胃癌患者血清肝细胞生长因子的检测及意义

目的探讨血清肝细胞生长因子（HGF）在胃癌患者血清水平变化的临床意义。方法选取手术和临床病理证实为胃癌的60例患者,采用酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）检测其血清HGF水平,其中40例行胃癌根治术,20例患者因已有远处转移而丧失根治手术机会。分别检测胃癌患者术前、术后7d和3个月者血清HGF的水平;同时选取加例慢性胃炎患者以及40例门诊健康体检者作为对照。结果胃癌患者血清HGF水平明显高于慢性胃炎组和正常对照者（P〈0．01）。肿瘤血管侵犯者血清HGF明显升高（P〈0．05）;有淋巴结转移者,血清HGF水平明显高于无淋巴结转移者（P〈0．05）;肝脏转移者血清HGF水平明显高于无肝脏转移者（P〈0．05）;肿瘤最大直径t〉3cm的胃癌患者血清HGF水平明显高于最大直径〈3cm的胃癌患者（P〈0．05）;按胃癌TNM分期标准,Ⅰ期和Ⅱ期患者血清HGF水平明显低于Ⅲ期和Ⅳ期患者（P〈0．05）;胃癌患者血清HGF水平与性别、年龄及组织学类型无明显关系（P〉0．05）。40例手术治疗患者术后1周血清HGF水平明显降低,术后3个月降低更为明显（P〈0．05和P〈0．001）。结论HGF在胃癌的发生发展过程中可能起重要作用,血清HGF水平的检测可成为胃癌病情程度监测和预后判断的重要指标。     

血管内皮生长因子在非小细胞肺癌中的表达

目的 研究血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)在非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)中的表达及其与肿瘤血管形成、临床分期、淋巴结转移的关系.方法 应用免疫组织化学方法和酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测56例NSCLC患者的肺癌组织和血清中VEGF的表达水平,并分析其临床意义.结果 NSCLC组织中VEGF的表达水平明显高于正常黏膜组织和癌旁组织(P＜0.05),且随临床分期Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ～Ⅳ期的顺序明显上升(P＜0.05);同时有淋巴结转移的VEGF阳性率明显高于无淋巴结转移组(P＜0.05);NSCLC患者血清VEGF水平显著高于正常对照组(P＜0.01),并随肺癌临床分期Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ～Ⅳ期的顺序明显上升(P＜0.05);淋巴结转移组患者血清VEGF水平明显高于无淋巴结转移组(P＜0.05).结论 VEGF在NSCLC组织中表达明显增高,并与NSCLC的发生、发展及其淋巴结转移有关,血清VEGF是NSCLC生长、转移的重要指标.     

人参皂苷联合替吉奥、顺铂化疗治疗晚期胃癌的临床效果观察

目的：观察人参皂苷联合替吉奥、顺铂化疗治疗晚期胃癌的临床效果。方法将200例晚期胃癌患者随机分为观察组和对照组各100例。观察组给予人参皂苷联合替吉奥、顺铂化疗。对照组给予替吉奥、顺铂化疗。治疗后,观察2组近期疗效、远期疗效、不良反应情况和术前、术后第1、3、6个月血清血管内皮生长因子（ VEGF）水平。结果观察组有效率、疾病控制率均高于对照组（P＜0．05）。2组5年生存率差异无统计学意义（P＞0．05）。观察组平均生存时间和中位生存时间均长于对照组（P＜0．01）。术前、术后第1、3个月,观察组血清VEGF水平低于对照组,但差异无统计学意义（P＜0．05）。观察组术后6个月血清VEGF水平低于对照组（P＜0．05）。2组不良反应发生率差异无统计学意义（P＞0．05）。结论人参皂苷联合替吉奥、顺铂化疗治疗晚期胃癌的临床效果优于单纯化疗,患者生存时间长,且不增加不良反应,值得临床推广应用。     

藻酸双酯钠对脑梗死病人细胞间黏附分子-1和E-选择素含量的影响

目的:探讨藻酸双酯钠(PSS)对脑梗死病人血清可溶性细胞间黏附分子-1(sICAM-1)和可溶性E-选择素(sE-selectin)含量的影响及临床意义。方法:将106例脑梗死病人分别纳入对照组(接受常规治疗)及PSS治疗组(PSS+常规治疗),采用酶联免疫吸附法检测2组病人治疗前后以及30例健康对照者的血清sICAM-1、sE-selectin浓度。应用美国国立卫生研究院卒中评分量表(NIHSS)对2组病人治疗前与治疗后10d和30d的神经功能进行评定,并评定临床疗效。结果:2组脑梗死病人血清sICAM-1、sE-selectin浓度均高于健康对照组(P＜0．01)。2组病人治疗10d后血清sICAM-1、sE-selectin浓度均有下降(P＜0．01),但PSS组较对照组降低更明显(P＜0．05,P＜0．01)。PSS治疗组临床疗效优于对照组(P＜0．05)。结论:PSS治疗能显著降低脑梗死病人血清sICAM-1和sE-selectin水平,提高临床疗效。提示影响白细胞与血管内皮细胞的黏附可能是PSS治疗脑梗死的作用机制之一。     

胃癌患者血清 CRP、CA125、CA19-9和 CA72-4联合检测的临床意义

目的：探讨血清C-反应蛋白（CRP）、CA125、CA19-9和CA72-4联合检测对胃癌的临床价值。方法采用免疫比浊法和电化学发光法对胃癌患者手术前后48例、胃息肉患者30例、健康体检者32例血清CRP、CA125、CA19-9和CA72-4水平进行检测。结果胃癌患者血清中四种标志物水平明显高于健康体健者（ P ＜0~．05）。胃癌患者血清中CA125、CA19-9和CA72-4水平明显高于胃息肉患者和健康体检者（ P ＜0．05）。胃癌Ⅲ～Ⅳ期患者血清中四种标志物水平明显高于Ⅰ～Ⅱ期患者（ P ＜0．05）。同时胃癌高、中分化患者血清中四种标志物水平和低分化患者血清中四种标志物水平比较,差异有统计学意义（ P ＜0．05）。四种标志物联合检查胃癌的诊断敏感性和准确性明显高于单一标志物。胃癌患者作根治性切除术后1个月血清中四种标志物含量较术前明显降低（ P ＜0．05）,而作姑息性切除术后1个月血清中四种标志物含量与术前比较下降不明显（ P ＞0．05）。结论联合检测血清CRP、CA125、CA19-9和CA72-4水平可作为胃癌的早期诊断、手术方法的选择、疗效评价及预后监测有意义的参考指标。     

血清血管内皮生长因子检测与大肠癌

目的 探讨大肠癌患者血清中血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）含量与大肠癌的诊断及临床病理指标间的关系。方法 采用酶联夹心法测定43例大肠癌、28例结肠良性病变（腺瘤和溃疡性结肠炎）患者和21例健康体检者血清VEGF含量。结果 大肠癌血清VEGF浓度显著高于结肠良性病变组,大肠癌组血清VEGF浓度与淋巴结转移、肝转移、Dukes分期和分化程度密切相关（P〈0．01或P〈0．05）;良性病变组血清VEGF显著高于健康人组（P〈0．01）。术后7d大肠癌组血清VEGF浓度与良性病变组无显著差异,术后10d趋于正常水平。结论 血清VEGF水平反映了大肠癌的生物学特征,对大肠癌的临床诊断和评估有一定价值。     

TPS、CA153、VEGF在乳腺癌患者中的表达

目的:探讨组织多肽特异性抗原(TPS)、糖类抗原153(CA153)和血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)在乳腺癌患者中的表达变化及临床意义.方法:选取医院收治的43例乳腺癌患者作为乳腺癌组,选取同时期乳腺良性疾病40例作为良性疾病组,并选取门诊健康体检者40例作为对照组,比较3组受试者的血清TPS、CA153、VEGF水平.乳腺癌患者均行手术治疗,并分析血清TPS、VEGF、CA153与TNM分期的相关性.结果:乳腺癌组血清TPS、CA153、VEGF水平均明显高于对照组和良性疾病组(P＜0.05);Ⅴ期患者血清TPS、CA153、VEGF水平高于Ⅲ期和Ⅰ期+Ⅱ期,Ⅲ期血清TPS、CA153、VEGF水平高于Ⅰ期+Ⅱ期(P＜0.05);低分化患者血清TPS、CA153、VEGF水平高于高分化和中分化(P＜0.05);有淋巴结转移患者血清TPS、CA153、VEGF水平高于无淋巴结转移患者(P＜0.05);血清TPS、VEGF、CA153与TNM分期均呈显著正相关性(P＜0.05).结论:乳腺癌患者血清TPS、CA153、VEGF水平明显升高,在评估患者病情程度中具有一定临床意义.     

Leptin与VEGF的表达与胃癌生物学行为的关系

目的探讨胃癌组织中Leptin和VEGF蛋白的表达及病理学意义。方法采用免疫组化SP法检测20例胃炎组织及50例不同分化程度胃癌组织中Leptin、VEGF的表达。结果（1）胃癌中Leptin的阳性表达明显高于胃炎组织（P〈0．01）,并与胃癌的分化分型有关,与胃癌的淋巴结转移有关（P〈0．05）。（2）胃癌中VEGF的阳性表达显著高于胃炎组织（P〈0．01）,并与胃癌的分化分型都有关,且与胃癌的淋巴结转移有关（P〈0．05）。（3）Leptin与VEGF在胃癌中的表达呈正相关（r=0．635,P〈0．01）。结论Leptin和VEGF与胃癌的浸润,转移有关,Leptin可能因协同VEGF或通过上调VEGF的表达而在胃癌的浸润、转移中发挥了一定的作用。     

胃癌患者血清肿瘤型M2-PK的测定及其临床意义

目的研究胃癌患者血清肿瘤型M2-丙酮酸激酶（tM2-PK）的含量与临床病理学参数的关系。方法运用ELISA法定量检测tM2-PK在胃癌、胃溃疡、及正常人血清中的含量。结果胃癌患者血清tM2-PK增高,明显大于胃溃疡（P〈0．05）与正常人组（P〈0．01）。肿瘤≥5cm者明显高于〈5cm者（P〈0．05）;TNMⅢ,Ⅳ期者明显高于Ⅰ,Ⅱ期者（P〈0．01）;而淋巴结转移情况、肿瘤胃壁浸润深度及组织学分级对tM2-PK水平的影响无明显差异。以大于15U／ml为阳性者,胃癌组阳性率为64％,胃溃疡组假阳性率为20％,正常对照组假阳性率为6%。结论胃癌肿瘤代谢的改变可产生大量tM2-PK。血清肿瘤型M2-PK水平升高可为肿瘤大小和病期提供依据。     

血清 VEGF 表达水平对肝动脉栓塞治疗的影响

目的：探讨原发性肝癌患者经肝动脉化疗栓塞（TACE）治疗前后血清血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）水平变化与疗效之间的关系。方法选择接受TACE治疗的原发性肝癌患者40例,同期治疗的肝硬化患者40例作为肝硬化组,门诊体检健康人40例作为健康对照组。采用酶联免疫吸附试验（ ELISA）分别检测TACE治疗前1 d及术后28 d的血清VEGF,分析VEGF水平与患者临床基本资料、甲胎蛋白（ AFP）及预后的关系。结果40例肝癌患者TACE术前的血清VEGF平均水平与患者临床基本资料及AFP均无明显相关（ P ＞0．05）。肝癌患者TACE术后28 d VEGF水平明显较术前升高,差异有统计学意义（ P ＜0．01）。按TACE治疗疗效分为：疗效较好组26例与疗效较差组14例,疗效较差组术后28 d血清VEGF水平高于疗效较好组,差异有统计学意义（ P ＜0．05）,TACE治疗前后血清VEGF水平变化率与术后肿瘤病灶碘油存积情况呈负相关（ r ＝－0．721, P ＜0．05）。结论肝癌患者TACE术前血清VEGF水平可以反映患者TACE治疗疗效。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.