环孢素A抑制大鼠轴索损伤后血清IL-1β的表达

目的 观察大鼠轴索损伤后血清IL-1β的表达规律,以及环孢素A(CsA)对其表达的影响,探讨CsA的神经保护机制.方法 75只健康雄性SD大鼠随机分为3组:正常对照组(A组)5只、单纯视神经牵拉伤组(B组)35只、CsA处理组(C组)35只,B、C组又分为牵拉伤后或CsA治疗后1,3,6,12 h、1,3,7 d共7个观察时相点,不同时相点各5只大鼠.光镜下观察视网膜神经节细胞(RGCs)和轴索形态学变化,并采用放射免疫方法(平衡法)检测大鼠血清中IL-1β的含量.结果 (1)B组大鼠右侧视神经牵拉伤后3 d,RGCs明显稀疏;伤后7 d,神经纤维排列紊乱,分布稀疏.C组相应的病理变化明显减轻.(2)B组大鼠伤后3,6,12 h、1 d血清中IL-1β浓度明显高于A组,6 h达到高峰,随后逐渐下降,3 d后降至A组水平.C组大鼠血清IL-1β浓度变化规律与B组相似,3,6,12 h、l d血清中IL-1β浓度明显低于B组,但6,12 h、1 d仍高于A组.结论 IL-1β长时间过度表达可能参与了轴索损伤后的继发性病理变化;CsA可能通过减轻轴索损伤后的炎症反应对轴索损伤起保护作用.     

热应激对大鼠轴索损伤的保护作用

目的观察轴索损伤后相应的神经元及少突胶质细胞热休克蛋白70(HSP70)表达的变化及热应激对其表达的影响,探讨HSP70的神经保护作用. 方法 57只雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为正常对照组(A组,3只)、单纯视神经牵拉伤组(B组,18只)、单纯热应激处理组(C组,18只)和热应激预处理牵拉伤组(D组,18只).对B组大鼠右侧视神经施予牵拉,对C组大鼠施予热应激处理,D组大鼠热应激预处理24 h后再对右侧视神经施予牵拉,B、C、D组分别在4,8,16 h、1,3,5 d各处死3只大鼠.光镜下观察视神经、视网膜神经节细胞(RGCs)、视神经少突胶质细胞(OLs)的形态学变化,免疫组化染色检测RGCs及OLs HSP70表达情况. 结果牵拉伤后视神经轴索、RGCs及OLs的形态发生明显的病理变化,热应激预处理再致伤后上述病理改变有显著改善.单纯牵拉伤和单纯热应激处理均可使RGCs及OLs HSP70的表达增加,而热应激预处理再致伤使HSP70的表达明显增强,高峰表达时间提前,维持时间延长. 结论神经元及胶质细胞共同参与了轴索损伤后的病理过程.热应激能使HSP70表达增强、提前和延长,提高其神经保护作用.增强内源性神经保护作用是弥漫性轴索损伤(DAI)治疗的新途径.     

大鼠轴索损伤后视网膜神经节细胞和少突胶质细胞内Tau蛋白的表达

目的 观察大鼠轴索损伤后视网膜神经节细胞(retinal ganglion cells,RGCs)及少突胶质细胞(oligodendrocytes,OLs)内Tau蛋白表达的变化,探讨Tau蛋白与轴索损伤后病理变化的关系. 方法 光镜下观察正常对照组、单纯视神经牵拉伤组、单纯热应激处理组和热应激预处理牵拉伤组大鼠视神经、RGCs、OLs的形态学变化,免疫组化染色检测各组大鼠RGCs及OLs中Tau蛋白的表达情况. 结果 牵拉伤后视神经轴索、RGCs及OLs的形态发生明显的病理变化,热应激预处理再致伤后上述病理改变有显著改善.单纯牵拉伤可使RGCs及OLs中Tan蛋白的表达增加,单纯热应激处理后Tau蛋白的表达不受影响,热应激预处理后再致伤使Tau蛋白的表达明显减弱. 结论 神经元及神经胶质细胞共同参与了轴索损伤后的病理过程.Tau蛋白表达变化可能与迟发性轴索断裂及迟发性神经元凋亡有关.热应激能使Tau蛋白表达减弱和延后,减轻细胞骨架的损害.     

大鼠弥漫性轴突损伤早期淀粉样前体蛋白(β-APP)表达的实验研究

目的 观察大鼠弥漫性轴突损伤（DAI）早期脑内各部位淀粉样前体蛋白（β-APP）表达的变化。方法 应用瞬间旋转致伤装置使16只SD大鼠发生DAI,并于伤后3h、6h分批处死（每时间点8只）,另取8只大鼠作为正常对照,在24h后处死。取各组大鼠脑标本进行免疫组织化学观察,检查损伤后早期不同时间皮质下白质、海马、胼胝体、脑干区域的病理学改变。各部位（胼胝体、海马、脑干）的切片在显微镜下（200倍）进行半定量分析。结果 损伤后3h,大脑皮质下白质、胼胝体和脑干β-APP呈弱阳性表达;损伤后6h,轴突局部免疫反应阳性较前明显增强,范围增大,半定量分析显示,胼胝体、海马、脑干的免疫反应均强于3h组。结论 β-APP在DAI早期（伤后3h）即有明确表达,并呈逐渐增强趋势,可作为DAI早期的标志物。     

5-HT1A受体激动剂(8-OH-DPAT)对大鼠弥漫性轴索损伤神经保护作用的实验研究

目的探讨8-OH-DPAT[8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin]对大鼠弥漫性轴索损伤(DAI)的降低脑温及神经保护作用。方法选用SD大鼠30只,建立大鼠DAI模型。模型制成后,将大鼠随机分为三组,A组(对照组):10只,伤后15 min腹腔给予等量生理盐水;B组(恒定体温组):10只,维持体温恒定,伤后15 min腹腔给予8-OH-DPAT;C组(实验组):10只,伤后15min腹腔给予8-OH-DPAT。记录相应时点各组大鼠脑红蛋白(NGB)、热休克蛋白70(HSP70)表达量变化及脑温度值。结果与A组比较C组于给药后15 min即可引起脑温下降,至90 min达到高峰,3 h 25 min脑温恢复至A组水平。相应时点B、C组与A组比较NGB、HSP70的表达均有不同程度增高。结论 8-OH-DPAT具有降低DAI大鼠脑温的效果,伤后早期增强NGB及HSP70的表达起到神经保护的作用,且8-OH-DPAT降低脑温作用和神经保护作用是相辅相成的。     

β淀粉样前体蛋白在弥漫性轴索损伤后早期的变化

目的探讨β淀粉样前体蛋白（β-APP）在弥漫性轴索损伤（DAI）后早期的变化规律及其临床价值。方法按组织学改进的Marmarou等的自由落体法建立弥漫性脑轴索损伤模型,将SD大鼠21只分为损伤组和对照组,损伤组大鼠于伤后不同时间点灌注、取材,随后行常规HE染色法观察神经细胞损伤情况,免疫组化检测β淀粉样前体蛋白在神经元的表达。对照组仅行头皮切开。结果大鼠伤后主要临床表现为意识障碍、呼吸抑制和抽搐。损伤大鼠脑组织大体病理学检查见皮层、胼胝体、脑干等部位的脑挫伤灶。在DAI后半小时始,脑组织内各结构逐渐出现β-APP阳性表达,在伤后24h达高峰,伤后24h轴索断裂征象最为常见。结论成功复制了自由落体致大鼠弥漫性轴索损伤模型。DAI形成是一个渐进过程。轴索损伤常见部位在脑干、胼胝体和大脑皮层。β-APP在弥漫性轴索损伤早期即有增加,增加趋势呈波动性,β-APP作为反应蛋白有望用于检测早期弥漫性轴索损伤。     

Rho-A mRNA 在大鼠脊髓损伤中的表达及与损伤程度的相关性

目的观察大鼠不同时间和不同损伤程度下，损伤段脊髓内Rho—A mRNA的表达及与损伤程度的相关性。方法按WD法制模，将SD大鼠135只随机分成3组，A组为全瘫组，B组为不全瘫，C组为空白手术对照组，每组分别为45只。致伤后8h、24h、3d、7d、28d，提取损伤段脊髓内的总RNA，荧光定量PCR和凝胶电泳检测Rho—A mRNA的表达，进行大鼠后肢运动功能评分，并作相关性分析。结果（1）A、B、C组在各时间点均有Rho—A mRNA表达，但同时间点A、B组的表达明显高于C组，A组同时间点的表达高于B组，C组各时间点表达维持在较恒定水平；脊髓损伤后8hRho-A mRNA表达增加，伤后3d达高峰，持续高水平表达28d。（2）C组各时间点大鼠后肢运动功能评分明显高于A、B组，A组同时间点的评分低于B组。结论脊髓损伤后Rho—A mRNA的表达明显升高，且与脊髓损伤程度呈正相关。     

低温预处理对大鼠脊髓内牵拉后脊髓神经细胞凋亡及神经功能的影响

目的 探讨局部低温预处理对大鼠脊髓内牵拉型脊髓损伤病理形态学改变、神经细胞凋亡和神经功能的影响。方法 将80只4个月龄SD大鼠随机分为低温预处理组（A组）和对照组（B组），建立大鼠脊髓内牵拉型脊髓损伤模型，于损伤后2，4，8，24，48，72h和7d评估脊髓损伤后大鼠运动功能，用HE染色观察损伤脊髓组织病理变化，原位末端标记（TUNEL）法标记凋亡细胞。结果 HE染色镜检显示A组脊髓组织病理学改变明显轻于B组。A、B两组运动功能评分和神经细胞凋亡指数比较，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05或0．01）。结论 低温预处理可明显减轻大鼠脊髓内牵拉型脊髓损伤早期病理形态学损伤，抑制细胞凋亡，有助于神经功能的恢复。     

腹腔置管引流对SAP大鼠肾损伤影响的实验研究

目的 研究腹腔置管引流对重症急性胰腺炎（SAP）大鼠肾损伤的影响及作用机制.方法 将72只大鼠随机分为3组：SAP组（A组）、SAP引流组（B组）、假手术组（C组）.每组24只,各组分6、12、24 h三个时间点,每时间点分配8只.A组采用开腹后逆行胰胆管注射牛黄胆酸钠造成SAP模型,B组在A组基础上行腹腔置管引流,C组仅行开腹手术.各组分别于处理后6、12、24 h取大鼠血、腹水、胰腺及肾组织,测定血、腹水中淀粉酶和NF-κB水平;胰腺及肾组织HE染色观察病理变化;免疫组化法测肾组织NF-κB的表达水平.结果 A组和B组较C组大鼠血及腹水淀粉酶、NF-κB显著升高,胰腺及肾出现病理变化,肾组织NF-κB表达增多;B组较A组前述变化显著减轻.结论 腹腔置管引流可以减轻大鼠SAP肾损伤.     

异丙酚预处理对全脑缺血再灌注大鼠脑组织S100β和神经元特异性烯醇化酶的影响

目的探讨异丙酚预处理对全脑缺血再灌注大鼠脑组织S100β及神经元特异性烯醇化酶（NSE）含量的影响，评价异丙酚对脑组织的保护作用。方法30只雄性SD大鼠，随机分为假手术组（A组）、单纯脑缺血再灌注组（B组）和缺血前2h异丙酚预处理组（C组），每组10只，C组动物在缺血前腹腔注射异丙酚100mg／kg，采用线栓法制作全脑缺血再灌注模型，于脑缺血再灌注后24h评估并记录动物的神经行为学评分，测定大鼠脑组织S100β和NSE含量。结果异丙酚预处理组神经行为学评分较单纯脑缺血再灌注组高（P〈0．05），假手术组评分也明显高于单纯脑缺血再灌注组（P〈0．05），异丙酚预处理组脑组织中S100β和NSE含量明显低于单纯脑缺血再灌注组（P〈0．05）。结论异丙酚可以降低脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠脑组织S100β和NSE的含量，减轻神经损害，缺血前2h异丙酚预处理可以改善大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤后的神经行为学评分，有明显的脑保护作用。     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.     

Bronchial stump fistula :treatment with covered retrievable hinged metallic stents-preliminary clinical experience

Objective To evaluate the preliminaily clinical efficacy and retrievability of a retrievable hinged covered metallic stent in the treatment of the bronchial stump fistula （BSF）. Methods Between April 2003 and March 2005, 8 patients with bronchial stump fistula after pneumonectomy or lobectomy were treated with two types （A and B） of retrievable hinged covered metallic stents. Type A stent was placed in 6 patients and type B in 2 under fluoroscopic guidance. The stent was removed with a retrieval set when BSF was healed or complications occurred. Results Stent placement in the bronchial tree was technically successful in all patients, without procedure-related complications. Immediate closure of the BSF was achieved in all patients after the procedure. Stents were removed from all patients but one. Removal of the stents was difficult in two patients due to tissue hyperplasia. Patients were followed up for 6 - 21 months. Placement of the stents remained stable in all patients except one due to severe cough. Permanent closure of BSF was achieved in 7 （87.5%） of 8 patients. Conclusion Use of a retrievable hinged covered expandable metallic stent is a simple, safe, and effective procedure for closure of the BSF. Retrieval of the stent seems to be feasible. （J Intervent Radiol, 2007, 16： 253-257）     

Prevalence and severity of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male football: a cross‐sectional cohort study of 695 players

The purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to investigate the prevalence of hip and groin pain in sub‐elite male adult football in Denmark and (b) to explore the association between prevalence and duration of hip and groin pain in the previous season with the Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score (HAGOS) in the beginning of the new season. In total 695 respondents from 40 teams (Division 1–4) were included. Players completed in the beginning of the new season (July–Sept 2011) a self‐reported paper questionnaire on hip and/or groin pain during the previous season and HAGOS. In total 49% (95% CI: 45–52%) reported hip and/or groin pain during the previous season. Of these, 31% (95% CI: 26–36%) reported pain for >6 weeks. Players with the longest duration of pain during the previous season had the lowest HAGOS scores, when assessed at the beginning of the new season, P < 0.001. This study documents that half of sub‐elite male adult football players report pain in the hip and/or groin during a football season. The football players with the longest duration of pain in previous season displayed the lowest HAGOS scores in the beginning of the new season.