外伤性膝关节前外侧韧带损伤的MR影像特征及相关性分析

目的探讨外伤所致膝关节前外侧韧带损伤病人的MR影像特征,并分析其与前交叉韧带撕裂、外侧半月板撕裂及骨挫伤的相关性,为深入研究前外侧韧带对膝关节稳定性的作用提供可靠依据。方法回顾性分析2016年1月—2017年2月间因外伤进行膝关节MRI检查的320例病人(共321膝)的影像资料。采用美国GE公司生产的Signa HDe 1.5 T MR扫描设备,分别行膝关节斜矢状面T1WI、质子密度加权成像(PDWI)和冠状面、横断面PDWI扫描。根据前外侧韧带的完整性和损伤部位对所有病人进行分类统计。采用独立性卡方检验对前外侧韧带撕裂与前交叉韧带撕裂、外侧半月板撕裂及骨挫伤的相关性进行分析。结果全部病人膝关节MR影像均可显示前外侧韧带,显示率为100%。151/321膝(47.0%;95%CI为41.6%~52.5%)存在前外侧韧带损伤,其中累及胫骨部、股骨部及半月板部的分别为97膝、96膝及65膝。前交叉韧带撕裂158膝,外侧半月板撕裂98膝,股骨外侧髁挫伤58膝,外侧胫骨平台挫伤71膝,分别与前外侧韧带撕裂具有相关性(均P0.001)。结论 MRI检查可以很好地显示前外侧韧带解剖及其损伤情况。膝关节前外侧韧带损伤与前交叉韧带撕裂、外侧半月板撕裂及膝外侧骨挫伤具有相关性。     

低场强MRI在膝关节损伤诊断中的临床应用

目的 探讨膝关节损伤的低场强MRI表现及其临床应用.方法 回顾性分析60例经手术或关节镜证实的膝关节损伤的磁共振检查资料,总结膝关节损伤的MRI表现及其敏感性和特异性.结果 本组60例病例中X线、CT检查均正常,MRI发现骨损伤(外伤性、退变性)50例(83.33%),半月板损伤54例,交叉韧带损伤12例,副韧带损伤4例,关节腔积液43例.骨挫伤T1WI序列检出50例,T2WI序列检出38例,GRE序列检出56例,半月板损伤T1WI序列检出49例,T2WI序列检出45例,GRE序列检出52例.结论 MRI是诊断膝关节损伤的有效检查方法,能够清晰显示损伤的范围、严重程度,为临床医师评估预后提供可靠依据.     

膝关节MRI平扫与直接法造影诊断半月板损伤准确性分析

目的:比较分析MRI平扫与造影MRI对半月板损伤诊断的准确性。方法:100例疑似半月板损伤患者,行MRI矢状位T1WI、T2WI GRE、STIR、PD+Fatsat,冠状位T2WI GRE,平扫后立即在直接关节腔内注射对比剂行矢状位、冠状位、轴位T1WI,层厚4mm、层距1mm。结果:94例经关节镜或手术确诊为半月板撕裂,其中,MRI GRE序列诊断撕裂84例,膝关节MRI造影诊断83例。6例经关节镜或手术确诊为正常或变性,MR GRE序列和膝关节MRI造影也为正常或变性。结论:MRI平扫与MRI造影对半月板损伤的诊断准确性差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。     

磁共振GE、SE序列对损伤性膝关节病变的诊断价值分析

目的：分析MRI中GE、SE序列对损伤性膝关节病变显示情况的诊断价值。方法：分析129例经手术或关节镜证实的损伤性膝关节病变的患者的MRI资料，包括半月板损伤、交叉韧带损伤、骨挫伤及关节面损伤的MRI表现。结果：半月板损伤在准T2WI显示率100％，在T2WI仅少数显示高信号，T1WI大部分显示等高信号；韧带损伤在各序列中均显示连续性中断或信号升高或形态改变，显示率100％，但应与容积效应相鉴别；骨挫伤在准T2WI表现为地图样高低混杂信号最具特征，T1WI和T2WI对比性相对差些；关节面下囊变在T2WI显示最佳。结论：GE和SE序列对损伤性膝关节病变的显示各有利弊，需相互结合，相互补充。     

MRI脂肪抑制序列在急性膝关节骨挫伤中的诊断价值

目的 探讨MRI脂肪抑制序列对急性膝关节骨挫伤的诊断和临床价值。方法急性外伤性膝关节损伤55例，其中，X线和CT检查有骨折17例，未发现骨折38例。行MRI常规TiWI和质子脂肪抑制序列矢状位、冠状位或加轴位扫描。结果 常规X线或CT发现骨折17例，MRI除显示骨折线外能显示其周围的骨挫伤；38例X线和CT检查未发现骨折者，MRI发现骨挫伤，T1WI表现为线条状、网格状或地图样低信号，脂肪抑制序列清晰显示为高信号。结论 MRI脂肪抑制序列能清晰显示常规X线难以显示的骨髓水肿、出血和骨小梁微骨折。     

磁共振STIRFIR序列对膝关节外伤的诊断准确性

目的 评价短反转时间快速反转恢复（STIRFIR）序列对膝关节外伤的诊断准确性。方法 60例膝关节外伤的患者均经磁共振检查，其中，35例有关节镜资料证实，对膝关节外伤的患者于外伤后2h～7d行STIR FIR序列、扰相梯度T2加权（Spoiled gradient T2 Weighted Image，GRE T2WI）序列并对其磁共振影像（MRI）表现进行比较分析。结果 扰相GRE T2WI序列显示前交叉韧带损伤40例，后交叉韧带损伤24例，半月板损伤21例，骨挫伤21例，骨挫伤区或其周围发现隐性骨折线19条；STIR序列检出前交叉韧带损伤41例，后交叉韧带损伤25例，半月板损伤21例，骨挫伤60例，骨挫伤区或其周围发现隐性骨折线182条。结论 与GRE T2WI序列比较，STIR FIR序列对膝关节外伤中的骨挫伤、隐性骨折具有更明显的诊断优势，可作为膝关节外伤MRI检查的常规序列。     

低场磁共振对膝关节骨挫伤的诊断价值

目的:探讨低场磁共振对外伤性膝关节骨挫伤的临床诊断价值。方法:对53例骨挫伤病例作回顾性分析,重点观察其T1WI、T2WI及STIR上信号改变。结果:本组53例当中X线及CT均未见骨折征象。MRI检查发现骨挫伤53例,交叉韧带损伤4例,侧副韧带损伤1例。半月板损伤6例,合并有膝关节积液26例。T1WI检出骨挫伤49例,T2WI检出47例,STIR检出53例,骨挫伤表现为斑片状、地图状、T1WI低信号、T2WI、STIR高信号。结论:磁共振是目前膝关节骨挫伤的最佳有较检查方法,其中STIR序列能准确显示病变的范围与严重程度,是检查的最佳序列。     

MRI不同序列在膝关节骨损伤中的应用

目的:评价自旋回波(SE)序列及梯度-短时反转回复(GE-STIR)序列对急性骨损伤的诊断价值.方法:回顾性分析50例膝关节外伤后行MRI检查的病例.所有病例均行SE序列矢状面T1WI及T2WI加权、GE-STIR序列矢状面扫描,分析不同序列显示骨挫伤的大小、范围、信号均匀性、边界以及伴随的半月板、软骨、韧带损伤及关节积液的表现,比较不同序列之间的差异.结果:50例病例中有45例显示有骨挫伤水肿,共有54处,其中6例伴有软骨损伤.伴有关节积液31例,半月板损伤23例,韧带损伤6例,其中前交叉韧带5列,外侧副韧带1例.在骨挫伤病例中,SE序列、T1WI显示43处,T2WI显示47处,GE-STIR序列显示54处.STIR序列在显示骨挫伤的大小、边界中敏感性均高于SE序列,两者之间差异有显著性意义(P＜0.05).在关节积液,半月板损伤、韧带损伤中,SE序列与GE-STIR序列比较,两者差异无显著性意义(P＞0.05).结论:GE-STIR序列在膝关节骨挫伤显示中有极大价值,明显优于SE序列.     

膝关节外伤的低场MRI诊断

目的 分析膝关节外伤后的MRI表现并探讨低场强MRI在膝关节外伤中的诊断价值。方法 对经临床或手术证实的53例膝关节外伤患者行低场MRI检查，分析、总结其MRI表现。采用0．3T低场MR扫描机，常规应用冠状位和矢状位SE序列，GRE序列及脂肪抑制STIR序列T1WI，T2WI成像。结果 半月板损伤37例，韧带损伤43例，骨挫伤7例，骨折11例，合并关节积液25例，多种损伤可同时出现。结论 低场MRI可以很好显示膝关节损伤的各种表现，可作为膝关节外伤后检查的首选或重要手段。     

膝关节Ⅴ型骨挫伤的MRI诊断及临床意义

目的 评价MRI对膝关节Ⅴ型骨挫伤的诊断价值及临床意义.方法 从1672例急性膝关节外伤的MRI资料中筛选出具有Ⅴ型骨挫伤的患者,分析其膝关节MRI表现.结果 Ⅴ型骨挫伤发生率2.6%(43/1672),表现为同时累及髌骨内下缘及股骨外髁前外缘的异常信号,在T_1WI上表现为低信号,在T_2WI上表现为等或稍高信号,在压脂PDWI上为高信号,在矢状面、冠状面及横断面上均可以敏感发现.MRI上显示骨折9例,软骨损伤29例,髌骨向外半脱位或脱位27例.髌骨内侧支持带损伤37例,在横断面上显示最佳并能进行分级.结论 MRI能准确显示膝关节Ⅴ型骨挫伤,对髌骨一过性脱位的诊断和治疗有重要意义.在MR检查中发现Ⅴ型骨挫伤时应加作髌骨横断面检查,以评估髌骨内侧支持带的损伤情况.     

Recesses along the posterior margin of the infrapatellar (Hoffa’s) fat pad: prevalence and morphology on routine MR imaging of the knee

The objective is to evaluate the prevalence and morphology of recesses along the posterior margin of the infrapatellar fat pad on routine MR imaging of the knee. MR images of 213 knees in 204 consecutive individuals were evaluated with regard to the prevalence and morphology of recesses (a suprahoffatic recess close to the inferior border of the patella and the previously described infrahoffatic recess anterior to the inferior portion of the infrapatellar plica). The recesses were analyzed with regard to synovial effusion and the condition of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). Anatomic dissection was made in 29 knees in 16 cadavers to verify the presence of the suprahoffatic recess. The infrahoffatic recess was present in 45% of the knees and mostly linear in shape (44%). The suprahoffatic recess was detected in 71% of the knees (45% in cadavers). Very weak to moderate positive correlation was found between the synovial effusion or the condition of the ACL and the presence and dimensions of the recesses. An awareness of the recesses in the infrapatellar fat pad is important in order to distinguish between pathology and anatomic variants on routine MR imaging of the knee.     

Clinical consequences of bone bruise around the knee

The aim of this study is to evaluate the relation between bone bruise and (peri-)articular derangement and to assess the impact of bone bruise on presentation and short term course of knee complaints. We recorded MR abnormalities in 664 consecutive patients with sub-acute knee complaints. Patients were divided in four groups: patients with and without intra-articular knee pathology, subdivided in patients with and without bone bruise. We assessed function and symptoms at the time of MR and 6 months thereafter. Bone bruises were diagnosed in 124 of 664 patients (18.7%). Patients with bone bruise had significantly more complete ACL, lateral meniscal, MCL and LCL tears. Both with and without intra-articular pathology patients with bone bruise had a significantly poorer function at the time of MR (Noyes score of, respectively, 313.21 versus 344.81 and 306.98 versus 341.19). Patients with bone bruise and intra-articular pathology showed significantly more decrease in activity (decrease of Tegner score from 6.28 to 2.12 versus 5.70–2.55). At 6 months there were no significant differences in clinical parameters between the four groups. We concluded that bone bruise in combination with MCL tear is an important cause of initial clinical impairment in patients with sub-acute knee complaints. Clinical improvement within 6 months is more pronounced than in patients without bone bruise.     

High resolution computed tomography of knee menisci

Sixty four menisci in 22 patients were examined by non-contrast high resolution computed tomography (CT). Fifty four menisci were imaged on a GE 8800 CT scanner. The other 10 were imaged on a GE 9800 CT scanner. Nineteen menisci were shown to be torn on arthrography and/or arthroscopy—12 medially and 7 laterally. The remaining menisci were normal. When the meniscal CTs were reviewed collectively by three observers without knowledge of arthrographic or arthroscopic results, sensitivity was 63%, specificity was 93%, and accuracy was 84%. Although only 10 menisci were imaged on the GE 9800 scanner, the sensitivity in this subset of scans was 83%, the specificity 100%, and the accuracy was 90%. These results suggest that noncontrast CT cannot replace arthrography or arthroscopy, but it is possible that images obtained on the GE 9800 or comparable CT scanner may be accurate enough to be used for screening of meniscal tears in selected patients.     

MRI in assessment of sports related knee injuries

Purpose

To investigate the accuracy of MRI in assessment of sports related knee injuries.

Materials and methods

From August 2012 to March 2013 thirty patients referred for sports related knee pain have been included in this study. Patients were subjected to a dedicated MR knee study and correlated knee arthroscopy and surgery.

Results

The study included thirty patients complaining of sports related knee pain, only 5 patients (16.6%) were with normal MRI findings and 25 patients (83.4%) were with abnormal MRI findings. Among the 25 patients who had injuries of their knees, 15 patients (60%) had ACL injuries, 2 patients (8%) had PCL injuries, 10 patients (40%) had meniscal injuries, 8 patients (32%) had collateral ligament injuries, 5 patients (20%) had bone injuries and 2 patients (8%) had muscular injuries. Only 7 patients (28%) were represented with isolated injury and 18 patients (72%) were represented with combined injuries. In correlation with arthroscopies and surgeries, morphological analysis was true-positive in 23 (92%) patients of the 25 injured patients, and true-negative in 3 (60%) patients of the 5 normal patients. Morphological analysis revealed overall 92% sensitivity and 60% specificity. Regarding the 15 patients who had ACL injuries, 13 patients (86.6%) were true-positive and 8 patients (80%) of the 10 patients who had meniscal injuries were true-positive.

Conclusion

MRI represents the optimal imaging tool in the evaluation of the sports related knee injuries, which has been shown to be an accurate and non invasive method of diagnosing ligament, meniscal, cartilage and muscular knee injuries.     

膝关节交叉韧带损伤的MRI诊断

目的 :探讨MRI对膝关节交叉韧带损伤的诊断价值。方法 :回顾性分析 2 5例经手术或关节镜证实的前、后交叉韧带损伤患者 ,MR检查采用SE、TSE矢状位、冠状位及横断位T1WI、T2 WI及STIR。结果 :2 5例交叉韧带损伤中 ,部分性撕裂 16例 ,完全性撕裂 9例。MRI诊断交叉韧带部分性撕裂和完全性撕裂的符合率分别为 87.5 %和 88.9%。结论 :MR能较准确地诊断膝关节交叉韧带损伤及其并发症 ,为临床制订治疗方案提供可靠依据。     

自体中1/3股二头肌腱和股薄肌重建膝关节后外侧角韧带复合体损伤

目的 探讨采用自体中1/3股二头肌腱和股薄肌重建膝关节后外侧角韧带复合体(PLC)的技术及近期的疗效. 方法 本组21例,均为联合型的直向外侧+后外侧旋转＞Ⅱ度不稳定,重建范围:胭肌腱、外侧副韧带、胭腓韧带.术中单独提取健侧或患侧股薄肌重建膕肌腱.切取股二头肌肌腱中1/3部,折叠后对折端拉入股骨外髁骨隧道固定,分出的前束重建外侧副韧带(LCL),后束重建胭腓韧带. 结果 术后随访6～24个月,平均16个月.Lyshohn膝关节功能评分,术前为(43±2)分,术后半年为(90±3)分,有明显改进. 结论 PLC损伤可造成患肢功能受损,采用自体中1/3股二头肌腱和股薄肌修复重建韧带手术可获得良好预后.     

Magnetic resonance imaging of knee trauma

This article reviews the magnetic resonance (MR) appearance of normal knee anatomy and the role of MRI in the evaluation of knee trauma. Images acquired in the sagittal plane are the most useful. A combination of T₁- and T₂-weighted spin echo pulse sequences is most commonly employed. A meniscal tear is identified by an intrameniscal signal which extends to the joint surface. MR and arthroscopic findings agree in more than 90% of patients. It is important to be familiar with the MRI appearance of normal anatomic variants that may be confused with meniscal tears: the transverse geniculate ligament, the hiatus of the popliteal tendon sheath, and the meniscofemoral ligaments. Tears in the anterior cruciate, posterior cruciate, and collateral ligaments are also depicted.The following article is one in a series of review articles which represent expansions of papers presented at the annual meeting of the International Skeletal Society and were solicited by the editors     

Arthroscopic treatment of patients with moderate arthrofibrosis after total knee replacement

The purpose of this study was to document the effect of arthroscopic management in patients with knee stiffness after total knee replacement. We present a case series study, in which 32 patients have been treated for moderate arthrofibrosis of the knee after total knee replacement, with the same regimen. We have excluded all cases of stiffness, because of infection, mechanical mal-alignment, loosening of the implants and other obvious reasons of stiffness of the knee, rather than pure arthrofibrosis. All patients first underwent a trial of conservative treatment before going for arthroscopic management. A pain catheter for femoral nerve block was inserted just before anesthesia for post-operative pain management. Arthroscopic arthrolysis of the intra-articular pathology was performed in a standardized technique with release of all fibrous bands in the suprapatellar pouch, reestablishing the medial and lateral gutter, release of the patella, resection of the remaining meniscal tissue or an anterior cyclops, if needed. Intensive physiotherapy and continuous passive motion were to start immediately post-operatively. All the patients were available for the follow up and they were evaluated using the knee society rating system. A total of 25 of the 32 procedures resulted in an improvement of the patients knee score. All the knees operated upon had intra-articular fibrous bands, hypertrophic synovitis and peri-patellar adhesions. A total of eight patients suffered from an anterior cyclops lesion and six patients showed pseudomenicus. In 19 cases a medial and lateral relapse of the patella was performed; only 5 patients got an isolated lateral release. The mean knee flexion was 119° (100–130) at the end of arthroscopy and was 97° (75–115) at the last follow up. The eight patients with extension lags decreased from 27° (10°–35°) pre-operatively to 4° (0–10) at time of follow up. The average knee society ratings increased from 70 points prior to the arthroscopy to 86 at time of follow up, which was found to be statistically significant (P < 0.01, student’s t test). The average function score also showed improvement from 68 points pre-operatively to 85 at the time of final follow up. The average pain scores improved from 30 points pre-operatively to 41 at the time of final follow up. Our results showed that arthroscopic management of knee stiffness following total knee replacement is a safe and efficient method of treatment. Pain and functional knee scores can improve markedly.     

CT Arthrography and Virtual Arthroscopy in the Diagnosis of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament and Meniscal Abnormalities of the Knee Joint

Objective

To determine the diagnostic accuracy of CT arthrography and virtual arthroscopy in the diagnosis of anterior cruciate ligament and meniscus pathology.

Materials and Methods

Thirty-eight consecutive patients who underwent CT arthrography and arthroscopy of the knee were included in this study. The ages of the patients ranged from 19 to 52 years and all of the patients were male. Sagittal, coronal, transverse and oblique coronal multiplanar reconstruction images were reformatted from CT arthrography. Virtual arthroscopy was performed from 6 standard views using a volume rendering technique. Three radiologists analyzed the MPR images and two orthopedic surgeons analyzed the virtual arthroscopic images.

Results

The sensitivity and specificity of CT arthrography for the diagnosis of anterior cruciate ligament abnormalities were 87.5%-100% and 93.3-96.7%, respectively, and those for meniscus abnormalities were 91.7%-100% and 98.1%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of virtual arthroscopy for the diagnosis of anterior cruciate ligament abnormalities were 87.5% and 83.3-90%, respectively, and those for meniscus abnormalities were 83.3%-87.5% and 96.1-98.1%, respectively.

Conclusion

CT arthrography and virtual arthroscopy showed good diagnostic accuracy for anterior cruciate ligament and meniscal abnormalities.