时间、ECMO的使用、术后ECMO转流时间、ICU滞留时间和术后第2天乳酸值高于非PND组;术后1个月时PND组术后ECMO转流时间高于非PND组;术后3个月时PND组ICU滞留时间高于非PND组。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,供肺冷缺血时间和ICU滞留时间是肺移植患者术后第7天发生PND的独立危险因素,术后第7天ROC曲线下面积(area under curve,AUC)为0.709(95%CI 0.603~0.815,P<0.01),预测PND敏感度为45.5%,特异性为88.2%。结论肺移植患者术后第7天、1个月、3个月PND发生率分别为32.7%、14.9%和8.9%,供肺冷缺血时间和ICU滞留时间是肺移植患者术后第7天发生PND的早期危险因素。     

围术期诱发中枢胆碱能系统功能减退的相关因素

围术期神经认知紊乱(perioperative neurocognitive disorders,PND)是指在围术期发生的神经认知功能的减退,主要表现为学习记忆等认知能力的下降[1]。大脑多个脑区广泛分布中枢胆碱能系统,不同脑区的胆碱能系统功能与学习和记忆等认知功能存在着密切联系[2]。中枢胆碱能系统功能受到围术期多种因素的损害,可能导致PND的发生。本文对围术期诱发中枢胆碱能系统功能减退的相关因素研究进展作一综述,为临床预防PND的发生提供参考。     

The absence of dominant alpha-oscillatory EEG activity during emergence from delta-dominant anesthesia predicts neurocognitive impairment- results from a prospective observational trial

Study objectivePostoperative neurocognitive disorders (PND) are common complications after surgery under general anesthesia. In our aging society the incidence of PND will increase. Hence, interdisciplinary efforts should be taken to minimize the occurrence of PND. Electroencephalographic (EEG) monitoring of brain activity during anesthesia or emergence from anesthesia is a promising tool to identify patients at risk. We therefore investigated whether we could identify specific EEG signatures during emergence of anesthesia that are associated with the occurrence of PND.Design and patientsWe performed a prospective observational investigation on 116 patients to evaluate the EEG features during emergence from general anesthesia dominated by slow delta waves in patients with and without delirium in the postoperative care unit (PACU-D) as assessed by the CAM-ICU and the RASS.Main resultsDuring emergence both the frontal and global EEG of patients with PACU-D were significantly different from patients without PACU-D. PACU-D patients had lower relative alpha power and reduced fronto-parietal alpha coherence.ConclusionsWith our analysis we show differences in EEG features associated with anesthesia emergence in patients with and without PACU-D. Frontal and global EEG alpha-band features could help to identify patients with PACU-D.Clinical trial number: NCT03287401     

炎症反应在围术期神经认知障碍中的作用研究进展

围术期神经认知障碍(PND)患者有发生严重并发症的风险,可能出现痴呆甚至死亡。目前,关于发生PND的具体机制尚不明确。越来越多的研究表明,PND患者和动物模型中出现促炎信号分子。外周炎性因子的释放、血脑屏障的破坏、中枢神经炎症反应的发生、神经元的凋亡和突触的丧失,提示炎症机制可能在PND的发生中起关键作用。本文对神经炎症反应在PND中的作用以及干预措施的研究进展作一综述,以期为基础研究及临床实践提供新的思路。     

补体系统在围术期神经认知障碍中的研究进展

围术期神经认知障碍（PND）是一种常见的围术期神经系统并发症,表现为注意力不集中,学习能力下降和记忆受损,可影响患者术后短期功能恢复及预后,延长患者的住院时间。目前PND的发生机制仍存在争议。补体系统是一种生物级联反应体系,已被证实在多种神经退行性疾病的发生发展过程中起着重要作用。麻醉及手术刺激可激活中枢神经系统中的补体系统,影响神经炎症反应、突触功能、血脑屏障、血脑脊液屏障,引起或加重PND。本文章就补体系统对围术期神经认知功能的影响做一系统综述,以期为PND的潜在药物靶点和治疗提供参考。     

肠道菌群与围手术期神经认知障碍研究进展

围手术期神经认知障碍(perioperative neurocognitive disorders,PND)是麻醉和手术相关的常见并发症,其机制和干预研究一直以来都是麻醉和围手术期医学领域的热点和重点问题。目前,大量证据证实肠道菌群与大脑之间存在着重要的交互关联,称为肠-脑轴。肠道菌群是肠-脑轴重要一环,其稳态对神经认知功能起着重要的调控作用。文章基于目前的研究,就麻醉和外科手术对肠道菌群的影响,肠道菌群失调在PND中的作用及其潜在机制,以及通过调节肠道菌群对PND的干预作用等方面进行综述,以期为临床及科学研究提供参考。     

围术期脑电监测与老年患者预后相关性的研究进展

脑电监测是通过电极将脑电活动记录下来的方法,可以连续、直观地反映人类大脑意识状态的改变。不同生理、病理状态可以观察到特殊的脑电模式,老年患者尤为明显。因此,围术期脑电监测与老年患者手术预后的关系备受关注。本文就围术期脑电监测与老年患者预后相关性的研究进展进行综述,为改善老年患者手术预后质量、探究脑电监测的临床意义提供参考。     

Cerebral protection during carotid endarterectomy

BACKGROUND: Perioperative stroke rates with carotid endarterectomy are 3.4% for asymptomatic and 5.2% for symptomatic patients. Several methods are used to limit perioperative stroke. METHODS: A retrospective chart review of consecutive carotid endarterectomies from January 1, 2000 to February, 28, 2003, was performed. Data were collected on patient demographics, operative procedure, intraoperative monitoring, and outcome. Comparative analysis of intraoperative monitoring and outcome was performed. RESULTS: Two hundred twenty-nine patients underwent 251 carotid endarterectomies. In 196 procedures decision to shunt was based on intraoperative monitoring, 129 by electroencephalogram (EEG), and 67 by stump pressures. Sixteen neurologic events occurred perioperatively, one transient ischemic attack and 15 strokes. The EEG group had 12 strokes, with a 38% event rate in procedures with EEG changes without shunting. The stump pressure group had one stroke. Stroke rate for intraoperative EEG monitoring was elevated (P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Intraoperative EEG based decision to shunt may not be as effective as other methods for prevention of perioperative neurologic events. When EEG changes occur, shunting is necessary.     

伤害性刺激相关脑电特征的研究进展

通过对脑电图（EEG）数据的有效分析，客观监测伤害性感受的动态变化是近年研究的热点。中重度术后急性疼痛的发生率高，严重影响患者生理和心理健康，然而尚无客观衡量围术期伤害性刺激感受的金标准以指导围术期镇痛。目前有关伤害性刺激期间EEG变化特征的研究结果尚不一致。本文对不同性质的伤害性刺激的EEG特征进行总结，以期为未来研究提供参考。     

Decreased brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels may predict early perioperative neurocognitive disorder in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery: A prospective observational pilot study

Study objectiveTo determine the prognostic value of the change in intraoperative BDNF (Brain-derived neurotrophic factor) levels during cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) on early perioperative neurocognitive disorder (PND).DesignProspective observational pilot study.SettingThe study was performed in the Medical Faculty Hospital, from January 2020 to August 2020.Patients45 adult patients undergoing elective coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG) with CPB.InterventionsNone.MeasurementsCognitive function was evaluated 1 day before and 4 days after the surgery. Serum BDNF levels were measured at four time points (T1: after induction; T2: with aortic cross-clamp; T3: without aortic cross-clamp; T4: 4 days after surgery) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Main resultsThe incidence of PND was 37.8% four days after surgery. Serum BDNF (T2 and T4) levels were significantly lower in PND group compared to non- PND group (p = 0.003 and p = 0.016, respectively). Moreover, lactate, rSO₂ (regional cerebral oxygen saturation), aortic cross-clamp time, CPB duration, and the amount of blood transfusion differed between the groups. Logistic regression analysis identified serum BDNF-T2, age, cross-clamp time, and rSO₂-T2 as independent risk factors for PND. Based on the ROC analysis, the area under curve (AUC) of BDNF-T2 concentration for prediction of PND was 0.759 with sensitivity of 71.4% and specificity of 64.7% (p < 0.01).ConclusionIntraoperative BDNF serum levels may be a useful biomarker in predicting PND in patients undergoing CABG surgery. More comprehensive studies is needed in order to confirm the effect of decreasing intraoperative BDNF serum levels on the development of PND.Trial registration numberNCT04250935 www.clinicaltrials.gov.     

Is Phrenic Nerve Dysfunction After Cardiac Surgery Related to Internal Mammary Harvesting?

BACKGROUND: Although many surgeons feel that internal mammary artery (IMA) harvesting is a risk factor for phrenic nerve dysfunction (PND) following coronary artery bypass grafting surgery (CABG), objective data confirming this are lacking. We sought to compare two groups of cardiac surgical patients to determine if an association exists between IMA harvesting and PND following CABG. METHODS: Using inpatient medical records and chest radiographs, we performed a retrospective analysis of 25 consecutive CABG patients and 25 consecutive valve procedure patients in order to compare the incidence of PND following cardiac surgery with and without IMA harvesting. RESULTS: Two patients were excluded. Thirty-one patients underwent IMA harvesting as part of their procedure, of whom 42% had PND evidenced on postextubation chest X-ray. Seventeen patients did not have IMA harvesting, and the incidence of PND in this group was 12% (p = 0.05). Both groups were similar in preoperative variables and operative techniques. CONCLUSION: This study suggests IMA harvesting is indeed a risk factor for PND following CABG.     

Perioperative management of the older patient

With an ageing population, anaesthetists have increasing importance in taking care of the elderly undergoing surgery. Physiological changes, comorbidities, frailty and cognitive dysfunction conduce to adverse outcomes, institutionalization and mortality. This article looks into the physiological changes and anaesthetic considerations in the older patients. Preoperative assessment including use of the Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment, frailty, nutritional and cognitive assessments will be discussed. Prehabilitation can potentially modify frailty, improve outcome and reduce length of hospitalization. Preoperative nutritional therapy, where indicated, can improve nutritional status and reduce complications.Two important complications to avoid in the elderly are perioperative neurocognitive disorder (PND) and postoperative acute kidney injury (PO-AKI). PND is a predictor of poor outcome including mortality. Intraoperative electroencephalogram monitoring may help to decrease the incidence of delirium. PO-AKI is a common morbidity in elderly and its incidence can be reduced by appropriate fluid therapy and drug choice.