枕下乙状窦后入路锁孔手术切除听神经瘤

目的 探讨枕下乙状窦后入路锁孔手术切除听神经瘤的方法及效果。方法 回顾性分析2016年1月至2018年6月经枕下乙状窦后入路锁孔手术治疗的116例听神经瘤的临床资料,根据术前增强MRI分为中小型听神经瘤组（最大径≤3 cm;83例）和大型听神经瘤组（最大径>3 cm;33例）。结果 中小型听神经瘤组肿瘤全切除率为97.6%（81/83）,面神经解剖保留80例（96.4%）。术后1周面神经功能良好（H-B分级Ⅰ~Ⅱ级）59例（71.1%）。大型听神经瘤组肿瘤全切除率87.9%（29/33）,面神经解剖保留28例（84.8%）,术后1周面神经功能良好18例（54.5%）。结论 对于中小型听神经瘤,采用枕下乙状窦后入路锁孔手术可实现肿瘤完全切除和良好的面神经功能保护。对于大型听神经瘤,在良好体位、充分释放脑脊液、电生理监测等辅助下,采用乙状窦后入路锁孔手术也可实现肿瘤安全满意切除和面神经功能保护。     

听神经瘤手术内听道处理及面听神经保护

目的探讨听神经瘤手术内听道内肿瘤的处理方法,并对显微解剖保留面神经的手术经验和技巧进行讨论,以提高肿瘤的全切率和面神经的保留率。方法回顾性分析经枕下乙状窦后-内听道入路显微外科手术治疗的听神经瘤49例,术前行CT内耳道薄层扫描,术中行面神经功能和脑干听觉诱发电位监测。对听神经瘤内听道处理的手术技巧进行分析。结果术中面神经解剖保留43例,面神经解剖保留率为87.8%,出院时功能保留35例(H-B分级,Ⅰ~Ⅱ级)。解剖未能保留6例,其中2例行面神经端-端吻合。肿瘤全切45例,全切除率为91.8%;近全切除4例。术后无死亡病例。结论熟悉内听道内面听神经与肿瘤的病理解剖关系,熟练掌握显微手术技巧并结合术中监测,对肿瘤全切除和面听神经功能保护具有重要的意义。     

大型听神经瘤的显微外科治疗

目的探讨听神经瘤显微手术方法,提高肿瘤全切除率及面神经解剖和功能保留率。方法回顾我科2003-08～2009—08经枕下乙状窦后入路显微手术切除的41例大型听神经瘤患者的临床资料,结合文献进行总结探讨。2005—04—29后,对27例行术中面神经电生理监测。结果41例病例中镜下肿瘤全切除37例（92％）,次全切除4例（9．8％）。面神经解剖保留36例（87．8％）,5例（13．2％）未能解剖保留面神经。无手术死亡病例,随诊3个月～6年,术后病人均能恢复正常生活,遗留永久性面瘫5例。结论经枕下乙状窦后人路采用显微技术切除大型听神经瘤,能明显提高手术全切率及面神经保存率。     

听神经鞘瘤显微手术治疗63例

目的总结听神经鞘瘤手术切除的经验,为进一步提高肿瘤全切率和面、听神经保留率,预防并发症和降低死亡率。方法回顾性分析枕下-乙状窦后入路63例听神经鞘瘤显微手术,并对手术要点、肿瘤大小与肿瘤全切率和面、听神经保留率之间的关系进行了讨论。结果12例小于2cm的肿瘤均全切;29例2~4cm的肿瘤,全切23例;22例大于4cm的肿瘤,仅12例全切。肿瘤全切除率74.6%(47/63),面神经解剖保留率58.7%(37/63),功能恢复率50.8%(32/63),术前有听力者听神经保留率46.4%(13/28),本组死亡一例,死亡率1.6%。结论肿瘤大小与肿瘤全切率及面、听神经保留率密切相关,熟练的显微手术技巧和手术前后正确处理是保留面神经及降低死亡率的关键。     

大型听神经瘤显微手术切除及面听神经保留技巧

目的 介绍大型听神经瘤显微手术切除及面听神经保留技巧。方法 对51例大型听神经瘤采用乙状窦后入路显微手术切除。结果 所有51例病人均行肿瘤全切,面神经解剖保留率为96％。根据House-Brackmann面神经功能分级标准,20例（39％）术后3个月内面神经功能为Ⅰ-Ⅱ级,27例（53％）为Ⅲ－Ⅳ级,4例（8％）为Ⅴ－Ⅵ级。根据Gardener-Robertson听力分级标准,3例（6％）听力保留。无手术死亡、脑干和后组颅神经损害及其他严重并发症。结论 采用显微手术技术,绝大多数大型听神经瘤均可以在保留面神经解剖完整的前提下手术全切。     

巨大听神经瘤的显微手术治疗

目的 探讨巨大听神经瘤（直径>4 cm）显微手术方法及效果。方法 回顾性分析2017年2月至2020年5月显微手术切除的7例巨大听神经瘤的临床资料。结果 肿瘤全切除4例,近全切除1例,次全切除2例（术后3个月行伽玛刀治疗）。5例面神经解剖保留,2例术中未能解剖保留;术后面神经功能分级按H-B标准:Ⅱ级4例,Ⅲ级1例,Ⅳ级2例。术后随访4~40个月,全切除肿瘤无复发,未全切除肿瘤无进展。结论 对于巨大听神经瘤,术中严格电生理监测下尽可能全切除肿瘤,必要时残留粘连紧密的脑干和面神经上肿瘤,术后辅助伽玛刀治疗,亦能取得满意的效果。     

听神经瘤手术治疗与面听神经功能保留（310例报告）

一、材料与方法1990年6月至2001年6月,听神经瘤手术310例,男性70例,女性78例。年龄16～68岁,平均38.2±4.4岁。310例中大型听神经瘤288例(直径>3cm),直径1.5～3cm19例,直径<1.5cm3例。309例采用枕下乳突后入路,1例经迷路入路。其中行术中监测的病人148例,仪器设备:美国Nicolet公司的Viking-IV型监测仪。手术后评估术后复查了解肿瘤的切除程度;术后病人面神经功能的H-B评分。二、结果280例(90.32%)面神经都得到解剖保留,其中未监测组的面神经保留率为86.88%(139/160),术中监测组的面神经保留率为95.92%(141/147)。肿瘤的全切率为96.41%(29…     

经乙状窦后-内听道入路微创手术治疗听神经瘤

目的探讨听神经瘤微创显微手术切除听神经瘤的手术方法和技巧,以提高肿瘤的全切除率和面神经的功能保护率。 方法回顾性分析陆军总医院附属八一脑科医院自2000年1月至2017年12月应用多模态技术辅助经枕下乙状窦后-内听道入路微创手术治疗的887例听神经瘤患者的临床资料。术后3个月常规复查增强MRI明确肿瘤切除程度,评估面神经功能。 结果肿瘤全切841例,全切除率为94.8%。术中面神经解剖保留832例,面神经解剖保留率为93.7%;解剖未能保留的55例,其中16例术中行面神经端-端吻合,另有3例术后行面神经移植。肿瘤切除3个月后复查,面神经功能Ⅰ~Ⅱ级695例(78.4%）,Ⅲ~Ⅳ级176例(19.8%）,Ⅴ级16例(1.8%）。 结论听神经瘤微创显微手术有助于提高肿瘤切除的安全性和手术疗效,熟练掌握显微手术技巧是提高肿瘤全切除、面神经解剖和功能保护率的关键。     

大型听神经瘤的显微手术治疗

目的探讨经枕下乙状窦后入路显微手术切除大型听神经瘤的效果。方法回顾性分析我院2008年1月至2011年12月手术切除的大型听神经瘤182例患者的临床资料。手术采用侧卧位单侧枕下乙状窦后入路。结果肿瘤全切除162例（89.0%）,次全切除12例,大部切除8例。术中面神经解剖保留率为92.3%（168/182）,术后1周面神经功能保留率为69.8%（127/182）。术后死亡4例。术中行神经电生理监测48例中面神经功能保留率为89.5%（43/48）,较同期未监测患者面神经保留率（70.0%,14/20）明显提高（P〈0.05）。146例术后随访3个月至1年,面神经功能保留121例（82.9%）。结论采用枕下乙状窦后入路显微手术切除大型听神经瘤手效果确切,术中神经电生理监测可有效提高面神经的功能保留率。     

大型听神经瘤的显微手术治疗及术中面神经保护

目的 探讨显微手术切除大型（肿瘤最大径>3 cm）听神经瘤的疗效及术中面神经保护的方法。方法 回顾性分析2014年1月至2018年2月手术治疗的86例大型听神经瘤的临床资料,均在电生理监测下采用枕下乙状窦后入路显微手术。结果 肿瘤全切除83例,近全切除3例。面神经保留78例（91%）;术后1周面神经功能House-Backmann分级:1级11例,2级37例,3级22例,4级16例。术后门诊随访3~30个月,术区皮下积液4例,口唇疱疹9例,无死亡病例。结论 术前多模态肿瘤-神经评估,术中实时电生理监测,精细显微手术对大型听神经瘤全切和保留面神经功能可提供保障。     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.     

Clobazam for Treatment of Intractable Epilepsy: A Critical Assessment

Summary: Clobazam (CLB), a 1,5-benzodiazepine, is a remarkably effective add-on drug for individual patients with refractory partial epilepsy. CLB has an excellent safety record. As with all benzodiazepines used for treating epilepsy, sedation and withdrawal effects, together with the development of tolerance, limit its usefulness. Recent efforts to prevent or reverse tolerance with intermittent administration of CLB or periodic injection of a benzodiazepine antagonist, flumazenil, are encouraging and justify further investigations.     

La passion de Torquemada et le terrorisme islamique : quelques points de comparaison

This original research compares the doctrinal, psychopathological and operational standpoints of the 15th century Spanish Inquisition (Torquemada) with those of radical Islamism from 1988 to 2005 (Al-Qaeda). The following are reviewed: (a) the main texts codifying the procedure for conducting the criminal investigation of a Holy Office trial (Directorium inquisitorum); (b) the life and work of the grand inquisitor Tomás de Torquemada (1420–1498); (c) the psychopathological relations between passion (passionate psychoses, passionate idealism, paranoid personality) and fanaticism; (d) “the madmen, the enlightened and the criminals” of Islamic terrorism; (e) the cognitive and emotional motives for engagement in the jihadist radicalization of young people; (f) the common principles of monotheistic fanaticism (Inquisition, Al-Qaeda) and the particular dogmas of Islamic terrorism in our time; (g) the operating modes of the Inquisition and the Jihadist holy war. The author concludes that the rigour and seriousness of the inquisitorial judicial procedure, which was precise, individual and personalized, contrasts with the revolutionary pamphlets of Al-Qaeda, which only provide broad guidelines for the modus operandi of the fight against infidels, who are usually random victims.     

Claustration et collectionnisme : réflexions à propos d’un cas de syndrome de Diogène avec vols kleptomaniaques et vengeurs

Social withdrawal is a pathognomonic behaviour that is consistently associated with mental illnesses. Compulsive hoarding can also be interpreted as a pathological behaviour, even when it does not involve kleptomania. Diogenes syndrome (DS) was first described in 1975, and is characterized by both behaviours - social withdrawal and compulsive hoarding. Even though it is often the manifestation of a psychiatric condition, its aetiology is diverse. The most frequent ones are however: dementia, schizophrenia and mental retardation. In this study, we describe an atypical case presenting with DS. Il consists of a young man, seen in a forensic setting, who had been diagnosed with kleptomania in the past, presents with compulsive hoarding, and whose recent thefts were fuelled by revenge. Finally, to our knowledge, the way social withdrawal is viewed is seldom taken into account. We analyse its implication on social withdrawal.     

Neurological soft signs and schizophrenia: a review of current knowledge

Schizophrenia is a frequent and disabling disorder emerging during adolescence or early adulthood. The identification of underlying processes has been hampered by the complex clinical expression and the probable etiological heterogeneity. The frequency of neurological soft signs (NSS) in patients with schizophrenia and their presence early in life (during the first two years) in high risk subjects support the hypothesis that schizophrenia is a "brain disease" reflecting pre- or perinatal insults during development. The growing interest for NSS has lead to multiple studies that are often difficult to compare. The objective of this review is to summarize the current knowledge on NSS, methodological issues and the future perspectives.     

Lacan, lecteur de Minkowski : l'approche structurale

The notion of structure occupies a predominant place in the theory of Lacan. He indicates that was developed from the work of Minkowski. In fact, through his phenomeno-structural approach, Minkowski does not limit himself to purely observable phenomena, but attempts to determine the underlying structure. He refers to the comprehensive phenomenology and psychopathology, and this method provides him with clinical finesse and another means of determining a diagnosis. Thus Lacan has used this as a basis for his approach to structure to develop a theory regarding the individual. This implies that the structure of the individual is based on his relation to language. From this concept, he then develops the clinical structures of neurosis, psychosis, and perversion. These structural landmarks also have an effect on the course of treatment.