0.25%罗哌卡因用于小儿骶管阻滞麻醉临床观察

目的评价0.25%罗哌卡因用于小儿骶管阻滞的安全性和有效性。方法15例1~8岁行下肢、会阴手术患儿,均在基础麻醉后行骶管阻滞,注入0.25%罗哌卡因0.8ml/kg。测定骶管阻滞的起效时间和镇痛时间,记录HR、MAP和SpO2及追加镇痛药量,并观察出现的不良反应。结果术中均无需追加镇痛药,麻醉效果满意。起效时间(75±20)min和镇痛时间(312±44)min,未观察到局麻药的毒性反应。结论0.25%罗哌卡因(0.8ml/kg)可提供满意的小儿骶管阻滞麻醉。     

骶管氯胺酮复合布比卡因或罗哌卡因用于小儿脐下手术后镇痛的比较

本研究拟比较术前骶管注射等量氯胺酮复合布比卡因或罗哌卡因用于小儿脐下手术后的镇痛作用。资料和方法选择42例拟接受单侧腹股沟斜疝修补术的小儿,男性,年龄18～72月,体重不超过25kg,AsA I级,术前存在出血倾向、脊柱疾患及患儿父母不能或不愿意进行疼痛计分评估的小儿被排除在研究之外。术前所有小儿父母均被指导使用     

罗哌卡因复合舒芬太尼骶管阻滞在小儿术后镇痛中的应用

目的观察术前单次骶管给予罗哌卡因复合舒芬太尼对患儿术后镇痛效果的影响。方法择期行下腹部、会阴部和下肢手术的患儿60例,ASA I~Ⅱ级,随机分为2组。对照组(n=30例)直接插管全麻。观察组(n=30例)首先0.5%罗哌卡因2 mg/kg和舒芬太尼0.1μg/kg行骶管阻滞,成功后行全麻诱导。2组术中连续监测心电图、血压、Sp O2,分别在术后1、2、4、6、12、24 h使用笑脸法(FLACC量表)评估患儿的镇痛效果。记录术后24 h内恶心呕吐、皮肤瘙痒、呼吸抑制(RR﹤12次/分)、运动阻滞及过度镇静等并发症和手术满意率等情况。结果观察组手术麻醉效果满意率高于对照组,FLACC量表法评估观察组患儿术后镇痛效果明显优于对照组,2组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。2组术后均未发生明显并发症。结论 0.5%罗哌卡因2 mg/kg和舒芬太尼0.1μg/kg单次骶管阻滞,可为小儿提供较好的术中和术后镇痛效果,且不良反应无明显增加。     

0.25%罗比卡因用于小儿单次骶管阻滞的临床观察

罗比卡因具有对心脏、神经毒性小,感觉-运动阻滞分离等特点,适用于小儿骶管阻滞,本文将探讨罗比卡因在小儿单次骶管阻滞中的应用效果及安全性,为临床提供参考。     

罗比卡因用于小儿骶管阻滞时的药代动力学特征

目的 研究罗比卡因用于幼儿骶管阻滞时药代动力学特征,为临床应用提供理论依据。方法 选择先天性巨结肠根治术患儿14例,随机分为两组,在骶管阻滞时分别注入0.25％罗比卡因0.75 ml/kg或0.2％布比卡因0.75 ml/kg。用气相色谱法测定血浆药物浓度,并监测呼吸和循环指标,观察麻醉效果。结果 罗比卡因和布比卡因的药-时曲线均符合一室开放模型,t_(1/2)分别为0.16h和0.11h,T_(peak)分别为0.53h和0.49h,C_(max)分别为0.81mg/L和1.08mg/L。另外发现其主要药代动力学参数、血药浓度-时间曲线下面积(AUC)分别为2.0 mg·L~(-1)·h~(-1)和3.9mg·L~(-1)·h~(-1),t_(1/2)β分别为1.21h和2.2h,总清除率(CL)分别为567 ml/min和287 ml/min,两组间均有显著差异(P<0.05);呼吸、循环各指标均平稳,麻醉效果满意。结论 罗比卡因比布比卡因较少发生中枢神经系统及心血管的蓄积,用于小儿骶管阻滞是安全可行的。     

罗比卡因-利多卡因合剂在骶管麻醉的临床观察

罗比卡因是一种新型酰胺类局麻药，与布比卡因比较具有较小的心血管、中枢神经毒性及感觉一运动分离的特性。本文拟探讨混合后浓度为1％利多卡因加0．25％罗比卡因合剂用于成人骶管麻醉的临床效果，并与混合后浓度为1％利多卡因加0．15％布比卡因合剂行对照观察。     

小儿骶管阻滞2781例分析

骶管阻滞是小儿麻醉中常用的、安全有效的方法。我院自1965年开始应用骶管麻醉。本文对我院1982～1987年间2781例小儿骶管麻醉进行回顾性总结分析,现报道如下。     

低浓度左旋布比卡因复合舒芬太尼用于改良骶管阻滞的效果

目的 观察低浓度左旋布比卡因复合舒芬太尼用于改良骶管阻滞的效果.方法 选择100例拟在改良骶管阻滞下行肛管手术患者,随机分为舒芬太尼组和对照组,每组50例.舒芬太尼组于骶管注入0.25％左旋布比卡因复合舒芬太尼15 μg混合液30ml,对照组注入0.25％左旋布比卡因30 ml.观察并记录患者MAP、HR、感觉阻滞起效时间、维持时间、术后24 h内镇痛效果、及补救镇痛药(布桂嗪)使用例数及不良反应发生情况.结果 舒芬太尼组感觉阻滞起效时间为(4.0±1.1)min,明显短于对照组的(9.6±2.2)min(P＜0.05);感觉阻滞维持时间为(8.2±1.1)h,明显长于对照组的(5.1±0.9)h(P＜0.05).术后4、8、12 h舒芬太尼组VAS评分明显低于对照组,且术后24 h内使用布桂嗪例数13例(27.7％),明显少于对照组的40例(83.3％)(P＜0.05).两组MAP、HR及不良反应发生率差异均无统计学意义.结论 与单纯低浓度左旋布比卡因比较,低浓度左旋布比卡因复合舒芬太尼用于改良骶管阻滞时,能缩短感觉阻滞起效时间,延长感觉阻滞维持时间,改善术后24 h内镇痛效果,减少术后镇痛药的使用.     

若比卡因的临床应用研究进展

本文对若比卡因临床应用有关的文献进行了综述，目前若比卡因已应用于臂丛阻滞，硬膜外麻醉，蛛网膜下腔阻滞麻醉，产科麻醉与分娩镇痛以及术后镇痛等方面，取得了满意效果，具有临床的价值。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.