McBride手术联合第1、2跖骨近端截骨治疗拇外翻

目的探讨McBride手术联合第1、2跖骨近端截骨治疗拇外翻的疗效。方法在McBride手术基础上,行第1跖骨近端的楔形外翻截骨和第2跖骨近端截骨,第1跖骨截骨处行微型钢板内固定,第2跖骨截骨处不做固定。术后石膏固定4周后即开始逐渐负重功能锻炼。结果26例均获随访,时间12～48个月。40足中优28足,良10足,差2足,优良率95%。与术前比较,拇外翻角平均矫正16.3°±2.2°,第1、2跖骨间夹角平均矫正4.2°±1.8°。无截骨处愈合不良、拇内翻、感染。结论McBride手术重建了足拇指的软组织力量平衡,第1、2跖骨截骨改善了第1跖骨的正常负重、缓解了第2跖骨头的压力,恢复足横弓,是治疗拇外翻的较好术式。     

髋臼周围截骨联合股骨转子间截骨术治疗复杂的髋关节发育不良的近期疗效

 目的 探讨髋臼周围截骨联合股骨转子间截骨术治疗髋关节发育不良合并髋内、外翻畸形的近期疗效。方法 2006年1月至2011年8月,采用髋臼周围截骨联合股骨转子间截骨术治疗髋关节发育不良合并髋内、外翻畸形23例（25髋）,男2例,女21例;年龄15~26岁,平均（20.5±3.9）岁。2髋行转子间外翻截骨,23髋行内翻截骨。术前髋部疼痛5~24个月,平均（11±4.7）个月。术前Harris髋关节评分70~83分,平均（76.7±3.7）分。术前Shenton线均不连续,外侧CE角为-6°~15°,平均5.6°±4.6°。髋外翻23髋,术前颈干角150°~165°,平均158°±3.2°;髋内翻2髋,颈干角均为110°。术前T-nnis骨关节炎分级0级7髋,Ⅰ级12髋,Ⅱ级6髋。结果 术后随访12~78个月,平均（40±18）个月。23髋Shenton线连续、外侧CE角平均28.6°±2.9°、颈干角130°±2.1°、Harris髋关节评分（90.8±3.3）分,均较术前明显改善。Harris髋关节评分优17髋、良8髋。T-nnis骨关节炎分级无明显进展,0级6髋、Ⅰ级11髋、Ⅱ级8髋。术后出现股外侧皮神经损伤6髋、Shenton线仍不连续2髋、跛行步态3例。随访期间无股骨头坏死、截骨不愈合和股骨颈骨折等并发症。结论 髋臼周围截骨联合股骨转子间截骨术治疗复杂的髋关节发育不良,可以矫正或明显改善髋关节畸形,缓解疼痛,无明显的股骨头坏死和骨不愈合的风险。     

Salter骨盆截骨术治疗发育性髋关节脱位

目的探讨髋关节切开复位、股骨转子下短缩旋转截骨、Salter骨盆截骨术治疗发育性髋脱位（DDH）的疗效。方法采用髋关节切开复位、股骨转子下短缩旋转截骨、Salter骨盆截骨术治疗DDH患儿54例（62髋）。结果 54例均获随访,时间2～5年。髋臼指数由术前30～45°矫正至术后20～25°。功能评定根据周永德等标准：优49髋,良12髋,差1髋,优良率为98%。X线形态按照Severin分级法：优51髋,良10髋,可1髋,优良率为98%。结论髋关节切开复位、股骨转子下短缩旋转截骨、Salter骨盆截骨术治疗DDH可获得较满意的治疗效果。     

小切口第一跖骨远端截骨术矫正踇外翻畸形

目的：探讨小切口第一跖骨远端截骨术矫正踇外翻畸形的疗效。方法：2003年以来采用小切口第一跖骨远端截骨术治疗踇外翻畸形300例共542只足，不做内固定。对所有患者采用美国骨科足踝外科学会（AOFAS）蹲趾-跖趾-趾间评分标准进行临床评估，并结合影像学诊断综合评价手术疗效。结果：AOFAS总平均分为89．4±10．2分。影像学评估，术后踇外翻角（HVA）为12．8°±5．8°（4°～22°），较术前34．6°±9．6°（18°～68°）改善22°±8．4°；第一二跖骨间角（IMA）为7．6°±1．8（6°～11°），较术前14．3°±3．2°（11°～21°）改善6．7°±2．4°，P〈0．05表示有显著性差异。542只患足，498只对术后疗效满意，满意率91．5％。结论：小切口第一跖骨远端截骨术矫正踇外翻，临床效果可靠，不需内固定，手术切口美观，值得推广。     

转子下外展截骨治疗先天性髋内翻长期疗效观察

[目的]分析股骨转子下外展截骨治疗先天性髋内翻的长期疗效。[方法]对17例（2l髋）先天性髋内翻行股骨转子下外展截骨术，术后平均随访13．6a。[结果]所有股骨头骺板早期闭合，平均10．6（5～13）岁；股骨颈部三角骨块于术后5（3～10）个月闭合；14髋股骨大转子过度增长，所有患者均有不同程度股骨颈短缩；1例术后6a发生膝外翻。[结论]手术促进股骨近端骺板和三角骨块早期闭合，稳定髋关节，但引发髋关节周围形态的畸形。截骨同时行股骨大转子骺阻滞是防止股骨大转子过度增长的方法之一。     

高弓马蹄内翻足术后复发与跟骨截骨

目的 探讨高弓内翻足手术治疗后的内翻复发,跟骨截骨外移的矫正度与内翻复发的关系.方法 23例(31足)成人高弓内翻足患者,年龄13～59岁,平均36岁.以术前Coleman试验可否矫正、经内侧软组织和(或)肌腱松解后后足内翻被动矫正情况以及是否行跟骨截骨,将患足分为4组.并以被动可矫正至中立位和外翻5°以上为两个界限.进行统计.跟骨截骨可以为跟骨轴位水平方向上的截骨外移,截骨外移后的欠状面上的上移,以及跟骨的楔形闭合截骨.结果 内翻复发9足,5°以下5足,5°以上4足,平均4.23°±2.15°.末行跟骨截骨12足中,术前Coleman试验可矫正至中立位3足均复发,术前Coleman试验可矫正至外翻5°以上的4足均未复发.术前Coleman试验不町矫正,术中经软组织松解后可矫正至中立位的2足,术后均复发;术前Coleman试验不可矫正,术中可矫正至外翻5°以上的3足,内翻复发1足.行跟骨外移截骨19足中,术前Coleman试验可矫正至中立位9足,1足内翻复发;术前Coleman试验不可矫正,术中可矫正至中立位的7足,术后2足复发;术前Coleman试验不可矫正,术中可矫正至外翻5°以上者3足,无内翻复发.结论 Coleman试验能否矫正后足的内翻,并非是否行跟骨外移截骨术的依据;而被动手法矫正是判断是否行跟骨截骨的关键,外翻5°是一个重要的指标.     

Scarf截骨治疗中、重度(足母)外翻

目的探讨Scarf截骨治疗拇外翻的手术适应证、手术方法及近期疗效。方法2001年1月至2005年12月，手术治疗拇外翻患者25例40足，其中23例36足获得随访，男2例2足，女21例34足；年龄28～70岁，平均56岁。手术均采用Scarf截骨，术中2枚螺钉固定。比较手术前、后及末次随访时与拇外翻相关的各角度的X线测量值，并结合AOFAS和VAS评分观察疗效。术前、术后的各组数据采用SPSS 11．5统计软件进行统计学分析。结果拇外翻角和第一、二跖骨间角从术前的38．0°±22．0°和16．0°±4．6°改善到术后的14．0°±6．1°和7．8°±2．9°，第一跖骨远端关节面角从23．0°±15．0°矫正为7．7°±5．1°。末次随访时拇外翻角为15．0°±5．7°，第一、二跖骨间角为8．8°±4．1°，第一跖骨远端关节面角为5．9°±3.8°。患者随访10-57个月，平均32个月。AOFAS评分从术前（46±17）分改善为（85±11）分，VAS评分从（7．4±2．3）分改善为（3.3±1．9）分。术后拇僵硬2例，最内侧皮神经损伤1例，转移性跖骨痛1例。结论Scarf截骨具有较好的自身稳定性，并发症少，手术效果好，可作为中、重度拇外翻矫形手术的首选方法。     

改良Austin手术治疗足[][母]外翻34例62足

[目的]探讨改良Austin手术治疗[][母]外翻的手术适应证、手术方法和疗效。[方法]自1998年10月-2006年4月采用改良Austin手术治疗[][母]外翻患者34例62足，男13例22足，女21例40足；年龄32-67岁，平均43岁。术前、术后2周、随访时分别摄负重位x线片，测量[][母]外翻角（HVA）、第1、2跖骨间角（IMA）、近端关节固定角（PASA）、远端关节固定角（DASA），并观察其变化和测量角度数据进行对比分析。手术方法根据患者术前症状和测量角度个体化选择Austin手术改良式即chevron-gerbert或chevron-youngswick截骨术。[结果]全部获得随访，随访时间1-8年，平均3．6年；患者[][母]外翻角（HVA）术前为33.50°±1.02°，术后为13.6°±0.826°；第1、2跖骨间角（IMA）术前为16.0°±0.837°，术后为8.6°±1.078°；根据美国足与踝关节协会AOFAS制定的足[][母]趾功能评分标准评价。AOFAS评分术前为（44．8±5．7）分，术后为（87．6±4．2）分。优46足，良10足，可5足，差1足，优良率90．3％。[结论]改良Austin手术是治疗[][母]外翻畸形的一种操作简单、疗效可靠的手术方法。尤其更适合矫正PASA增大的重度[][母]外翻。对年龄较轻的轻、中度[][母]外翻患者手术应尽量不必干扰[][母]内收肌和籽骨也可达到矫形的目的。     

股骨远端外侧开放楔形截骨与内侧闭合楔形截骨治疗膝外翻的疗效比较

目的对比分析股骨远端外侧开放楔形截骨术与内侧闭合楔形截骨术治疗膝关节外翻畸形临床疗效及优缺点。方法笔者自2009-05—2014-06采用股骨远端内翻截骨术+Tomofix股骨远端锁定钢板内固定治疗50例(61膝)膝外翻畸形,分为观察组(采用股骨远端外侧开放楔形截骨术)和对照组(采用内侧闭合楔形截骨术治疗)。比较2组膝关节损伤与骨关节炎评分(KOOS)、主观满意度指数、股胫角度、膝关节活动度、骨折愈合时间、手术并发症等指标,综合评价该手术方法对膝关节外翻畸形的治疗效果。结果 1例失访,其余49例获得平均35.1(24~72)个月随访。所有截骨部位全部获得骨性愈合。组内KOOS评分显示术后膝关节结构和功能均获得显著改善,差异有统计学意义(P0.01),但2组间比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组矫正度数(16.15±3.28)°,对照组矫正度数(15.06±3.65)°,2组间比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。膝关节活动度、主观满意指数组间和组内比较均无统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组骨折愈合时间比对照组慢,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论股骨远端外侧开放楔形截骨术与内侧闭合楔形截骨术矫正膝关节外翻畸形均可取得较理想的治疗效果,内侧闭合楔形截骨骨折愈合较快,但外侧开放楔形截骨术骨量丢失少、手术操作简单,值得推广应用。     

脊柱后路截骨及PRSS内固定系统矫正脊柱后凸畸形

目的介绍矫治强直性脊柱新型装置PRSS的优点及临床应用效果。方法强直性脊柱炎患者13例,平均年龄31岁,术前平均后凸畸形74°,行1～2个阶段Ⅴ形截骨后用PRSS矫正后凸畸形,利用X线检查测量比较术前术后随诊时畸形度进行分析。结果后凸畸形由平均后凸74°矫正至平均29°,矫正率61％,无并发症。结论脊柱后路截骨及PRSS内固定系统矫正脊柱后凸畸形效果安全可靠。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.