国产右旋布洛芬缓释胶囊在大鼠体内的药动学及生物利用度研究

目的 考察自制和市售右旋布洛芬缓释胶囊在大鼠体内的药动学性质与生物等效性.方法建立反相高效液相色谱法,测定右旋布洛芬在血浆中的浓度,进行药动学和相对生物利用度研究.结果自制和市售右旋布洛芬缓释胶囊的主要药动学参数C_max分别为(1 173.87±281.68),(1 186.06±268.79) μg.mL^-1;AUC_(0-t)分别为(4 276.53±578.59),(4 489.83±645.73) mg.L^-1.h;AUC_(0-∞)分别为(5 095.58±683.82),(5 466.37±753.35) mg.L^-1.h;t_max分别为(1.33±0.26),(1.58±0.49) h;各参数间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),以AUC_(0-∞)计算自制右旋布洛芬缓释胶囊的相对生物利用度为(93.2±12.5)%.结论自制右旋布洛芬缓释胶囊与市售制剂之间生物等效.     

Bioavailability of four ursodeoxycholic acid preparations

BACKGROUND: Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is the drug of choice for treating primary biliary cirrhosis and dissolving cholesterol gallstones. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to compare the bioavailability of four commercially available ursodeoxycholic acid formulations in standardized doses. METHODS: Twenty-four healthy subjects were studied in groups of four, and received each of the different UDCA preparations in random order, with a 1-week washout or more in-between. Serum UDCA levels were determined for a 6-h period. The mean area under the curve (AUC), Cmax and Tmax were determined for each drug formulation, and the results compared. Dose proportionality was determined using the Canadian Ursofalk tablet using either 250 mg, 500 mg or 750 mg dosing. The intraparticipant variability was assessed by asking each participant to repeat the last drug that they took the second time, 1 week later. RESULTS: The mean AUC was 68.99 micromol/1.6 h-1 for the USA UDCA tablet, 59.34 micromol/1.6 h-1 for the Canadian UDCA tablet, 55.55 micromol/1.6 h-1 for Ursolvan capsules, and 46.66 micromol/1.6 h-1 for Actigall capsules. The mean Cmax values were 24.29, 17.85, 16.63 and 413.32 nmol/mL, respectively. The mean Tmax was 1.82, 2.3, 2.79 and 3.39 h, respectively. Linear aggression analysis assessing the direct proportionality of AUC on the dose for the Canadian UDCA tablet gave an estimate of 0.063 + 0.0164 (standard error, P-value=0.0117), e.g. if the dose increases from 250 mg to 500 mg, the serum ursodeoxycholic acid increases by 250 x 0.063=15.75. There was excellent reproducibility for the AUC for the North American tablets (0.97, 0.88) compared to the two capsules (0.32, 0.15). CONCLUSIONS: The significantly higher AUC and Cmax and shorter Tmax for the Canadian Ursofalk tablets compared to the UDCA capsule preparations supports better bioavailability.     

消炎痛缓释胶囊的生物利用度研究

消炎痛普通制剂口服吸收迅速,可出现不必要的高血药浓度,导致不良反应。为此我们对三种消炎痛缓释胶囊(A,B,C)和一种常用片剂(D)作了体外溶出试验和体内生物利用度比较。胶囊制剂由丙烯酸类树脂材料E_(30)D包衣的药物小丸制成,其体外溶出行为显示缓慢释放图象。在8名成年男性交叉实验中,不同胶囊制剂和普通片剂之间的Tmax,Cmax和AUC_(0～124)经方差分析无统计学差异,但是在给药后4至12小时的血清浓度—时间曲线,均比普通片剂高而平滑。在第12小时,三种胶囊产生的血清浓度显著高于普通片剂(P<0.1)。根据体外溶出行为和体内生物利用度发现T_(50)或Tmax和包衣厚度呈良好线性关系。     

Bioequivalence of a new liquid formulation of ursodeoxycholic acid (Ursofalk suspension) and Ursofalk capsules measured by plasma pharmacokinetics and biliary enrichment

BACKGROUND: Ursodeoxycholic acid is an approved therapy for hepatobiliary disorders but in infants and children compliance is compromised because it is formulated exclusively as capsules, or tablets. AIM: To determine the pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence of a new liquid formulation of ursodeoxycholic acid (Ursofalk suspension) with a standard capsule (Ursofalk) in a randomized, unblinded, crossover designed study of 24 healthy adults. METHODS: Equivalence was based on single bolus oral plasma pharmacokinetics and biliary ursodeoxycholic acid enrichments after repeat doses. Biliary bile acid composition and hydrophobicity index were also compared. Ursodeoxycholic acid was measured in duodenal bile by high-performance liquid chromatography and in plasma by mass spectrometry. RESULTS: The mean percentage biliary ursodeoxycholic acid enrichment after administration of the suspension was not significantly different from that obtained with capsules (44.2 +/- 11.7% vs. 46.9 +/- 10.2%, respectively). The equivalence ratio was 0.94 (95% CI: 0.8-1.1), establishing bioequivalence between suspension and capsules. Both formulations reduced the biliary hydrophobicity index and no differences in bile acid composition were observed between formulations. The plasma pharmacokinetics of both formulations was similar and the tolerability of the suspension was excellent. CONCLUSIONS: A new liquid formulation of ursodeoxycholic acid suitable for paediatric patients is pharmacologically bioequivalent to capsules when given as single, or repeated oral doses.     

Enhancement of ursodeoxycholic acid bioavailability by cross-linked sodium carboxymethyl cellulose

The bioavailability of ursodeoxycholic acid from a new formulation based on drug-loaded cross-linked sodium carboxymethyl cellulose was studied in man. The plasma levels of ursodeoxycholic acid were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after derivatization and sample purification by solid-phase extraction. Capsules containing the drug/polymer system were prepared and compared with conventional commercial ursodeoxycholic acid capsules after single oral administration using a randomized crossover experimental design. Although the drug/polymer system improved the in-vitro dissolution rate of ursodeoxycholic acid in simulated intestinal fluid, statistical evaluation of the area under the plasma concentration curves indicated no significant difference in the extent of bioavailability between the two formulations (14.93+/-4.43 vs 14.95+/-5.79 microM h; P > 0.2). However, following the administration of the ursodeoxycholic acid/cross-linked sodium carboxymethyl cellulose system with an enteric-coated capsule, the mean area under the plasma concentration curve (27.60+/-10.11 microM h) was significantly higher than that obtained after treatment with the commercially available ursodeoxycholic acid capsule (16.24+/-8-38 microM h; P < 0.05). We concluded that improved intestinal absorption of the drug was obtained with enteric-coated capsules filled with the ursodeoxycholic acid/polymer system. Moreover, the simplicity of the preparation and the non-toxicity of the polymer used as the carrier represented additional advantages of this dosage form.     

消炎痛缓释胶囊的生物利用度研究

消炎痛普通制剂口服吸收迅速,可出现不必要的高血药浓度,导致不良反应。为此我们对三种消炎痛缓释胶囊(A,B,C)和一种常用片剂(D)作了体外溶出试验和体内生物利用度比较。胶囊制剂由丙烯酸类树脂材料E₃₀D包衣的药物小丸制成,其体外溶出行为显示缓慢释放图象。在8名成年男性交叉实验中,不同胶囊制剂和普通片剂之间的Tmax,Cmax和AUC_0～12h经方差分析无统计学差异,但是在给药后4至12小时的血清浓度—时间曲线,均比普通片剂高而平滑。在第12小时,三种胶囊产生的血清浓度显著高于普通片剂(P<0.1)。根据体外溶出行为和体内生物利用度发现T₅₀或Tmax和包衣厚度呈良好线性关系。     

Bioavailability of ibuprofen from hot-melt extruded mini-matrices

The bioavailability of ibuprofen from hot-melt extruded mini-matrices based on ethyl cellulose and a hydrophilic excipient was tested. During the in vivo evaluation an oral dose of 300 mg ibuprofen was administered to healthy volunteers (n = 9) in a randomized cross-over study and compared with a commercially available sustained release product (Ibu-slow). The plasma samples were analysed by a validated HPLC-UV method. One mini-matrix formulation (F-1) consisted of 30% ibuprofen, 35% ethyl cellulose and 35% hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (Metolose 60 SH 50), while the second formulation (F-2) contained 60% ibuprofen, 20% ethyl cellulose and 20% xanthan gum. These mini-matrices were administered in hard gelatine capsules. Both formulations behaved in vivo as sustained release formulations with an HVD(t50% Cmax) value (time span during which the plasma concentration is at least 50% of the Cmax value) of 7.6 and 12.0 h for formulations F-1 and F-2, respectively, whereas a value of 5.2 h was obtained for Ibu-slow. Although a significantly higher Cmax and AUC(0-24 h) was seen for the reference product, the relative bioavailability of both experimental formulations was about 80%.     

Ursodeoxycholic acid complexation with 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin increases ursodeoxycholic acid biliary excretion after single oral administration in rats

Complexation of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) with 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HPbetaCD) improves the water solubility and the dissolution rate of UDCA and may therefore increase its bioavailability. We compared the amount and the rate of biliary excretion of UDCA and biliary lipid secretion after a single oral administration of UDCA in 3 different pharmaceutical formulations [UDCA-HPbetaCD ('urso-beta-cyclodextrin'), UDCA suspension and UDCA capsule] at 3 different dosages each, in 11 groups (2 control groups) of bile fistula rats. UDCA excretion increased with an increase in dose, biliary UDCA recovery and peak secretion were significantly higher after administration of UDCA-HPbetaCD than after UDCA in suspension or capsule. This enhancement of biliary excretion may achieve greater UDCA enrichment in the bile acid pool than conventional pharmaceutical UDCA formulations, this giving to UDCA-HPbetaCD a considerable therapeutical potential.     

盐酸文拉法辛缓释片的制备及其家犬体内药动学初步研究

 　目的：研制盐酸文拉法辛(venlafaxine hydrochloride,VH)缓释片,并评价其家犬药动学特性及生物利用度。方法：以Kollidon SR为基本骨架材料制备缓释片芯,用Kollicoat SR 30D包衣混悬液包衣,采用单因素考察法优化VH缓释片。以RP-HPLC测定VH血药浓度,对6只家犬进行药动学和生物利用度初步研究。结果：VH缓释片优化处方中片芯骨架材料为Kollidon SR 80%,以Kollicoat SR 30D包衣混悬液包衣增重为1%时,具有良好的缓释特征;单剂量口服自制VH缓释片与市售VH缓释胶囊的AUC0~36 h分别为(1 107.25±202.85)和(1 172.54±276.05) ng?h?mL-1;Tmax为(7.2±0.8)和(6.7±0.8) h;Cmax为(106.57±19.40)和(102.00±34.00) ng?mL-1;缓释片的相对生物利用度为(96.04±13.20)%。结论：盐酸文拉法辛缓释片具有缓释特征,同市售缓释胶囊生物等效。     

Relative bioavailability and bioequivalence study of theophylline sustained release formulations

The objective of this study was to determine the bioequivalence of two theophylline (CAS 58-55-9) sustained release formulations containing 400 mg (Theophyllin 400 retard Heumann, formulation A) and 375 mg (formulation C) theophylline, respectively. In addition, the relative bioavailability of the sustained release formulations in comparison to an oral solution (formulation B) was investigated. Twenty-four healthy male volunteers participated in the open randomized three-way crossover study. Multiple doses of the formulations were administered during three study periods of four days each (A: 400 mg once daily; B: 133 mg t.i.d.; C: 375 mg once daily). The absorption kinetics and the bioavailability of theophylline were investigated by model-independent and deconvolution methods. The relative bioavailability of formulation A as compared to the solution was 72%. The oral sustained release capsules did not exhibit any differences with respect to AUCss, tau and Css, max whereas differences were detected regarding tss, max and peak trough fluctuation indicating minor deviations of the plasma profiles of both formulations. However, 90% confidence intervals of the ratios of AUCss, tau and Css, max were within the respective acceptance limits. Thus, both formulations are bioequivalent considering rate and extent of absorption.     

多剂量萘普生缓释片及普通片的人体药代动力学和生物利用度研究

８名健康男性受试者连续６ｄ多剂量交叉口服萘普生缓释片和普通片的药代动力学和相对生物利用度研究。结果表明：萘普生缓释片和普通片的Ｔｍａｘ分别为３．５ｈ和１．３ｈ,表明缓释效果明显;经统计分析,萘普生缓释片（５００ｍｇ,ｑｄ）与萘普生普通片（２５０ｍｇ,ｂｉｄ）生物等效;萘普生缓释片的相对生物利用度为９７．０％;２种制剂的其他药代动力学参数如Ｃｍａｘ、Ｃｍｉｎ、ＡＵＣ２４０、ＡＵＣ∞０、ｔ１／２以及波动系数（ＦＩ）等均无显著性差异。     

Analysis of formulation and food effect on the absorption of metoclopramide

OBJECTIVES: Assessment of the relative and absolute bioavailability of immediate release and sustained release formulations of metoclopramide. Assessment of the effect of a high-fat meal on the pharmacokinetics of sustained release metoclopramide. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In a balanced 4-way crossover study in 16 healthy male volunteers, a sustained release (SR) formulation of metoclopramide was compared with a solution for injection (A) and an immediate release tablet (B). The SR formulation was administered after a fasting period (C) as well as after a high-fat meal (D). A single dose of 30 mg metoclopramide was investigated in each treatment. Metoclopramide concentrations were determined by HPLC. RESULTS: The absolute bioavailability of the sustained release formulation (fasting state) was 58% and thus about 17% lower than the bioavailability of the immediate release formulation. Comparing the treatments C (sustained release, fasting state) and D (sustained release, high-fat meal) no significant influence of food on the absorption of sustained release metoclopramide could be detected.     

盐酸普罗帕酮缓释胶囊在家犬体内的药物动力学考察

目的考察家犬口服盐酸普罗帕酮缓释胶囊的药物动力学,分析AUC0-t数据,比较普通片与缓释胶囊的生物利用度。方法家犬6只采用两制剂双周期交叉试验,HPLC法测定盐酸普罗帕酮在家犬血浆内的质量浓度,通过3P87药物动力学程序对两种制剂在家犬体内的动态过程进行拟和。药-时曲线下面积AUC0-t由梯形法求得,ρmax、tmax为实测值。结果盐酸普罗帕酮缓释胶囊和市售普通片在家犬体内过程均符合单隔室模型,其主要的药物动力学参数ρmax、tmax和AUC0-t分别为(1.41±0.13)、(1.92±0.05)mg.L-1,(6.00±1.55)、(1.50±0.45)h,(8.45±0.84)(、7.88±0.98)mg.h.L-1。以普通片为参比制剂,缓释胶囊的生物利用度为(96.4±15.0)%。结论盐酸普罗帕酮缓释胶囊具有明显的缓释特征,主要药物动力学参数发生了变化,生物利用度与市售普通片等效。     

茶碱的时辰给药系统及其在犬体内的药物动力学

目的 制备一种体外具有"慢速-快速"双相释药特征的茶碱时辰给药系统以用于哮喘的夜间治疗,并考察其在犬体内的药动学.方法 分别以磷酸钠和氯化钠为内外层渗透推动剂,制备双层片片芯,以CA-PEG400-DEP(54.5:36.4:9.1,)为包衣膜组成给药系统.考察包衣膜厚度对茶碱释放的影响,及经口送服后时辰给药系统和缓释片在犬体内的药动学.结果 时辰给药系统包衣增重不影响其双相释药特征,系统体外的累积释放量随包衣的增重而减小.犬体内药动学研究表明较之缓释片,时辰给药系统的Tmax延长,Cmax减小.包衣增重影响时辰给药系统的生物利用度,每片包衣增重19、9 mg时,其相对生物利用度约为50%,每片包衣增重6 mg时,其相对生物利用度约为100%.结论 成功制备了双相释药特征的茶碱时辰给药系统.较之缓释片,可提前至晚9:30服药在清晨达峰浓度,且达峰后可长时间维持较高的血药浓度.     

Effect of ursodeoxycholic acid on the pharmacokinetics of midazolam and CYP3A in the liver and intestine of rats

1. The elimination half-life of midazolam administered intravenously (5 mg kg^?1) or orally (15 mg kg^?1) was significantly decreased by 70% and 73%, respectively, 24 h after a single oral administration of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA, 300 mg kg^?1) in rats. In the liver there was a significant enhancement of the hydroxylation of midazolam in the microsomes and expression of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A1 messenger RNA (mRNA) and CYP3A2 mRNA.

2. The C_max and area under the curve (AUC)_0–∞ of midazolam were significantly (1.8–2.3 fold) increased by the single oral treatment with UDCA (100 and 300 mg kg^?1). Thus, the oral bioavailability, estimated from the AUC_0–∞, of midazolam administered intravenously and orally was significantly (1.8- and 2.3-fold, respectively) increased by the treatment with UDCA.

3. Repeated administration of UDCA (300 mg kg^?1 day^?1) for 7 days did not alter the pharmacokinetics of midazolam administered intravenously or orally, and the expression of mRNA for CYP3As in the rat liver.

4. The study has shown that a single administration of UDCA in rats induces significant hepatic CYP3A activity and increases significantly the oral bioavailability of midazolam. Such effects on the pharmacokinetics of midazolam were little observed on the repeated administration of UDCA.

     

Pharmacokinetics study of extended release formulations of buspirone hydrochloride in Beagle dogs

Objective To evaluate the pharmacokinetics(PK)properties of extended release formulations of buspirone hydrochloride in Beagle dogs.Methods A randomized,two period,two treatment,two sequence crossover bioequivalence study was designed;six healthy Beagle dogs were randomly divided into two groups,each group was orally given buspirone tablets or buspirone extended capsule containing 15 mg buspirone hydrochloride.Blood samples(about 1 mL)were collected in heparinized tubes before dosing and at 0.33,0.67,1,2,3,4,6,8,10,12,18,24 h after administration,and were then immediately centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 15 min.The pharmacokinetics(PK)properties of the drugs were evaluated using the liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric(LC-MS/MS)method.Results The mean tmax was 4.7,0.8 h and Cmax values was 1.8,6.9 μg·L-1,respectively for the sustained-release test(capsule)and reference formulation(tablet).When compared to the tablets,the residence time of the sustained capsules was dramatically prolonged and Cmax was reduced(P<0.01).The initial release speed was slow and stable.The bioavailability was similar to the common tablets.Conclusions The sustained capsule had showed good pharmacokinetics property of sustained-release in the Beagle dogs.     

多剂量口服盐酸氨溴索缓释胶囊的人体药代动力学及相对生物利用度

目的　研究多剂量口服盐酸氨溴索缓释胶囊的人体药代动力学和相对生物利用度。方法　选择盐酸奎宁为定量内标物 ,采用反相高效液相色谱法测定了多剂量口服 75mg盐酸氨溴索国产缓释胶囊和进口缓释胶囊在健康人体内的盐酸氨溴索血药浓度 ,以考察盐酸氨溴索缓释胶囊多剂量口服达稳态过程和稳态药代动力学特征。结果　 75mg盐酸氨溴索缓释胶囊连续口服d 4起 ,体内盐酸氨溴索血药浓度基本达稳态水平。国产缓释胶囊和进口缓释胶囊的稳态药代动力学参数Tmax分别为 (4 2± 0 7)h和 (4 1± 0 8)h ,Cmax分别为 (2 0 8 73± 31 91) μg·L-1和 (2 12 5 6± 2 9 6 4) μg·L-1,Cmin分别为 30 76± 10 47μg·L-1和 (2 9 80± 10 2 3)μg·L-1,AUCss分别为 (2 113 90± 430 6 0 ) μg·h·L-1和2 0 88 2 2± 40 2 5 2 μg·h·L-1,Cav分别为 (88 0 8± 17 94) μg·L-1和 (87 0 1± 16 77) μg·L-1,DF分别为 (2 0 7± 0 31)和(2 16± 0 37) ,多剂量口服 75mg国产盐酸氨溴索缓释胶囊的相对生物利用度为 10 1 10 %± 6 33 %。结论　盐酸氨溴索国产缓释胶囊和进口缓释胶囊的主要稳态药代动力学参数差异均无显著性 ,两种制剂具有生物等效性     

多剂量口服5-单硝酸异山梨酯缓释片及普通片的药代动力学和生物利用度研究

对10名健康男性受试者连续6d多剂量交叉poIS-5-MN缓释片和普通片的药代动力学性质和相对生物利用度进行了研究。结果表明:IS-5-MN缓释片和普通片的T_max分别为5.0h和1.4h(P<0.05),前者的缓释效果十分明显;AUC经对数转换后的多种统计分析表明,IS-5-MN缓释片(40mg)与IS-5-MN普通片(20mg×2)生物等效;IS-5-MN缓释片的相对生物利用度为108.95%;IS-5-MN缓释片和普通片的C_min分别为74.20ng·ml^-1和134.42ng·ml^-1(P<0.05),而两种制剂的其他药代动力学参数如C_max,AUC²⁴₀,AUC^∞₀,Ke,T_1/2以及波动系数(FI)等均无显著性差异(P<0.05)。多次给药后两种制剂都无明显的蓄积。     

Pharmacokinetics of menthol and carvone after administration of an enteric coated formulation containing peppermint oil and caraway oil.

Enteric coating of peppermint oil/caraway oil capsules avoids subjective discomfort to the patient caused by gastroesophageal reflux. In order to confirm bioequivalence of an enteric coated formulation containing peppermint oil and caraway oil (CAS 277309-55-4, Enteroplant) and an immediate release formulation of both oils, the pharmacokinetics of menthol and carvone after oral administration of the two formulations were studied in a randomized, two-period cross-over study in 16 healthy male volunteers. The subjects received 180 mg peppermint oil and 100 mg caraway oil, once as 2 enteric coated capsules of the fixed enteric coated combination preparation containing 90 mg peppermint oil (WS 1340) and 50 mg caraway oil (WS 1520) each (test) and once in the form of 5 capsules of an immediate release formulation (reference) containing 36 mg peppermint (WS 1340) oil and 20 mg caraway oil (WS 1520) each. The capsules were taken with 250 ml water after a 10 h fast. Both substances were determined in plasma by GC/MS after extraction. The limit of quantification was 10 ng/ml for menthol and 0.5 ng/ml for carvone. The mean maximum plasma levels for menthol were 1196 ng/ml after administration of the test medication and 1492 ng/ml after administration of the reference medication. The bioavailability with respect to the AUC was comparable after administration of test and reference preparation, the 90% confidence interval was 97 to 105%. As expected, there were considerable differences for Tmax. After application of the enteric coated form the maximum concentration was reached significantly later (3.0 h vs. 1.7 h) compared to the immediate release capsule. Corresponding data were also calculated for carvone. After application of the test medication the maxima of 14 ng/ml for both formulations were reached later (2.5 h vs. 1.3 h). The 90% confidence interval of the AUC for carvone was 79 to 119% and therefore slightly outside the acceptable range for bioequivalence of 80 to 125%. However, this fact should not be relevant, in particular since the dosage of the enteric coated capsule lies at the upper limit of the model text and positive clinical studies, also on the therapeutic equivalence of the two formulations, are available.     

In-vivo and in-vitro evaluations of a modified-release oral dosage form of nifedipine by hybridization of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin and hydroxypropylcelluloses in dogs

Abstract— To maintain a suitable blood level of nifedipine for a long period of time, double-layer tablets consisting of 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CyD) and 3% nonionic surfactant (HCO-60) as a fast-release portion and hydroxypropylcelluloses (HPCs) with different viscosity grades (low, medium and high) as a slow-release portion were prepared, and their in-vitro and in-vivo release behaviours were investigated. Among the seven formulations, the tablet having the mean dissolution time of 0·8–1·3 h gave prolonged plasma nifedipine levels without decrease of AUC after oral administration to dogs. Consequently, the double-layer tablet consisting of HP-β-CyD with 3% HCO-60/(HPC-low: HPC-medium) in a weight ratio 1/(1·5:1·5) was selected as an appropriate modified-release formulation because it elicited almost comparable retarding effects with superior oral bioavailability compared with those of a commercially available slow-release nifedipine product.