重症监护病房感染病原菌分布及耐药性分析

调查医院重症监护病房（ICU）病原菌感染的分布及耐药趋势,为临床合理选用抗菌药物提供依据。本文对ICU患者病原菌采用自动微生物检定仪鉴定,K-B纸片扩散法进行药敏试验。结果表明,255株菌中,革兰氏阴性菌120株（占47.1%）,革兰氏阳性菌75株（占29.4%）,真菌60株（占23.5%）;革兰氏阴性菌中非发酵菌比例较高（占G-66.7%）,其中铜绿假单胞菌居首位（占43.0%）,其次是鲍曼不动杆菌（17.0%）;大肠埃希氏菌、肺炎克雷伯菌及阴沟肠杆菌共22株,占18.0%,其中产超广谱内酰胺酶（ESBLs）比率大于70.0%;革兰氏阳性菌以金黄色葡萄球菌为主,有29株,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）26株,占89.7%;真菌60株,对5-氟胞嘧啶、两性霉素、氟康唑、伊曲康唑及氟利康唑均敏感。这说明ICU患者感染多耐药严重,加强耐药性监测、合理使用抗菌药物十分重要。     

烧伤患者铜绿假单胞菌感染及耐药性分析

目的探讨烧伤患者铜绿假单胞菌（PAE）感染后对抗菌药物的耐药性，为临床合理应用抗菌药物提供指导。方法回顾性分析2003年1月至2006年12月间烧伤患者并发PAE感染患者的临床资料。结果PAE对亚胺培南、头孢他啶、庆大霉素、阿米卡星、哌拉西林的耐药率逐年增高。结论PAE耐药日益严重，并出现多重耐药。临床医师应在药物敏感试验结果指导下用药，适当控制抗菌药物的应用，并注重抗菌药物以外的其他治疗。     

重症监护病房患者致病菌分布及耐药性临床分析

目的：总结探讨重症监护病房患者致病菌分布以及常用抗菌药物的耐药性情况,为临床提供合理使用抗菌药物提供依据。方法选择2011年12月~2012年12月我院收集的520份标本进行病原培养以及药敏学实验。结果520份标本一共培养出535株致病菌,535株菌株中革兰阴性菌348株(65.05%),革兰阳性菌113株(21.12%),真菌74株(13.83%)。革兰阴性菌主要是鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌等;革兰阳性菌主要是金黄色葡萄球菌、屎肠球菌等;真菌主要是白色假丝酵母菌等。革兰阴性菌对头孢哌酮辕舒巴坦耐药性低;革兰阳性菌对吠喃妥因、替考拉宁以及万古霉素耐药性低;真菌对两性霉素月耐药性低。结论重症监护病房的临床医生需要积极进行致病菌的监测和耐药性实验分析,依据病原菌的特点和药敏学结果合理使用对应的抗生素。     

神经内科重症监护病房医院获得性肺炎 病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的 探讨神经内科重症监护病房医院获得性肺炎的病原菌分布以及对抗生素的耐药性,为抗感染治疗提供参考。方法 2016年1月~2017年12月入住湖南省第二人民医院神经内科重症监护病房合并院内获得性肺炎的患者79例,采集痰标本进行细菌分离及培养,并对其进行相关药敏试验。结果 共分离出89株病原菌,其中革兰氏阴性菌占87.64%,革兰氏阳性菌10.11%,真菌2.25%。病原菌以鲍曼不动杆菌（24.72%）、肺炎克雷伯菌（19.10%）、铜绿假单胞菌（17.98%）,金黄色葡萄球菌为主（8.99%）为主;鲍曼不动杆菌对大部分抗菌药物耐药,铜绿假单胞菌对头孢哌酮舒巴坦和头孢他啶的耐药率较高,肺炎克雷伯菌耐药率低。金黄色葡萄球菌对青霉素耐药率高。结论 HAP致病菌以革兰氏阴性菌为主,其中鲍曼不动杆菌耐药严重,同时也应注意革兰氏阳性菌和真菌感染。     

重症监护病房下呼吸道感染的病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的探讨重症监护病房（ICU）患者下呼吸道感染病原菌的分布及耐药性,为临床防治提供科学依据。方法整理分析我院ICU2003年1月至2007年12月下呼吸道感染患者痰培养的1146株病原菌．采用CLSI推荐的K．B法进行药敏试验。并对其耐药性进行分析。结果分离出的1146株病原菌中。革兰阴性杆菌占64．1％,革兰阳性球菌占28．4％。前5位病原菌依次为金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、洋葱伯克霍尔德菌、肺炎克雷伯菌。铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌对亚胺培南耐药率分别为37．8％、10．6％,肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌产超广谱β内酰胺酶（ESBLs）的检出率分别是68．5％、83．7％,肠杆菌科菌对亚胺培南全部敏感。未检出耐万古霉素的革兰阳性球菌。结论ICU下呼吸道感染以革兰阴性杆菌为主,病原菌耐药性严重。临床治疗应根据药敏试验结果。合理应用抗生素。     

某院2016～2017年重症监护病房患者院内感染的病原菌分布情况

目的了解重症监护病房(intensive care unit,ICU)患者病原菌分布情况,采取相应对策,降低医院感染发生率。方法回顾性调查2016年1月至2017年11月ICU患者病原菌分布情况及医务人员手细菌监测情况。患者均为入本院ICU患者,医护人员均为本院ICU医护人员。2017年1月至2017年11月送检标本为实验组,2016年1月至2016年11月为对照组。观察两组干预前后医务人员手的细菌监测合格率,患者感染率,细菌耐药率。结果实施细菌感染监控前后,对照组550例患者发生感染164例;实验组525例患者发生感染79例,实验组的感染率低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05)。实验组共分离出病原菌119株,对照组为202株,实验组分离出的病原菌数低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05)。两组病原菌耐药结果显示,干预后,实验组肺炎克雷伯菌对头孢菌素、奎诺酮类耐药率降低到30%以下,大肠埃希氏菌降低到60%左右。实验组医务人员手的细菌数监测合格率高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05)。结论采取相应对策干预后有效降低患者的细菌感染率,同时,革兰阴性菌对常用抗菌药物的耐药情况也有很大程度的改善。     

我院重症监护室铜绿假单胞菌感染趋势及其耐药性分析

目的铜绿假单胞菌（Pseudomonas aeruginosa,PA）为院内感染的重要代表菌及临床分离率较高的菌株,在我院PA占所有菌株检出率的24.5%、占革兰阴性杆菌检出率的35.4%。通过对我院2006年1月-2009年6月期间4个重症监护室铜绿假单胞菌的感染情况及其耐药性进行分析,并与同期非重症监护室的病区进行比较,分析PA产碳青霉烯酶水解碳青霉烯类抗生素后同时携带多种耐药基因对其他药物敏感性的影响。方法采用Micro Scan全自动细菌鉴定和药敏分析仪,数据的分析采用WHONET软件。结果 4年间我院重症监护室铜绿假单胞菌检出数为559株,依次为：内科ICU272株、外科ICU149株、急诊ICU126株、儿科ICU12株。药敏结果显示：铜绿假单胞菌对大部分抗生素的敏感性呈逐年下降的趋势,尤其是重症监护室感染菌株。PA对碳青霉烯类抗菌素耐药的菌株产生多重甚至广泛耐药的几率较高。结论 4年间我院重症监护室铜绿假单胞菌对抗生素的耐药状况严重,尤其对头孢菌素,氨基糖苷类抗生素耐药率明显增加。对亚胺培南的耐药株同时携带多种耐药机制,产生多重耐药甚至泛耐药。多重耐药株和泛耐药株的检出亦呈逐年上升的趋势。     

本院近年重症监护病房病人的医院感染

目的 探讨医院重症监护病房(ICU)病人医院感染的临床特点及预防.方法 对我院2007年1月至2009年2月ICU119例医院感染病人的发病部位、基础疾病、感染病原菌种等进行回顾性分析.结果 下呼吸道、泌尿系是医院感染最常见的感染部位,ICU住院病人医院感染的发生与机体抵抗力、医务人员的不规范操作及防患意识的缺乏等因素有关.结论 医院感染是目前ICU中威胁病人生命的最严重的疾病及导致病人死亡的主要原因,加强ICU的管理、提高医务人员的防患意识并改进方法 ,合理应用抗生素等综合措施.能有效减少医院感染的发生.     

急诊重症监护病房急性中毒患者合并感染相关危险因素研究

目的：探究分析急诊重症监护病房急性中毒患者合并感染的相关危险因素,旨在提高急诊重症监护病房急性中毒患者对抗感染的临床疗效。方法随机抽取在2010年1月~2013年12月间我院收治的80例急性中毒患者,其中有72例患者发生合并感染,设为研究组,8例患者未发生感染,设为对照组,分析合并感染的特点和相关的危险因素,进行回顾性对比分析。结果急性中毒患者合并感染常发的部位为肺部感染,研究组患者在昏迷、留置气管、胃管、尿管插管情况方面显著高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论对急诊重症监护病房急性中毒患者要做好无菌操作,保证留置的气管、胃管的清洁,减少发生合并感染的风险。     

重症监护病房医院内感染监测结果分析及管理策略

目的了解和掌控ICU医院感染的发生率及其危险因素,探讨有效防治医院感染的管理策略。方法调查我院2008年6月至2009年10月期间ICU收治的1 689例患者,分析医院感染发生率、发生部位、分离出的病原菌及药敏试验结果,分析医院感染发生的原因及防控策略。结果1 689例患者中医院感染总发生率为19.2%,主要发生部位依次为肺部感染（51.9%）、上呼吸道感染（24.1%）、泌尿道感染（11.7%）、胃肠道感染（10.5%）、血液感染（1.2%）、手术切口感染（0.6%）;呼吸机、气管切开、留置尿管、中心静脉置管等侵入性操作是发生医院内感染的重要危险因素;原发疾病中以呼吸系统疾病并发医院内感染率最高（35.4%）,其次为神经系统疾病（17.2%）,消化系统疾病（13.1%）,内分泌系统疾病（12.0%）,急性中毒（9.54%）,外伤（8.61%）;ICU医院感染的病原微生物以革兰氏阴性菌为主,占73%,革兰氏阳性菌占23.2%,真菌占3.8%;另外,革兰氏阴性菌的耐药率较高。结论ICU发生医院感染的几率高,以肺部感染为主,患者病情急重及侵袭性操作是医院感染的重要原因,医院感染的病原菌以革兰氏阴性菌为主,并且耐药率高;ICU是控制医院感染的重中之重,必须加强管理。     

Prevalence of potential drug interactions in patients in an intensive care unit of a university hospital in Brazil

OBJECTIVES:

To investigate the prevalence of potential drug interactions at the intensive care unit of a university hospital in Brazil and to analyze their clinical significance.

METHODS:

This cross‐sectional retrospective study included 299 patients who had been hospitalized in the intensive care unit of the hospital. The drugs administered during the first 24 hours of hospitalization, in the 50^th length‐of‐stay percentile and at the time of discharge were analyzed to identify potential drug‐drug and drug‐enteral nutrition interactions using DRUG‐REAX® software. The drugs were classified according to the anatomical therapeutic chemical classification.

RESULTS:

The median number of medications per patient was smaller at the time of discharge than in the 50^th length‐of‐stay percentile and in the first 24 hours of hospitalization. There was a 70% prevalence of potential drug interactions at the intensive care unit at the studied time points of hospitalization. Most of the drug interactions were either severe or moderate, and the scientific evidence for the interactions was, in general, either good or excellent. Pharmacodynamic interactions presented a subtle predominance in relation to pharmacokinetic interactions. The occurrence of potential drug interactions was associated with the number of medications administered and the length of stay. Medications that induced cytochrome P450, drugs that prolong the QT interval and cardiovascular drugs were pharmacotherapy factors associated with potential drug interactions.

CONCLUSION:

The study showed that potential drug interactions were prevalent in the intensive care unit due to the complexity of the pharmacotherapies administered. The interactions were associated with the number of drugs, the length of stay and the characteristics of the administered medications.     

Antibiotic audit in medicine intensive care unit of tertiary care centre: A must do exercise

PurposeAntimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a serious threat to the humanity now a days. To prevent it, the first step is to know about our antibiotic practices. Audit is the first step in continuous quality improvement which intend to go ahead. Antibiotic stewardship involves appropriate antibiotic (empirical or definitive) at correct time in correct doses and frequency for appropriate duration.MethodWe conducted a retrospective study in intensive care unit at our tertiary care center of Bihar, India. Our aim was to know about empirical antibiotic we are prescribing in suspected sepsis patients and their rationality too. National treatment guidelines for infectious disease released by National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) was taken as standard of care. We recorded demographic profile, SOFA (Sequential Organ Failure Assessment), APACHE II (Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation), antibiotic prescribed, final etiology of infection, and outcome of the patient and total ICU stay.ResultWe found that combination of two antibiotics were given in majority of patients (53%) and the third generation cephalosporin was the most commonly prescribed antibiotic. In our audit, rational combinations according to the antibiotic policies were given in 73.7% of patients. Appropriate doses of antibiotics were given in 89.5% of patients.ConclusionAudit is a mandatory exercise to provide quality care in the health care system.     

Implementation of a national bundle care program to reduce central line-associated bloodstream infections in intensive care units in Taiwan

Background/purpose

This study assessed the effect of the central line bundle on the rate of central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSI) in intensive care units (ICUs) in Taiwan.

Endemic Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in a neonatal intensive care unit

BACKGROUND: Nosocomial infections due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa have been well described, but the environmental reservoir of the organism varies. We conducted an epidemiologic and molecular investigation of endemic P. aeruginosa infection among infants in a neonatal intensive care unit that was associated with carriage of the organisms on the hands of health care workers. METHODS: In August 1998, colonization or infection with P. aeruginosa was identified in six infants. Surveillance cultures for P. aeruginosa were obtained from the other 27 infants in the unit, and possible environmental reservoirs were also assessed. The hands of health care workers were inspected and cultured, and risk factors for P. aeruginosa colonization were evaluated. Isolates were analyzed for clonality by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. RESULTS: Surveillance cultures showed that three additional infants were colonized with P. aeruginosa. Cultures of environmental specimens were negative, but cultures of the hands of 10 of 165 health care workers (6 percent) were positive for P. aeruginosa. Increasing age (P=0.05) and a history of the use of artificial fingernails or nail wraps (P=0.03) were both risk factors for colonization of the hands. From January 1997 to August 1998, 49 infants were infected or colonized with P. aeruginosa. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis demonstrated that 17 of these infants and 1 health care worker who had onychomycosis had the same clone. Infants who were exposed to this health care worker in August 1998 were at greater risk of having this clone than infants who were not exposed to this health care worker (odds ratio, 41.2; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.8 to 940.0; P=0.006). CONCLUSIONS: An increased rate of infection and colonization with P. aeruginosa among infants in neonatal intensive care units should be investigated by assessing potential reservoirs, including environmental sources as well as patients and health care workers.     

烧伤患者医院感染病原菌分布及耐药变迁分析

目的了解烧伤病房感染病原菌分布及耐药变迁特点。方法回顾海南省人民医院2002-2009年住院烧伤感染患者病原菌的分布,并对比前、后4年病原菌构成比及耐药情况。结果检出634株病原菌,其中革兰阴性（G-）杆菌389株（61.4%）,主要为铜绿假单胞菌196株（30.9%）、鲍曼不动杆菌89株（14.0%）和大肠埃希菌56株（8.8%）;革兰阳性（G＋）球菌220株（34.7%）,主要为金黄色葡萄球菌109株（17.2%）和表皮葡萄球菌79株（12.5%）;真菌25株（3.9%）。前、后4年里,铜绿假单胞菌及金黄色葡萄球菌的构成比有下降趋势（P〈0.05）,而条件致病菌如鲍曼不动杆菌、表皮葡萄球菌的构成比呈明显上升趋势（P〈0.01）;铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌对第三代头孢菌素、喹诺酮类抗生素的耐药率有上升趋势（P〈0.05）。109株金黄色葡萄球菌中耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）52株（47.8%）,对万古霉素100%敏感。结论近8年来烧伤病房患者感染病原菌以G-杆菌为主,条件致病菌的检出率呈上升趋势;常见病原菌对第三代头孢菌素的耐药率呈上升趋势,对此应予以重视。     

Interruptive communication patterns in the intensive care unit ward round

OBJECTIVE: An exploratory study to examine interruptive communication patterns of healthcare staff within an intensive care unit (ICU) during ward rounds. METHODS: The study was conducted in a tertiary hospital in Sydney, Australia. Nine participants were observed individually, for a total of 24 h, using the communication observation method (COM). The amount of time spent in conversation, the number of conversation initiating and number of turn-taking interruptions were recorded. RESULTS: Participants averaged 75% [95% confidence interval 72.8-77.2] of their time in communication events during ward rounds. There were 345 conversation-initiating interruptions (C.I.I.) and 492 turn-taking interruptions (T.T.I.). C.I.I. accounted for 37% [95% CI 33.9-40.1] of total communication event time (5 h: 53 min). T.T.I. accounted for 5.3% of total communication event time (56 min). CONCLUSION: This is the first study to specifically examine turn-taking interruptions in a clinical setting. Staff in this intensive care unit spent the majority of their time in communication. Turn taking interruptions within conversations occurred at about the same frequency as conversation initiating interruptions, which have been the subject of earlier studies. These results suggest that the overall burden of interruptions in some settings may be significantly higher than previously suspected.