糖代谢紊乱患者的血管内皮细胞功能变化

目的 观察糖耐量受损（IGT）、2型糖尿病（DM）患者的内皮依赖性血管舒张功能（EDF）、血清超氧化歧化酶（SOD）、丙二醛（MDA）、超敏C反应蛋白（hsCRP）、可溶性血管细胞黏附分子1（sVCAM-1）的变化。方法 30例IGT患者、30例2型DM患者及33名正常对照者（NGT）纳入本研究。采集空腹静脉血测定葡萄糖（FPG）、胰岛素（FINS）、SOD、MDA、hsCRP、sVCAM-1，并行75g口服葡萄糖耐量试验。采用高分辨率血管外彩超测定肱动脉的血管内径，以肱动脉反应性充血前后血管内径变化百分比反映EDF。结果 （1）IGT组、DM组的EDF较NGT组显著下降（均P〈0．01），DM组较IGT组更低（P〈0．01）。（2）IGT组、DM组的SOD较NGT组显著下降（均P〈0．01），而MDA显著上升（均P〈0．01）。DM组与IGT组比较SOD显著下降（P〈0．01），MDA显著上升（P〈0．01）。（3）hsCRP、sVCAM-1在NGT、IGT、DM组逐渐上升，两两比较差异均有统计学意义（均P〈0．01）。（4）多因素逐步回归分析显示：EDF与HOMA—IR、hsCRP明显负相关（r分别为-0．059、-0．447，均P〈0．01，n=93）。结论 EDF的损害在IGT阶段即可出现，而在DM患者中损害更为严重。胰岛素抵抗、hsCRP与EDF的损害密切相关。SOD、MDA、hsCRP、sVCAM-1可能参与上述患者的血管内皮功能损伤。     

不同糖耐量人群胰岛素抵抗和胰岛β细胞功能减退的差异

目的探讨不同糖耐量人群胰岛素抵抗（IR）和胰岛B细胞功能状态。方法分析5523例患者行OGTT和胰岛素释放试验的结果，根据WHO标准将研究对象分为糖代谢正常（NGT）组、单纯空腹血糖升高（IFG）组、单纯糖耐量减低（IGT）组、空腹血糖升高合并糖耐量受损（IFG＋IGT）组和2型糖尿病（T2DM）组。结果（1）HOMA-IR：IFG、IGT、IFG＋IGT和T2DM组比NGT组分别增加41％、19％、47％和69％（P〈0．01）。（2）校正IR影响后，IFG、IGT、IFG＋IGT和T2DM组比NGT组HOMA-β分别下降54％、19％、55％和68％，△I30/△G30分别下降47％、40％、63％和82％（P〈0．001）；IFG、IFG＋IGT和T2DM组AUCI比NGT组分别下降27％、26％和30％（P〈0．01）。结论（1）从IGT、IFG、IFG＋IGT到T2DM发展过程中IR程度逐渐加重，胰岛β细胞早时相分泌和基础分泌功能逐渐衰竭，晚时相分泌代偿能力功能减弱，总体分泌功能逐渐减退。（2）从NGT、IGT、IFG、IFG＋IGT到T2DM的糖代谢异常发生发展过程反映了胰岛β细胞早时相、基础和整体分泌功能逐渐衰退变化规律。     

红细胞体积分布宽度与糖代谢异常/糖耐量异常和糖尿病相关

目的探讨红细胞体积分布宽度（RDW）与2型糖尿病（T2DM）、空腹血糖受损／葡萄糖耐量异常（IFG／IGT）的相互关系。方法对152例在我院定期进行健康体检或治疗的患者,依据血糖情况分为3组,其中T2DM组42例,IFG／IGT组38例,正常对照（NGT）组72例,采取空腹血,采用全自动血液分析仪测定RDW、血红蛋白,多功能血生化自动分析仪测定血总胆固醇、三酰甘油、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、血肌酐、血尿素氮和空腹血糖,同时统计高血压、冠心病的发病率并分析其关系。结果RDW在T2DM组、IFG／IGT组和NGT组之间比较具有统计学差异,其中T2DM组和NGT组、IFG／IGT组比较,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）,IFG／IGT组与NGT组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。多因素直线回归分析显示空腹血糖（P〈0．01）和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（P〈0．05）是RDW的独立危险因子。结论T2DM患者RDW升高,RDW的变化与空腹血糖水平相关。     

妊娠糖尿病患者产后糖代谢异常的高危因素分析

目的探讨妊娠糖尿病（GDM）患者产后6—8周糖代谢异常情况,寻找导致产后糖代谢异常的高危因素。方法前瞻性分析183例确诊为妊娠糖尿病患者,于产后6～8周行75g葡萄糖耐量试验,按WHO标准进行再分类,分为糖尿病、糖耐量低减（IGT）和正常糖耐量（NGT）,并对其相关因素进行分析。结果（1）183例妊娠糖尿病患者中产后有63例（34．4％）血糖正常（NGT组）,87例（47．5％）IGT（IGT组）,33例（18．0％）糖尿病（DM组）。（2）DM组的确诊孕周早于其他两组（P〈0．01）,空腹血糖明显高于其他两组（P〈0．01）。（3）DM组中有糖尿病家族史、在孕期需胰岛素治疗者所占比例均高于其他两组（P〈0．05）。结论妊娠糖尿病患者产后糖代谢异常发生率高,其高危因素有孕期发病早、糖尿病家族史、空腹血糖高、需胰岛素治疗者。     

不同糖代谢水平动态血糖谱的差异

目的研究不同糖代谢水平血糖谱差异,以便指导干预时机的选择。方法对糖耐量正常（NGT）、空腹血糖受损（IFG）、餐后血糖受损（IGT）、IFG＋IGT及新诊断T2DM患者的72小时动态血糖监测血糖谱进行分析。结果IFG＋IGT组血糖水平及血糖漂移显著高于NGT、IFG、IGT组（P〈0．05）。新诊断T2DM组血糖水平显著高于NGT、IFG、IGT、IFG＋IGT组（P均〈0．05）。新诊断T2DM组餐后及日内血糖漂移与IFG＋IGT组无显著差异（P〉0．05）。结论（1）随着糖代谢异常的加重,血糖水平升高,血糖漂移程度增加;（2）IFG＋IGT阶段应积极干预。     

对中高危高血压患者葡萄糖耐量试验异常的干预研究

目的观察对葡萄糖耐量试验异常的中高危高血压患者进行干预12个月后血压及糖代谢的情况。方法对213例葡萄糖耐量减低（IGT）的高血压患者随机分为生活方式控制组（LC）、生活方式控制加二甲双胍组（LC＋M）、生活方式控制加阿卡波糖组（LC＋A）三组,分析干预12个月后各组IGT转化为正常葡萄糖耐量（NGT）和新发糖尿病（DM）的发生率以及血压与IGT、NGT、DM之间的关系。结果三组干预12个月后,2hPG均明显降低（P〈0．01）,与LC组比,LC＋M组和LC＋A组转为NGT的人数均明显增多（P〈0．01）,LC＋M组和LC＋A组相比,在转为NGT和DM的人数方面差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,且血压越达标,糖尿病发生率越低。结论对糖耐量异常的高血压患者,积极的进行干预,可以减少糖尿病的发生,生活方式控制加药物治疗优于单纯生活方式控制。     

NGT进展为IGT过程中IR与β细胞功能演变

对148例正常个体进行2年随访，其中14例进展为IGT，110例仍NGT，12例为IFG，8例进展为DM,4例进展为IGT＋IFG，总共124例作为研究对象。结果：（1）与NGT组比，IGT组OGTT30min血糖、EINS及HOMA—IR明显升高（P〈0．05），而半小时胰岛素、早期胰岛素分泌指数（P〈0．05）、胰岛素敏感指数降低（P〈0．05）。（2）与IGT基线资料相比，BMI、OGTT2小时血糖、半小时血糖、空腹胰岛素（FINS）及HOMA—IR升高（P〈0．05），而半小时胰岛素、早期胰岛素分泌指数（P〈0．05）、胰岛素敏感性指数降低（P〈0．05）。结论：从NGT向IGT进展过程中，存在胰岛素抵抗程度增加和早期胰岛素分泌功能减退。     

二甲双胍对合并高血压的糖耐量异常的干预研究

对144例合并高血压的IGT患者随机分为生活方式控制组（LC）,生活方式控制加二甲双胍组（LC＋M）两组,分析干预12月后各组IGT转化为正常糖耐量NGT和新发糖尿病的发生率以及高血压高血压与IGT、NGT、DM之间的关系。结果：两组干预治疗后,2hpG均明显降低（P〈0．01）与LC组比LC＋M组转化为NGT的人数明显增多（P〈0．01）,并且血压越达标,糖尿病发病率越低。结论：对伴有IGT的高血压患者,二甲双胍的干预可减少糖尿病的发生。     

单纯IGT和单纯IFG个体高敏C反应蛋白水平的差异及相关因素分析

目的比较正常空腹血糖／正常糖耐量（NFG／NGT）、空腹血糖受损（IFG）、糖耐量减低（IGT）及IFG／IGT个体的血清高敏C反应蛋白（hsC-RP）水平的差异，并对其相关因素进行分析。方法将443名39～65岁非糖尿病（DM）个体根据OGTT分为以下4组：NFG／NGT、单纯IFG、单纯IGT和IFG／IGT组。比较各组间血清hsC-RP的差异，并对与之相关的变量进行统计学分析。结果IGT组比IFG组hsC-RP水平明显升高（P〈0．05），IFG组与NFG／NGT组以及IGT组与IFG／IGT组间的hsC-RP水平没有明显统计学差异（P〉0．05）。多元逐步回归分析显示，BMI和胰岛素抵抗指数是hsC-RP的独立预告因子。结论IGT比IFG个体的血清hsC-RP水平明显升高，hsC-RP与胰岛素抵抗和代谢综合征的多种组分相关。     

高血压并发不同程度糖代谢异常患者血清高敏C反应蛋白水平变化

目的探讨高血压病患者并发不同程度糖代谢异常与血清高敏C反应蛋白（hs-CRP）的关系。方法160例高血压痛患者，根据空腹血糖（FPG）和糖耐量试验（OGTT）2h血糖（2hPG）结果分为糖耐量正常（NGT）组、糖耐量异常（IGT）组、糖尿病（DM）组。用胶乳免疫增强比浊法测定3组患者血清hs-CRP。结果单因素方差分析（ANOVA）表明，NGT、IGT、DM3组的hs-CRP、2hPG差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。以hs-CRP与年龄、收缩压（SBP）、舒张压（DBP）、FPG、2hPG作直线回归分析，能进入该方程的变量为SBP、DBP、2hPG（P〈0．01）。结论高血压痛患者并发不同程度糖代谢异常及其严重程度与血清hs-CRP升高呈正相关；SBP、DBP、2hPG为hs-CRP独立影响因素。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.