社区人群日常膳食营养分析

目的:心脑血管病的综合防治研究。方法:“八五”期间在上海市进行社区人群的膳食调查。结果:35~59岁居民平均每日脂肪、钠、胆固醇的摄入量过高,碳水化合物、钾、钙、镁、锌的摄入量偏低,而男、女性居民之间的摄入量多有明显差别。结论:社区居民的膳食结构不合理,进行居民的膳食干预对预防心脑血管病是必要的,并提出合理的膳食改变措施。     

长沙市社区人群血糖、血脂监测

目的:分析监测社区人群血糖、血脂的变动情况,进行心脑血管病的一级预防研究。方法:“八五”期间在长沙市进行社区人群心脑血管病危险因素调查。结果:长沙市监测社区35-74岁居民人均血清高密度脂蛋白和血糖下降、血清总胆固醇和甘油三酯有升高趋势。结论:长沙市监测社区居民血清高密度脂蛋白、胆固醇和甘油三酯的变化朝不利于心脑血管病预防的方向发展;为心脑血管病的社区预防提供了新的依据和方向。     

长沙市居民营养素摄入量和心脑血管病某些危险因素变化的分析

目的 :分析社区居民营养素摄入量和心脑血管病危险因素水平的变化。方法 :“八五”期间在长沙市开福区 10万自然人群中开展了社区心脑血管病危险因素综合性预防研究。结果 :长沙市 35～ 74岁居民平均每日脂肪摄入量过高 ,碳水化合物摄入量偏低。SBP在干预区及对照区干预后仍有增高 ;干预后干预区 TG水平有下降 ,对照区有上升 ;DBP、BMI在两区干预后均有下降 ;TG水平在两区干预后均有上升。GL U和 HDL- C在两区干预后均显著下降(P<0 .0 5 )。结论 :通过在社区进行心脑血管病综合防治可使一些危险因素水平下降 ,但危险因素能否持续下降 ,还有待于进一步观察与研究     

脑血管病综合性预防对-K沙市社区人群膳食的影响

目的研究综合性预防对长沙市社区人群营养素摄入水平的影响。方法1992～1995年,在长沙市区10万人群中开展了脑血管病综合性预防研究,其中干预社区人群采取综合性干预措施,对研究人群中年龄在35～74岁的200人随机样本进行了膳食营养基线调查和复查。结果与对照社区相比,干预社区人群能量、脂肪摄入量明显减少,分别减少13.6％、15.7％,且以饱和脂肪酸为主。干预、对照社区人群钠摄入量分别减少23.7％、13.9％,干预社区比对照社区下降更显著(P＜0.05)。结论干预措施可以改变人群膳食营养,使膳食结构趋于合理,有利于脑血管病的预防。     

脑血管病综合性预防对长沙市社区人群膳食的影响

目的 研究综合性预防对长沙市社区人群营养素摄入水平的影响。方法 1992－1995年，在长沙市区10万人群中开展了脑血管病综合性预防研究，其中干预社区人群采取综合性干预措施，对研究人群中年龄在35－74岁的200人随机样本进行了膳食营养基线调查和复查。结果 与对照社区相比，干预社区人群能量、脂肪摄入量明显减少，分别减少13.6％、15.7％，且以饱和脂肪酸为主。干预、对照社区人群钠摄入量分别减少23.7％、13.7％，干预社区比对照社区下降更显著（P＜0.05）。结论 干预措施可以改变人群膳食营养，使膳食结构趋于合理，有利于服血管病的预防。     

新疆喀什市及周边县乡维吾尔族422人膳食调查

目的：调查分析喀什市维吾尔族膳食营养状况。 方法：2005-05/08在新疆喀什市及周边县与乡的维吾尔族人群中进行2型糖尿病遗传资源的收集与保护调查分析。共收集糖尿病家系、非糖尿病家系、散发糖尿病及非糖尿病人总计2 775人。其中随机调查了422人的膳食状况。男 208人,女214人。小于20岁占6.4%,20~39岁占40.6%, 40~59岁占37.7%, 60岁以上占15.3%。所有患者均经过知情谈话并签署知情同意书。采用入户3日称重法和24 h回忆法对喀什市422人进行膳食调查。 结果：喀什市平均每人每日的能量摄入量为9 964.03 kJ,占每日营养素建议摄取量的91.60%,其中蛋白质每人每日的摄入量为66.45 g,占每日营养素建议摄取量的83.06%,脂肪为48.95 g,碳水化合物的摄入量为418.79 g,均低于每日营养素建议摄取量;维生素和微量元素的摄入量普遍缺乏,尤其以钙和维生素A最为显著,分别是235.01 mg和21.76 μg,仅占每日营养素建议摄取量的1/4。 结论：新疆喀什市维吾尔族特有的饮食结构可能导致了大营养物质摄入比例不合理及各种小营养物质的摄入缺乏,建议试图做相应的调整和改变。     

长沙市居民脑血管病十年综合性预防研究-危险因素的变化

目的　研究社区综合性预防对人群脑血管病危险因素的影响。方法　 1990～ 2 0 0 0年在长沙市城区 10万自然人群 (按整群抽样分为干预区和对照区 )中开展社区综合性预防研究 ,2 0 0 0年、1997年、1995年和 1992年分别于研究人群中抽样检查血压和血脂等脑血管病的危险因素。结果　经过近 10年干预后 ,干预区居民人均甘油三酯降低、高密度脂蛋白升高、另外女性居民还有人均舒张压降低 ;而对照区居民人均收缩压和舒张压以及血清总胆固醇均增高。结论　脑血管病社区综合防治有效 ,但存在性别差异。     

长沙市居民脑血管病十年综合性预测研究—危险因素的变化

目的 研究社区综合性预防对人群脑血管病危险因素的影响。方法 1990－2000年在长沙市城区10万自然人群（按整群抽样分为干预区和对照区）中开展社区综合性预防研究，2000年、1997年、1995年和1992年分别于研究人群中抽样检查血压和血脂等脑血管病的危险因素。结果 经过近10年干预后，干预区居民人均甘油三酯降低、高密度脂蛋白升高、另外女性居民还有人均舒张压降低；而对照区居民人均收缩压和舒张压以及血清总胆固醇均增高。结论 脑血管病社区综合防治有效，但存在性别差异。     

城市居民膳食维生素的摄入与急性出血性脑血管病

目的:从城市居民膳食中各种维生素的摄入量这一角度,探索防治急性出血性脑血管(AHCVD)的有效途径。方法:采用回顾性调查法,询问并记录62例城市AHCVD患者和74例城市非AHCVD居民的膳食情况并进行对照研究。结果:病例组与对照组相比,在vitB_2、vitC、vitE、胡萝卜素的摄入量等方面均有显著差异(P<0.05),而vitB_1、vitA、vitPP无差异。结论:城市居民平衡合理地摄入富含维生素的食物,可能有助于减少AHCVD的发生。     

社区老年人群膳食中锰摄入水平与痴呆发病风险的关联研究

目的探讨社区老年人膳食中锰摄入量与痴呆发病风险间的关联。方法纳入1 483例符合入选标准的上海市静安区社区老年居民,平均随访5. 3年。根据基线膳食频率问卷计算锰日均摄入量,将研究对象按照锰日均摄入量分为:3. 2 mg·d~(-1)组、3. 2～3. 7 mg·d~(-1)组、3. 7～4. 16 mg·d~(-1)组和 4. 6 mg·d~(-1)组。依据美国精神病协会精神障碍与统计手册(DSM-IV)确立痴呆诊断。使用COX多因素比例风险模型比较不同锰摄入量对痴呆发生风险的影响。结果锰日均摄入量由低至高的4组痴呆年发病率依次为2. 61%、1. 21%、0. 65%和0. 91%(P 0. 001)。与锰日均摄入量3. 7～4. 16 mg·d~(-1)组比较,锰日均摄入量 4. 16 mg·d~(-1)组人群痴呆发病风险较高(HR=2. 54)。在锰摄入量较低的两个组痴呆发病风险也有增高的趋势(3. 2 mg·d~(-1),HR=1. 81; 3. 2～3. 7 mg·d~(-1),HR=1. 52)。结论膳食中锰摄入量与痴呆发病间存在U型效应曲线,社区老年人日常生活中锰摄入量过高或过低都可能增加痴呆发病风险。     

Patients with unstable control have a poorer dietary intake of vitamin K compared to patients with stable control of anticoagulation

Evidence suggests that alterations in the dietary intake of vitamin K can affect anticoagulation response to warfarin. It is possible that a low and erratic intake of dietary vitamin K is at least partly responsible for the variable response to warfarin in patients with unstable control of anticoagulation. Twenty-six patients with unstable and twenty-six with stable control of anticoagulation completed dietary records of all foods and drinks consumed on a daily basis for two consecutive weeks. The mean daily intake of vitamin K in unstable patients was considerably lower than that for stable patients during the study period (29+/-17 microg v . 76+/-40 microg). The logarithm of vitamin K intake was consistently and significantly lower in the unstable patients than the stable patients over the two week period (5.9+/-0.4 microg v. 6.9+/-0.5 microg; p<0.001; 95% CI: 0.7-1.2). Changes in vitamin K intake between weeks 1 and 2 of the study were negatively correlated with changes in International Normalised Ratio (INR) amongst the unstable patients, however this failed to reach significance (r=-0.25; p=0.22). Daily supplementation with oral vitamin K in unstable patients could lead to a more stable anticoagulation response to warfarin.     

Dietary Antioxidants and Dementia in a Population-Based Case-Control Study among Older People in South Germany

Oxidative stress is believed to play a central role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), a neurodegenerative disease. Antioxidants may prevent the onset AD as high dietary intake of vitamin C and E were reported to be associated with lower risk of the disease. The objective of this study was to evaluate the serum levels of antioxidants in persons with mild dementia to test whether it is associated with lower levels of antioxidants in a cross-sectional study in the population of the "Activity and Function in the Ederly in Ulm" (ActiFE) study. Main exposure measures were vitamin C, vitamin E, β-carotene, lycopene, and coenzyme Q10 as analyzed by HPLC. Main outcome measures were mild cognitive impairment among 74 mildly demented compared to 158 age- and gender-matched controls. We found that blood vitamin C and β-carotene concentrations were significantly lower in demented than in control persons even after adjusting for school education, intake of dietary supplements, smoking habits, body mass index, and alcohol consumption (3rd versus 1st tertile: OR: 0.29, 95% CI, 0.09-0.96 and 0.13, 95% CI, 0.03-0.55, respectively). No associations were found for vitamin E, lycopene, and coenzyme Q10. Our findings suggest an association of vitamin C and β-carotene with dementia. However this is limited to the cross-sectional character of our study and longitudinal data will give further insight into this association.     

Dietary intake of vitamin D during adolescence and risk of multiple sclerosis

Adolescence may be an important etiological period in the development of multiple sclerosis (MS), and studies suggest that adequate vitamin D nutrition is protective. Here, the authors examined whether dietary intake of vitamin D during adolescence decreases the risk of MS in adulthood. In 1986 in the Nurses’ Health Study and in 1998 in the Nurses’ Health Study II (NHSII), women completed a food frequency questionnaire regarding their dietary intake during adolescence. From this, daily intake of vitamin D was calculated. Adolescent diet was available for 379 incident MS cases confirmed over the combined 44 years of follow-up in both cohorts, and for 67 prevalent cases in the NHSII who had MS at baseline (1989). Cox proportional hazards models were used to calculate relative risk estimates and 95% confidence intervals. Total vitamin D intake during adolescence was not associated with MS risk. Intake of ≥400 IU/day of vitamin D from multivitamins was associated with a non-statistically significant reduced risk (RR compared to no intake = 0.73, 95% CI: 0.50–1.07, P = 0.11), whereas intake of whole milk, an important source of dietary vitamin D, was associated with an increased risk. The possibility of opposite effects of vitamin D and milk intake on MS risk should be considered in future studies.     

Nutrient intake in patients with irritable bowel syndrome compared with the general population

Background Food and diet are central issues that concern patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Few studies have thoroughly analyzed dietary intake in IBS. Our aims were to determine the nutrient intake in IBS patients in comparison to the general population, assess nutritional differences between IBS subgroups based on the predominant bowel habit or symptom severity, as well as to evaluate if their nutrient intake meet nutrition recommendations. Methods We included 187 IBS patients (mean 40.2 years; 139 women). They completed a 4‐days food registration record, which was compared with an age‐, and gender‐matched control group (n = 374; 278 women) from a nation‐wide dietary survey and with Nordic Nutrient Recommendations. Key Results Daily nutrient intake in IBS patients was similar to the general population and met national nutrients recommendations. Irritable bowel syndrome patients had similar energy distribution from macronutrients compared to the control group, but the protein percentage tended to be higher. Irritable bowel syndrome patients also had significantly higher daily intake of vitamin E, folate, iron, vitamin C, and dietary fibers, as well as lower intake of vitamin A, riboflavin, calcium, and potassium. There was no association between nutrient intake and IBS subtypes or symptom severity. Conclusions & Inferences Although many IBS patients state that they avoid food items, this does not seem to influence their intake of nutrients to any large extent. The observed minor differences in nutrient intake indicate a tendency toward higher intake of fruit and vegetables and a lower intake of meat and dairy products in IBS patients.     

Dietary intake of antioxidant vitamins and risk of Parkinson’s disease: a case–control study in Japan

Background: Antioxidant vitamins are expected to protect cells from oxidative damage by neutralizing the effects of reactive oxygen species. However, epidemiological evidence regarding the associations between antioxidant vitamin intake and Parkinson’s disease (PD) is limited and inconsistent. We investigated the relationship between dietary intake of selected antioxidant vitamins, vegetables and fruit and the risk of PD in Japan using data from a multicenter hospital‐based case–control study. Methods: Included were 249 patients within 6 years of onset of PD. Controls were 368 inpatients and outpatients without a neurodegenerative disease. Information on dietary factors was collected using a validated self‐administered diet history questionnaire. Adjustment was made for sex, age, region of residence, pack‐years of smoking, years of education, body mass index, dietary intake of cholesterol, alcohol, total dairy products, and coffee and the dietary glycemic index. Results: Higher consumption of vitamin E and β‐carotene was significantly associated with a reduced risk of PD after adjustment for confounders under study: the adjusted odds ratio in the highest quartile was 0.45 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.25–0.79, P for trend = 0.009) for vitamin E and 0.56 (95% CI: 0.33–0.97, P for trend = 0.03) for β‐carotene. Stratified by sex, such inverse associations were significant only in women. No material relationships were shown between intake of vitamin C, α‐carotene, cryptoxanthin, green and yellow vegetables, other vegetables, or fruit and the risk of PD. Conclusions: Higher intake of vitamin E and β‐carotene may be associated with a decreased risk of PD.     

Intake of Japanese and Chinese teas reduces risk of Parkinson's disease

Studies that have addressed the association between the intake of coffee or caffeine and Parkinson's disease (PD) were conducted mainly in Western countries. Little is known about this relationship in an Asian population. Therefore, we performed an assessment of the association of the intake of coffee, other caffeine-containing beverages, and caffeine with the risk of PD in Japan. The study involved 249 PD cases and 368 control subjects. Information on dietary factors was obtained through a self-administered diet history questionnaire. Adjustment was made for sex, age, region of residence, educational level, pack-years of smoking, body mass index, the dietary glycemic index, and intake of cholesterol, vitamin E, β-carotene, vitamin B(6,) alcohol, and iron. Intake of coffee, black tea, and Japanese and Chinese teas was significantly inversely associated with the risk of PD: the adjusted odds ratios in comparison of the highest with the lowest quartile were 0.52, 0.58, and 0.59, respectively (95% confidence intervals = 0.30-0.90, 0.35-0.97, and 0.35-0.995, respectively). A clear inverse dose-response relationship between total caffeine intake and PD risk was observed. We confirmed that the intake of coffee and caffeine reduced the risk of PD. Furthermore, this is the first study to show a significant inverse relationship between the intake of Japanese and Chinese teas and the risk of PD.     

Dietary folate and vitamins B-12 and B-6 not associated with incident Alzheimer's disease

CONTEXT: It is currently not known whether dietary intakes of folate and vitamins B12 and B6, co-factors in the methylation of homocysteine, protect against Alzheimer's disease. OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between risk of incident Alzheimer's disease and dietary intakes of folate, vitamin B-12, and vitamin B-6. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Geographically defined biracial Chicago community. PARTICIPANTS: 1,041 residents, aged 65 years and older, initially free of Alzheimer's disease and followed a median 3.9 years for the development of incident disease. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Probable Alzheimer's disease identified through structured clinical neurological evaluation using standardized criteria. RESULTS: A total of 162 persons developed incident Alzheimer's disease during follow-up. In logistic regression models adjusted for age, sex, race, education, cognitive activities, APOE-epsilon4, and dietary intakes of vitamin E in food and total niacin, there was no association between risk of developing Alzheimer's disease and quintiles of folate intake or of vitamin B-12 intake. The adjusted odds ratio was 1.6 (95% confidence interval: 0.5, 5.2) for persons in the highest quintile of total folate intake (median of 752.7 microg/d) compared with persons in the lowest quintile of intake (median, 202.8 microg/d). Compared with persons in the first quintile of total vitamin B-12 intake (median, 3.1 microg/d) the odds ratio was 0.6 (95% confidence interval: 0.2, 1.6) for persons in the fifth quintile of intake (median, 20.6 microg/d). Intake of vitamin B-6 was not associated with incident Alzheimer's disease after control for dietary intakes of vitamin E and total niacin. CONCLUSION: Dietary intakes of folate, vitamin B-12, or vitamin B-6 do not appear to be associated with the development of Alzheimer's disease.     

The contribution of changes in diet,exercise, and stress management to changes in coronary risk in women and men in the Multisite Cardiac Lifestyle Intervention Program

BACKGROUND: The relative contribution of health behaviors to coronary risk factors in multicomponent secondary coronary heart disease (CHD) prevention programs is largely unknown. PURPOSE: Our purpose is to evaluate the additive and interactive effects of 3-month changes in health behaviors (dietary fat intake, exercise, and stress management) on 3-month changes in coronary risk and psychosocial factors among 869 nonsmoking CHD patients (34% female) enrolled in the health insurance-based Multisite Cardiac Lifestyle Intervention Program. METHODS: Analyses of variance for repeated measures were used to analyze health behaviors, coronary risk factors, and psychosocial factors at baseline and 3 months. Multiple regression analyses evaluated changes in dietary fat intake and hours per week of exercise and stress management as predictors of changes in coronary risk and psychosocial factors. RESULTS: Significant overall improvement in coronary risk was observed. Reductions in dietary fat intake predicted reductions in weight, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and interacted with increased exercise to predict reductions in perceived stress. Increases in exercise predicted improvements in total cholesterol and exercise capacity (for women). Increased stress management was related to reductions in weight, total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (for men), triglycerides, hemoglobin A1c (in patients with diabetes), and hostility. CONCLUSIONS: Improvements in dietary fat intake, exercise, and stress management were individually, additively and interactively related to coronary risk and psychosocial factors, suggesting that multicomponent programs focusing on diet, exercise, and stress management may benefit patients with CHD.     

Dietary antioxidants and risk of Parkinson's disease in two population‐based cohorts

Background : A neuroprotective effect of dietary antioxidants on Parkinson's disease (PD) risk has been suggested, but epidemiological evidence is limited. Objectives : To examine the associations between intake of dietary antioxidant vitamins and total antioxidant capacity and risk of PD. Methods : We prospectively assessed the relationships of dietary antioxidant vitamins C and E, ß‐carotene, and total antioxidant capacity with PD risk in two population‐based cohorts (38,937 women and 45,837 men). Results : During a mean 14.9‐year follow‐up period, 1,329 PD cases were identified. Dietary intake of ß‐carotene was associated with a lower risk of PD (hazard ratio: 0.86; 95% confidence interval: 0.78‐0.95; P_trend < 0.01 for women and hazard ratio: 0.91; 95% confidence interval: 0.84‐0.99; P_trend = 0.05 for men). An inverse association between dietary vitamin E and PD risk was found in women (hazard ratio: 0.87; 95% confidence interval: 0.79‐0.96; P_trend = 0.02). Dietary intake of vitamin C was inversely associated with PD risk in women at borderline significance (hazard ratio: 0.91; 95% confidence interval: 0.83‐1.00; P_trend = 0.04). There was no association between dietary total antioxidant capacity and PD risk in either women (hazard ratio: 0.93; 95% confidence interval: 0.84‐1.02; P_trend = 0.35) or men (hazard ratio: 1.00; 95% confidence interval: 0.93‐1.07; P_trend = 0.97). Conclusion : Intake of dietary vitamin E and ß‐carotene was associated with a lower risk of PD. © 2017 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.