伴有骨筋膜室综合征的胫骨平台骨折的治疗

笔者自2002年4月～200r7年1月,手术治疗伴有骨筋膜室综合征的胫骨平台骨折42例,效果满意.现将其临床特点及治疗结果分析探讨,报告如下.     

胫骨干骨折引起的急性骨筋膜室综合征

胫骨骨折引起的急性骨筋膜室综合征是一种严重的并发症。ＭｃＱｕｅｅｎ等指出ΔＰ是一个显示骨筋膜室软组织状况有用指标。     

胫骨平台骨折并发单间室骨筋膜室综合征的诊治

目的探讨胫骨平台骨折并发单间室骨筋膜室综合征的早期诊断和治疗。方法回顾性分析3例采用外固定治疗及50例采用切开复位单或双钢板螺钉内固定治疗的胫骨平台骨折,其中并发骨筋膜室综合征6例。结果5例早期切开减压二期清创行骨折内固定及植皮治疗,切口一期愈合。1例单间室骨筋膜室综合征胫前肌及伸趾伸拇肌全部切除后导致垂足垂趾。骨折一期愈合,内固定钢板无松动、断裂。结论胫骨平台骨折可并发单间室骨筋膜室综合征,需要严密观察每个间室张力变化,以防发生不可逆的肌肉、神经等组织坏死。     

外固定架治疗合并骨筋膜室综合征的胫骨平台骨折

目的观察超关节外固定架分期治疗合并骨筋膜室综合征的胫骨平台骨折（SchatzkerⅤ、Ⅵ）的临床效果。方法自2005年6月至2009年11月我科对13例合并骨筋膜室综合征的胫骨平台骨折（SchatzkerⅤ、Ⅵ）行超关节外固定架治疗。术后1、2、3、6个月复查,分别进行临床查体、X线评估、康复指导及是否转切开复位内固定术,骨折愈合后对患者膝关节功能以Iowa评分系统进行评价。结果全部病例获随访,平均随访13个月（518个月）。骨折全部愈合,平均愈合时间3.4个月（2.55个月）。骨折愈合后下肢全长X线片显示下肢力线无成角及旋转,Iowa膝关节功能评分平均90.5分（7695分）,其中优7例,良4例,可1例,差1例,优良率84.6%。1例钉道感染,1例发生创伤性骨关节炎,无急性肾衰等其他严重并发症。结论超关节外固定架分期治疗合并骨筋膜室综合征的胫骨平台骨折（SchatzkerⅤ、Ⅵ）是一种可行的方法。     

小腿骨折术后并发骨筋膜室综合征临床分析

目的 探讨小腿骨折术后骨筋膜室综合征的成因、鉴别特征、早期误诊原因及对策.方法 回顾性分析小腿骨折术后骨筋膜室综合征12例的临床资料.结果 本组获6～12个月的随访,3例发生小腿前外侧间室肌肉坏死者出现足下垂,其余均因缺血性肌挛缩致足趾和(或)踝关节背伸无力.结论 通过严格把握手术时机、术中彻底止血、术后及时识别患肢功能障碍、充分引流等措施,可在一定程度上防治小腿骨折术后骨筋膜室综合征,减少伤残率.     

胫骨平台骨折合并小腿前外侧骨筋膜室综合征7例临床分析

目的：探讨胫骨平台骨折合并小腿前、外侧骨筋膜室综合征的机理。方法：1993－1998年中急症收治胫骨平台骨折97例,7例（7．2％）伴有小腿前外侧高肌张力、严重压痛者行手术切开减压。结果：前列侧肌间隔高压4例、前侧肌间隔高压2例、两处肌间隔高压1例。随访1－5年,平均2．7年。术后所有病人3个月后神经功能开始恢复,5例有6个月时足背伸力达到Ⅳ级,1例1年后达到Ⅳ级,6例足背感觉功能于术后6个月均恢复至正常,1例失去随访。结论：胫骨外侧平台骨折可引起小腿 外侧肌间隔及前间隔高压,进而导致腓深神经损伤。早期手术减压效果好。     

胫骨平台骨折并发骨筋膜室综合征的临床治疗

目的探讨胫骨平台骨折合并小腿骨筋膜室综合征的发生机理与临床治疗策略。方法本组胫骨平台骨折病人108例，其中13例并发骨筋膜室综合征，男11例，女2例，年龄15～67岁，平均37岁，进行小腿筋膜室切开减压加腘窝筋膜切开和骨折固定治疗。结果7例先行小腿筋膜室减压，胫骨平台骨折未作处理，术后发现小腿肿胀减退不明显，肌肉外翻张力仍高，分别在术后8～24h内进行二次手术腘窝筋膜切开减压，腘动脉探查，骨折固定。1例小腿缺血改变严重，坏死并行股骨髁上截肢，1例小腿肌肉坏死，3例足部皮肤溃烂，2例无并发症发生，肢体均成活。5例小腿筋膜室减压同时行腘窝筋膜切开减压和骨折固定治疗，预后良好，功能正常。1例拒绝手术治疗导致截肢。结论胫骨平台骨折并发骨筋膜室综合征，早期行小腿骨筋膜室切开减压加腘窝筋膜切开减压和骨折固定治疗，在减压的同时应松解膪窝部的动静脉压迫，从根本上解决骨筋膜室综合征形成的一个因素，获得满意疗效，减少伤残率。     

胫骨平台骨折并发骨筋膜室综合征的早期处理:切开减压、复位内固定及VSD

目的探讨胫骨平台骨折并发骨筋膜室综合征患者采用早期切开减压、骨折切开复位内固定(open reduction with internal fixation,ORIF)及负压封闭引流(vacuum sealing drainage,VSD)治疗的可行性,为此类患者早期治疗提供新的临床思路。方法 2008年7月～2012年5月对287例胫骨平台骨折患者中并发骨筋膜室综合征的31例患者均采取上述方法治疗,待肿胀消退,皮肤软组织松弛后再行减压伤口二期直接缝合。结果 31例胫骨平台骨折并发骨筋膜室综合征患者经切开减压、复位内固定及VSD处理后恢复良好,均未出现感染、肢体(或皮肤)坏死以及关节功能障碍等并发症。结论胫骨平台骨折并发骨筋膜室综合征早期行切开减压、复位内固定及VSD是一种切实有效的治疗思路,值得在临床上推广。     

跟骨骨折后的足部筋膜间室综合征

跟骨骨折后的足部筋膜间室综合征山东中医学院附院（济南２５００１１）李金松，王明喜，邵光湘审核足部筋膜间室综合征通常由高能损伤及多发性骨折引起，特别是当有挤压因素存在时，则更容易发生。跟骨骨折后的足部筋膜间室综合征尚未引起人们足够的认识。作者通过文献复...     

双侧钢板内固定治疗高能量胫骨平台骨折

目的探讨双侧钢板内固定治疗高能量胫骨平台骨折的疗效。方法对25例胫骨平台骨折患者采用切开复位、胫骨平台内外侧分别使用钢板固定。结果术后伤15均一期愈合,患者均获随访,时间10—24个月,无感染、关节面塌陷、力线丢失等情况发生。术后X线片提示股胫角（FTA）平均177°±1．7°,胫骨平台内翻角（TPA）平均86°±2．1°,后倾角（PA）平均9°±3．1°。术后第3、6、12个月分别复查标准正、侧位X线片角度均无丢失。骨愈合时间平均16±3．5周,术后12～20周开始完全负重,随访期内无一例出现膝关节不稳。术后膝关节活动度伸直0°～5°,屈曲90°～130°。膝关节功能采用HSS评分,平均（90．5±6．5）分。结论采用双钢板联合内固定能为高能量胫骨平台骨折提供良好的力学稳定性,是一种理想的治疗方法。     

高能量胫骨平台骨折的处置

[目的]探讨高能量胫骨平台骨折的处置。[方法]本组对1998年1月～2003年6月收治高能量胫骨平台骨折46例的处理进行回顾性研究。[结果]43例术后随访1～4a，膝关节功能均基本恢复，据Merchant标准评分，优良率82．4％。[结论]高能量胫骨平台骨折应重视围手术期综合处理。术前对骨折的复杂程度及合并伤正确评估；术中必须考虑骨损伤和伴有软组织损害，如果不能进行完全切开复位内固定，可采取有限切开、间接复位、杂合固定，力求恢复关节功能，尽量维持正常的力轴线，确保关节稳定，术后早期密切观察患肢情况，加强膝关节早期功能锻炼，采取综合有效的对策，可使受损的膝关节功能达到最大程度恢复。     

分期治疗合并骨筋膜室综合征的胫骨平台骨折

目的：根据胫骨平台骨折并发骨筋膜室综合征的临床特点,探讨其分期治疗的手术方法及临床疗效。方法：2014年4月至2017年5月,采用分期治疗方法治疗合并骨筋膜室综合征的胫骨平台骨折患者22例,男16例,女6例;年龄22~56岁,平均39岁;左侧15例,右侧7例;开放性骨折2例,闭合性骨折20例。所有患者严密进行临床病情观察,根据其特点,依次分为骨筋膜室综合征窗口期（窗口期）、切开减压期（减压期）、软组织评估期（评估期）及骨折终末固定恢复期（恢复期）。所有患者切开减压。结果：骨折均愈合,愈合时间3~9个月,平均6个月。按照Merchant膝关节功能评分标准评定疗效,优18例,良3例,可1例。结论：分期治疗能够早期发现、早期诊断及早期治疗筋膜间室综合征,并且能够全程观察患肢软组织情况,避免了骨筋膜室综合征的误诊、漏诊及误治、失治,是一种便捷、有效、值得推广的方法。     

Surgical site infection in tibial plateau fractures with ipsilateral compartment syndrome

AimThe aim of this study was to investigate the effects of compartment syndrome and timing of fasciotomy wound closure on surgical site infection (SSI) after surgical fixation of tibial plateau fractures. Our primary hypothesis was that SSI rate is increased for fractures with compartment syndrome versus those without, even accounting for confounders associated with infection. Our secondary hypothesis was that infection rates are unrelated to timing of fasciotomy closure or fixation.Materials and methodsWe conducted a retrospective cohort study of operative tibial plateau fractures with ipsilateral compartment syndrome (n = 71) treated with fasciotomy at our level I trauma center from 2003 through 2011. A control group consisted of 602 patients with 625 operatively treated tibial plateau fractures without diagnosis of compartment syndrome. The primary outcome measure was deep SSI after ORIF.ResultsFractures with compartment syndrome had a higher rate of SSI (25% versus 8%, p < 0.001). The difference remained significant in our multivariate model (odds ratio, 7.27; 95% confidence interval, 3.8–13.9). Delay in timing of fasciotomy closure was associated with a 7% increase per day in odds of infection (95% confidence interval, 0.2–13; p < 0.05).ConclusionsTibial plateau fractures with ipsilateral compartment syndrome have a significant increase in rates of SSI compared with those without compartment syndrome (p < 0.001). Delays in fasciotomy wound closure were also associated with increased odds of SSI (p < 0.05).     

Surgical approach for high-energy posterior tibial plateau fractures

Background:

High-energy fractures of posterior tibial plateau always need surgical treatment. Generally, posterior fragments of these fractures could not be exposed and reduced well in conventional anterior approaches. Although a posterolateral/posteromedial approach to manage posterior tibial plateau fractures can achieve satisfactory results, there are few presentations concerning the treatment of these high-energy injuries based on posterior approaches combined with anterior approach if necessary.

Materials and Methods:

Ten cases of posterior tibial plateau fractures from high-energy injuries were retrospectively reviewed and followed up for mean 26.5 months (range 14–45 months). A posterolateral/posteromedial approach was adopted primarily to fix main fragment in posterior tibial plateau, and intraoperative assessment of the stability of knee was done. An anterior approach was added if required.

Results:

Posterolateral approach was employed in seven cases, posteromedial in three, and additional anteromedial in three, and anterolateral in two cases. The average time to union of all 10 fractures was 3.7 months (range 3–5.5 months). Nine patients had satisfactory articular reduction. The range of motion of the knee averaged 2° of extension to 110.5° of flexion. No patient complained of knee instability. The average postoperative HSS score at the final followup was 92.70.

Conclusions:

High-energy fractures of posterior tibial plateau could be well treated based on posterior approaches combined with necessary anterior approach if required.     

A nomogram predicting risk for acute compartment syndrome following tibial plateau fractures. Single centre retrospective study

Background This study aimed at analysing risk factors for development of acute compartment syndrome (ACS) in tibial plateau fractures, and to construct a nomogram predicting ACS-risk.Patients and Methods 243 patients (102 males; mean age: 50.7 [range: 18–85] years) with 253 tibial plateau fractures treated between 2010 and 2019 at a level-1 trauma centre were retrospectively included. Uni- and multivariate logistic regression analysis with odds ratios (OR) were performed to assess variables predicting ACS. Based on the multivariate model, ROC curve, Youden index, and nomogram were constructed.Results ACS developed in 23 patients (9.1%), with risk factors being male gender (OR: 10.606; p<0.001), BMI (OR: 1.084; p = 0.048), polytrauma (OR: 4.085; p = 0.003), and Schatzker type IV-VI fractures (OR: 6.325; p = 0.004). Age, ASA score, diabetes, renal insufficiency, hypertension, smoking or open fracture were not significantly associated with ACS-risk (all p>0.05). In the multivariate analysis, male gender (OR: 7.392; p = 0.002), and Schatzker type IV-VI fractures (OR: 5.533; p = 0.009) remained independent negative ACS-predictors, irrespective of polytrauma (p = 0.081), or BMI (p = 0.194). Area under the ROC curve was 0.840. Youden index revealed a cut-off value of ≥ 18%, upon which patients are at extremely high risk for ACS.Conclusions Particular attention should be paid to male patients with high-energy fractures of the tibial plateau towards any signs of ACS of the affected extremity to initiate early treatment. The compiled nomogram, consisting of four easily quantifiable clinical variables, may be used in clinical practice to individually predict ACS risk. Any risk score ≥ 18% should prompt critical monitoring towards ACS, or even prophylactic fasciotomy during primary surgery.     

Outcome of compartment syndrome following intramedullary nailing of tibial diaphyseal fractures

Seventeen cases of compartment syndrome were treated in a group of 626 consecutive patients with tibial diaphyseal fractures. Clinical and radiological follow-up was performed at an average of 24 months (range 8-54 months). Functional outcome was assessed using Edward's classification. All patients who developed compartment syndrome had fracture stabilisation with a reamed intramedullary nail using skeletal traction. The average interval between the nailing procedure and fasciotomy was 11 h. Results were good in 10 cases, fair in four cases and poor in the remaining three cases. Patients who had decompression within 12 h had a good functional outcome. Patients with poor results were all treated at an interval greater than 24 h.     

Small wire external fixation for high-energy tibial plateau fractures

PURPOSE: To assess results of small wire external fixation using a ligamentotaxis technique for high-energy tibial plateau fractures. METHODS: Between April 2002 and May 2004, 38 consecutive patients aged 21 to 60 (mean, 32) years underwent small wire external fixation for high-energy tibial plateau fractures. 15 involved the right and 23 the left knee. 34 were closed and 4 were open injuries. Fractures were classified according to Schatzker's staging system. After a minimal of 2 years' follow-up (range, 24-42 months), each affected knee was evaluated using Rasmussen's (1) 30-point clinical grading system and (2) radiological evaluation. RESULTS: There were 22 type-VI and 16 type-V Schatzker tibial plateau fractures. Complications consisted of: 2 superficial infections, 3 pin site infections, and 4 peroneal nerve palsies. No soft tissue necrosis or devitalisation occurred. The mean range of knee movement was 132 degrees. The mean Rasmussen radiological score was 14 (range, 10-18): excellent in 6, good in 26, and fair in 6. The mean Rasmusssen functional score was 26 (range, 17-30): excellent in 19 patients, good in 17, and fair in 2. Clinical results did not parallel the radiological results. CONCLUSION: Small wire external fixation allows anatomical reconstruction of the articular surface, stable fixation of fracture fragments, early movement of the joint, and care of associated soft tissue injuries, without a high rate of complications.     

Calcaneal compartment syndrome after tibial fractures

Compartment syndrome of the newly discovered calcaneal compartment of the foot is a theoretical possibility following tibial fracture due to the communication with the deep posterior compartment of the calf. Forty-nine patients were reviewed at least 18 months after open or closed tibial shaft fractures treated with tibial nailing in order to determine the prevalence of foot deformities secondary to previously undetected calcaneal or leg compartment syndromes. Ankle movements, foot height, length of feet and degree of clawing of the toes were all measured and compared with the unaffected opposite side. None of the patients complained of any symptoms from their feet and none had any significant foot deformities. Calcaneal compartment syndrome is rare after tibial fracture and routine measurement of calcaneal compartment pressures after such injuries is not indicated.