NDM-1型金属-β-内酰胺酶及其抑制剂研究进展

金属β-内酰胺酶(MBLs)尤其是NDM-1型金属酶介导的细菌耐药性在全球范围内不断扩散,给人类健康带来日益严重的威胁。虽然使用抑制剂阻止酶的水解作用是临床上应对产β-内酰胺酶耐药菌的重要手段,并已成功上市了奥格门汀等药物,但临床所用抑制剂仅对丝氨酸β-内酰胺酶有效,对MBLs尤其是NDM-1没有效果。本综述概述了近年来NDM-1抑制剂的研究进展,介绍了MBLs抑制剂筛选新方法,以期为研究者们提供新的思路,更有效地设计或筛选出活性较好的MBLs抑制剂。     

VIM型金属β-内酰胺酶及抑制剂研究进展

VIM金属β-内酰胺酶是1种能水解几乎所有(除氨曲南等单环外)的β-内酰胺类抗生素,也是已报道蛋白质中与新德里金属β-内酰胺酶(NDM-1)序列相似性最高的一类获得性金属β-内酰胺酶。VIM-1与NDM-1相似,前者基因易于在细菌间传播和扩散,迄今还未发现临床有效的抑制剂,所以研发新型有效的抑制剂迫在眉睫。综述了近年来VIM序列、结构特点、耐药机制及相关抑制剂的最新研究进展,为设计、筛选、开发新型VIM-1抑制剂奠定基础,亦可为深入了解NDM-1设计开发其抑制剂提供帮助。     

超级细菌NDM-1及其抑制剂的研究进展

细菌中抗生素耐药性的迅速发展威胁着将人类带回到"后抗生素时代"。新德里金属β-内酰胺酶(NDM-1)几乎可以水解所有的β-内酰胺抗生素,包括碳青霉烯。携带blaNDM-1基因的细菌被称为超级细菌,至今临床上仍缺乏针对NDM-1的抑制剂。新型NDM-1抑制剂的研发是一个具有挑战性但值得深入研究的领域。本文对NDM-1及其抑制剂研究进展进行阐述,为后续研发提供借鉴。     

新型苯并硫氮杂酮类非ATP竞争GSK-3β抑制剂的设计、合成和活性评价

目的寻找新型的非ATP竞争糖原合成酶激酶-3β(GSK-3β)抑制剂。方法针对GSK-3β的非ATP结合的底物作用位点为靶点,采用Autodock程序对类药性小分子库Maybridge进行虚拟筛选寻找新型GSK-3β抑制剂。采用克脑文格尔反应,环合及N-烷基化反应制备目标化合物。采用体外酶抑制活性测试目标化合物的活性。结果化合物2-(2-呋喃基)-5-苄基-2,3-二氢苯并[b][1,4]硫氮杂-4(5H)-酮对GSK-3β具有中等抑制活性(IC5047.69±2.38μmol.L 1)。结论活性化合物的结构与目前报道的其他GSK-3β抑制剂不同,可望作为新的先导化合物,值得进一步研究。     

基于结构设计的三肽分子对NDM-1的抑制活性研究

产生β-内酰胺酶是致病菌对抗生素耐药性的最主要原因。虽然丝氨酸β-内酰胺酶抑制剂已经广泛用于临床,但是针对金属β-内酰胺酶目前尚无有效药物通过临床试验。因此新型MBLs抑制剂的研发成为了热点。鉴于抗菌肽在自然界发挥的快速有效的抗菌活性及其不易导致耐药性的特点,结合不断被报道的卡托普利与青霉素的结构特征,本研究设计了一系列含有半胱氨酸的小分子肽,并测定了其对NDM-1的抑制活性,发现FCf对NDM-1的抑制活性最好,IC₅₀为26.59μmol/L,能够使头孢呋辛对NDM-1重组菌的MIC降低4倍。Cys和N端Phe构型的改变都会使三肽分子的活性降低,C端引入Pro也会导致活性下降。本研究可为合理设计新型MBLs抑制剂提供借鉴。     

用生物化学方法从植物内生真菌提取液中高通量筛选细菌β-内酰胺酶抑制物

目的采用生物化学方法从植物内生真菌代谢物中筛选细菌β-酰胺酶抑制剂。方法克隆β-内酰胺酶KPC-2、TEM-10和NDM-1基因至表达载体pET28;纯化重组蛋白质,以此为药靶,从植物内生真菌代谢产物库中高通量筛选β-内酰胺酶抑制物;检测效应物对β-内酰胺类药物的增效效应。结果成功克隆了3个目的基因,纯化了重组蛋白质至纯度80-95%;从3752种真菌提取液中筛选确定了5个对3种纯化的β-内酰胺酶活性均有抑制的效应物,其中效应物PF000,212能够使美罗培南对3株携带NDM-1基因的临床分离"超级细菌"菌株的最低抑菌浓度降低8~16倍。结论以β-内酰胺酶为药靶,以植物内生真菌代谢物为材料,应用生物化学方法进行高通量筛选,是获得新型β-内酰胺酶抑制物的一条有效途径。     

金属β-内酰胺酶抑制剂研究新进展

金属β-内酰胺酶是β-内酰胺酶中的B亚群,带有该酶的细菌表现为对青霉素类、头孢菌素类以及碳青霉烯类抗生素的耐药,该基因可通过染色体和转移基因在不同种细菌间传递,造成广泛耐药。本文主要综述了金属β-内酰胺酶(MBLs)分子结构与作用、MBLs抑制剂的最新研究,基于无机生物学模拟的MBLs抑制剂及催化机制的探索。     

B型金属β-内酰胺酶抑制剂研究进展

B型金属β-内酰胺酶(metallo-β-lactamases,MBLs)抑制剂是目前在研的所有β-内酰胺酶抑制剂中较为热门的一类。本文结合国内外文献以及课题组先前的工作,简述了MBLs抑制剂的分类及其对β-内酰胺酶(β-lactamase)的抑制机制,并列举了一些目前在研的化合物,强调了开发MBLs抑制剂的紧迫性和在临床应用中的现实意义。随着研究的深入,MBLs抑制剂有望开发成为高效、低毒的抑制剂,在一定程度上解决临床上抗生素的细菌耐药问题,从而使临床上相关抗生素的使用发生革命性的变化。     

滥用抗生素催生“超级细菌”

<正>近期一种被命名为"NDM-1"的细菌成为人们关注的焦点,由于它可以抵抗现有的几乎所有的抗生素,被称为"超级细菌"。这种细菌最初在印度首都新德里做过手术的人身上被发现,因此被称为"新德里金属β-内酰胺酶-1(New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase 1,简称NDM-1)"。NDM-1是一种新的超级耐药基因,可编码一种罕见的金属酶,能水解几乎所有的β-内酰胺类抗生素,它可存在于大多数细菌     

新德里金属β-内酰胺酶与多重耐药

目的:综述近年来携带新德里金属β-内酰胺酶(NDM-1)基因的多重耐药菌在耐药机制、流行病学、诊断、预防和治疗方面的研究进展。方法:通过检索国内外新近的文献报道,进行分析、整理和归纳。结果:多方面对新型金属β-内酰胺酶NDM-1及其引起的耐药进行了总结和分析,为NDM-1的研究和临床指导提供有益的参考。结论:NDM-1作为一种新发现的金属β-内酰胺酶,几乎能够水解所有的抗菌药物,给疫情防控和临床治疗带来了很大的挑战,通过对NDM-1多方面、不同层次的认识,使人们能够更加理性地认识这种超级细菌,以便更加科学、有效地做好包括NDM-1在内的多重耐药性的防控工作。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.