Mallet骨折内固定方法的改进

目的：探讨Mallet骨折的治疗方法和临床疗效。方法2012年3月—12月，我们采用切开复位应用3枚克氏针内固定治疗Mallet骨折17例，采用Doyle分型，其中ⅣB型12例，ⅣC型5例。结果术后随访6～18个月，切口均一期愈合，17例骨折均愈合，愈合率100%，骨折愈合时间6～10周，平均9周，无并发症发生。采用 Dargan 法评估疗效，优14例，良2例，可1例，优良率94.12%。结论增加一枚加压克氏针内固定技术治疗Mallet 骨折，能稳定有效固定较小的骨折块，改善关节活动范围及降低术后关节疼痛，是治疗Mallet骨折的有效方法之一。     

克氏针阻挡技术治疗Mallet骨折

目的探讨克氏针阻挡技术治疗Mallet骨折的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析采用克氏针阻挡技术治疗的14例Mallet骨折,采用闭合复位,手指远节指间关节（DIP）极度屈曲下钻入阻挡针,然后骨折复位、DIP伸直下以第2枚针固定。结果所有患者术后获平均4．9个月的随访,均获骨性愈合。末次随访时Crawford评分：优9例,良5例。DIP平均屈曲78°,伸直丧失平均1．8°。结论采用微创的克氏针阻挡技术治疗Mallet骨折,并发症少,疗效满意。     

改良间接固定骨折块治疗Mallet骨折

目的 探讨改良间接固定骨折块治疗Mallet骨折的疗效. 方法 回顾性分析2003年5月至2011年5月收治的206例Mallet骨折患者的临床资料,根据内固定方式不同分为两组:治疗组(采用克氏针间接固定骨折块治疗,108例)和对照组(采用传统切开复位克氏针内固定治疗,98例).两组患者的一般资料比较差异均无统计学意义(p＞ 0.05,具有可比性.术后记录并比较两组患者的裂甲发生率、骨折愈合时间、外观畸形发生率、关节活动度和Crawford法评分优良率. 结果 治疗组和对照组术后分别获得平均22个月和20个月的随访.与对照组比较,治疗组的骨折愈合时间更短[(5.2±0.9)周比(4.4±0.7)周]、外观畸形发生率更低[6.1％ (6/98)比0.9％(1/108)]、关节活动度更大(9.3°±1.7°比6.2°±1.2°)、Crawford法评分优良率更高[79.6％ (78/98)比88.9％ (96/108)],差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).所有患者术后未发生针道感染、克氏针松动、甲床坏死. 结论 应用克氏针改良间接固定骨折块治疗Mallet骨折不损伤关节软骨,不直接固定骨折块,避免了骨块碎裂,是治疗Mallet骨折简便易行、疗效确切的方法.     

克氏针经皮双向交叉内固定治疗Mallet骨折

目的探讨克氏针经皮双向交叉加强固定技术治疗Mallet骨折的手术技巧与临床疗效。方法回顾性分析自2012-02—2019-05采用手术治疗的21例Mallet骨折,首先通过折顶、挤压等手法闭合复位骨折,骨折复位良好且关节面平整后透视下用直径0.5 mm克氏针经皮穿骨折块固定骨折,如骨折块较大可用2枚克氏针交叉固定;然后将远节指间关节背伸5°适度加压骨折,自患指指端纵行置入直径1 mm克氏针固定远节及中节指骨,获得双向交叉加强固定效果。结果 21例均获得随访,随访时间平均7(3～12)个月。骨折均达到临床愈合标准,愈合时间平均11(10～14)周。末次随访时患指伸直受限(3.1±0.5)°,患指屈曲角度为(67.3±2.7)°,患指指间关节活动度为(67.4±2.6)°,患指功能较术前明显改善。根据Crawford标准评定患指功能:优16例,良4例,可1例。结论克氏针经皮双向交叉加强固定技术治疗Mallet骨折具有创伤小、并发症少、可有效恢复指间关节屈伸功能的优点,临床疗效良好。     

加压骑缝钉克氏针治疗经舟骨月骨周围骨折脱位

目的探讨加压骑缝钉克氏针内固定治疗经舟骨月骨周围骨折脱位的临床疗效。方法2006年2月至2008年9月,我们采用加压骑缝钉克氏针内固定治疗11例经舟骨月骨周围骨折脱位患者,年龄18～39岁。术中采用克氏针固定月骨、头状骨,单夹骑缝钉固定舟骨,加压矫正分离移位,术中同时修复关节囊和韧带。术后8周拔除克氏针开始活动,6～12个月根据舟骨愈合情况取出骑缝钉,术后随访6～24个月。结果术后通过腕关节活动度、手握力、用力后腕关节疼痛程度、X线片和CT检查评价治疗效果,患者术后腕关节活动及手握力良好。影像学检查舟骨骨折均骨性愈合,骨折愈合时间4-10月。结论加压骑缝钉克氏针内固定治疗经舟骨月骨周围骨折脱位,直视切口手术,操作简便可靠,可同时修复韧带,并可减少术后并发症,是目前较好的治疗手段之一。     

单根髓内克氏针固定第5掌骨颈再骨折

[目的]探讨单根髓内克氏针固定治疗第5掌骨颈骨折临床骨折愈合内固定取出后再骨折的临床疗效。[方法]2015年1月—2021年6月应用单根顺行2.0 mm髓内克氏针固定治疗第5掌骨颈骨折再骨折10例。总结围手术期、随访及影像资料。[结果]所有患者顺利完成手术,手术时间平均（18.60±2.88） min,术中微量出血,所有患者切口均愈合良好。随访时间平均（4.90±1.10）个月,术后随着时间推移,VAS、DASH评分显著降低（P<0.05）,第五掌指ROM显著增加（P<0.05）,随访过程中发现1例克氏针突破软骨下骨进入关节约2 mm,未完全制动,随访5个月骨折临床愈合。影像方面,与术前相比,术后3个月、末次随访时骨折复位对位、对线均显著改善（P<0.05）。末次随访骨折全部愈合,无内固定失效、松动、移位或断裂,无骨不连、畸形愈合等并发症。[结论]单根髓内克氏针固定治疗第5掌骨颈再骨折临床疗效满意。     

经甲下克氏针压迫复位技术治疗Mallet骨折

目的 介绍一种治疗Mallet骨折的新方法. 方法 自2003年3月至2007年7月,采用远侧指间(DIP)关节背侧切口,将1枚克氏针从甲床与指骨间顺行自指尖穿出,骨块复位后,过伸DIP关节将克氏针逆行打入中节指骨,然后屈曲DIP关节,弯曲的克氏针压迫骨折块,使之维持复位状态.共治疗Mallet骨折17例. 结果 17例骨折均于术后4周临床愈合,9例得到随访,随访时间4～54个月(平均16个月),采用Crawford法进行疗效评定:优2例,良4例,可3例,差0例.结论 该方法 不损伤关节软骨,避免了骨块碎裂,简单易行、疗效可靠,是治疗Mallet骨折的较好方法.     

股骨干骨折合并同侧股骨颈骨折治疗的临床观察

目的：探讨股骨干合并同侧股骨颈骨折的治疗特点和不同固定方法的疗效。方法：股骨干骨折合并同侧股骨颈骨折27例,男22例,女5例;年龄14～65岁,平均35岁。动力髋螺钉（DHS）固定3例,加压钢板加空心加压螺钉固定12例,重建钉固定8例,顺行髓内钉加空心加压螺钉固定4例。13例固定术前用克氏针临时固定股骨颈骨折。结果：术后随访36～75个月,平均44个月。25例股骨颈骨折平均愈合时间4.5个月,2例股骨颈骨折不愈合。27例股骨干均愈合,平均愈合时间6个月。未用克氏针临时固定股骨颈骨折14例中,2例出现股骨颈不愈合,3例轻度髋内翻畸形。结论：股骨干合并同侧股骨颈骨折有许多固定方法可供选择,加压钢板加空心加压螺钉固定简便易用,在实施固定术前用克氏针临时固定股骨颈骨折可避免股骨颈骨折再移位和损伤。     

微型外固定支架与钢板、克氏针内固定治疗掌指骨骨折的比较研究

目的 比较采用微型外固定支架、钢板、克氏针内固定治疗掌、指骨骨折的临床效果.方法 微型外固定支架组21例、25处骨折,术后随访4～6月,平均5个月.钢板固定治疗组病例17例、20处骨折,术后随访4～6月,平均5月.克氏针固定治疗组19例、23处骨折.术后随访5～9个月,平均7个月.以RAFS标准评价术后掌指关节及指间关节功能和术后感染及骨折愈合时间.结果 外固定支架优良率为88%(22/25),钢板固定组优良率75%(15/20),克氏针固定组优良率为70%(16/23),三组均有明显差异(P＜0.05).结论 从术后关节功能恢复的优良率、感染率以及骨折愈合时间相比,外固定支架的疗效明显优于其它两组.     

两种内固定方法治疗掌指骨骨折的疗效分析

目的比较采用克氏针内固定和微型钛板治疗掌、指骨骨折的临床效果。方法克氏针内固定治疗组42例45处骨折,术后随访1.5～12个月,平均8.4个月;微型钛板内固定治疗组28例36处骨折,术后随访2～12个月,平均9.2个月。以TAFS标准评价术后掌指关节及指间关节功能和术后感染及骨折愈合时间。结果克氏针固定组优良率为68.9%,微型钛板固定组优良率为80.6%,克氏针固定组与微型钛板组差异有显著意义(P<0.05)。克氏针组33处开放性骨折中5处发生感染;微型钛板组26处开放性骨折中3处发生感染。骨折愈合时间微型钛板组为7～12周,平均8.1周;克氏针组为6～12周,平均7.8周。结论从术后关节功能恢复的优良率、感染率以及骨折愈合时间相比,微型钛板组的疗效明显优于克氏针组,克氏针组骨折愈合时间较前者短。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.