何首乌对Alzheimer病大鼠学习记忆及乙酰胆碱酯酶的作用

目的探讨右侧海马注射β-淀粉样蛋白(Aβ)对大鼠学习记忆能力和乙酰胆碱酯酶(AchE)的影响及何首乌的作用。方法将Aβ1-40 10μg／μl注入右侧海马建立大鼠AD模型，测定其学习记忆能力和脑AchE活性及何首乌的影响作用。结果Aβ注射后出现较持久的学习记忆障碍．Aβ组呈渐进性加重，治疗组有一定的改善。Aβ组海马区、额叶皮质和基底前脑区的AchE的活性较对照组明显减少；治疗组较对照组减少，但较Aβ组有明显提高。结论何首乌能改善AD模型大鼠学习记忆获得能力，提高AchE活性。     

脐血干细胞海马移植对VD大鼠脑内Ach及AchE活性的影响

目的观察海马移植脐血干细胞对血管性痴呆(VD)大鼠脑内Ach含量及AchE活性的影响。方法分离正常分娩胎儿的脐带血单个核细胞,以贴壁培养法得到间质干细胞(MSCs),采用RT-PCR方法检测Nestin及musashi-1。制作VD大鼠模型,8～10d后行脐血干细胞海马移植。移植4周后,检测大鼠的学习记忆能力,并检测其脑内乙酰胆碱(Ach)含量及乙酰胆碱脂酶(AchE)活性。结果脐血干细胞在分离后48h高表达Nestin及musashi-1;海马移植脐血干细胞4周后,治疗组与模型组比较,Ach含量及AchE活性明显升高(P<0.01),大鼠学习记忆能力增强。结论脐血中表达神经干细胞(NSCs)的标志物,海马移植脐血干细胞能明显改善VD大鼠胆碱能系统的功能,调节脑内Ach生理代谢,增强学习记忆能力,从而达到治疗VD的目的。     

银丹心脑通软胶囊对血管性痴呆大鼠行为学及海马组织乙酰胆碱酯酶的影响

目的 观察银丹心脑通软胶囊对血管性痴呆大鼠学习记忆及海马组织乙酰胆碱酯酶活性的影响,探讨银丹心脑通软胶囊治疗血管性痴呆的作用机制. 方法 采用反复夹闭双侧颈总动脉再灌注、同时腹膜腔内注射硝普钠方法制作拟血管性痴呆大鼠模型.将造模成功的20只大鼠按随机数字表法分为血管性痴呆组及银丹心脑通软胶囊治疗组(各10只),另以条件匹配的10只大鼠为假手术组.于造模结束大鼠苏醒后30min以及处死前测定大鼠神经功能评分,采用跳台实验检测大鼠学习记忆能力,采用放射免疫法检测海马组织乙酰胆碱酯酶活性. 结果 大鼠处死前,与假手术组比较,血管性痴呆组和银丹心脑通软胶囊治疗组大鼠神经功能评分仍明显增高,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);银丹心脑通软胶囊治疗组大鼠神经功能评分明显低于血管性痴呆模型组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).与血管性痴呆组比较,银丹心脑通软胶囊治疗组大鼠反应时间明显缩短,潜伏时间明显延长,错误次数明显减少,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).银丹心脑通软胶囊治疗组海马组织AChE活性明显低于血管性痴呆组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05). 结论 银丹心脑通软胶囊能增强血管性痴呆模型动物的学习记忆功能,其作用机制可能与抑制乙酰胆碱酯酶活性有关.     

Aβ1～42对不同年龄组大鼠ChAT和AchE活性变化的实验研究

目的 观察大鼠海马注射Aβ1～42后行为学习记忆和ChAT、AchE活性的变化情况。方法 采用Y迷宫测试行为学习记忆情况和比色法测定ChAT、AchE活性变化。结果 成年、老年模型组出现了行为学习记忆障碍,同时基底前脑ChAT活性降低（P〈0．05）,而海马AchE活性变化不明显（P〉0．05）。幼年模型组基底前脑ChAT活性变化不明显（P〉0．05）,但海马区AchE活性降低（P〈0．05）。结论 ChAT活性的变化在Aβ机制中起重要作用,提高ChAT活性是治疗AD的靶点之一。     

血管性痴呆小鼠海马组织学改变及乙酰胆碱酯酶活性变化特征

目的:探讨血管性痴呆(VD)小鼠海马组织病理学改变及乙酰胆碱酯酶病理(AchE)活性的变化特征.方法:将50只小鼠随机分为假手术组和模型组。模型组采用双侧颈总动脉反复缺血再灌注法制备VD模型,术后第29天和第30天测试学习记忆成绩,术后第30天检测海马CA1区组织学变化及AchE含量。结果:VD模型组小鼠学习记忆成绩较假手术组明显下降;海马CA1区锥体细胞数目减少,细胞核体积变小;且模型组小鼠海马AchE活性明显低于假手术组(P<0.01)。结论:小鼠海马组织内的AchE活性下降参与了VD的形成,进一步导致VD小鼠的学习和记忆障碍。     

天智颗粒对大鼠慢性脑缺血神经元特异性烯醇化酶表达的影响

目的研究天智颗粒对慢性脑缺血模型神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)表达的影响.方法随机分为对照组、假手术组、模型组和天智治疗组,用剪断双侧颈总动脉的方法建立慢性脑缺血模型,用天智颗粒(5g/kg)治疗1月后采用三等分Y型电迷宫和免疫组化方法,观察、比较各组大鼠学习记忆能力和NSE表达的差异.结果治疗1月后,治疗组与模型组相比,学习记忆能力显著增加(P＜0.05),假手术组和对照组大鼠皮质神经元无明显NSE表达,模型组表达明显,治疗组NSE表达较模型组减弱,具统计学意义,均P＜0.05.结论天智颗粒可提高慢性脑缺血大鼠学习记忆能力,并可以减弱慢性脑缺血诱发的NSE表达,这是天智颗粒治疗血管性痴呆和慢性脑缺血的一种可能机制.     

盐酸美金刚对血管性痴呆大鼠疗效观察

目的 观察盐酸美金刚对血管性痴呆大鼠的疗效及作用机制.方法 80只健康Wistar大鼠(月龄12～14个月),体质量300～400 g,随机分为对照组、模型组、美金刚对照组及美金刚治疗组,每组20只.采用持久双侧颈总动脉结扎术造成血管性痴呆大鼠模型,美金刚对照组及美金刚治疗组于术后8周开始以美金刚(5 mg·kg-1)每天灌胃,对照组和模型组以同等量的0.5 g/L羧甲基纤维素钠灌胃,连续4周.采用Morris水迷宫衡量大鼠学习记忆水平;测定大鼠脑皮层、海马组织乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)、胆碱乙酰转移酶(ChAT)、丙二醛(MDA)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)活性的变化.结果 术后12周,与对照组相比,模型组大鼠的学习记忆能力明显下降(P<0.05);脑皮层、海马组织内AChE活性明显升高(P<0.05),ChAT活性明显降低(P<0.05),MDA活性明显升高(P<0.05),GSH活性明显降低(P<0.05);与模型组相比,美金刚治疗组大鼠的学习记忆能力明显提高(P<0.05);脑皮层、海马组织内AChE活性及ChAT活性差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)、MDA活性明显降低(P<0.05)、GSH活性明显升高(P<0.05).结论 盐酸美金刚对血管性痴呆大鼠的学习记忆能力有明显提高,作用机制是通过调节脑组织内MDA及GSH的活性来实现的,该实验研究为临床上血管性痴呆的治疗提供实验基础及理论依据.     

碱性成纤维细胞生长因子对血管性痴呆大鼠海马胆碱能神经元的影响

目的皮下注射碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(bFGF)于血管性痴呆大鼠,研究用药前后大鼠海马胆碱能神经元的变化。方法制作血管性痴呆(VD)大鼠模型,随机取用VD大鼠模型12只,分治疗组6只,痴呆组6只。另外,取假手术组6只。皮下注射bFGF于治疗组中血管性痴呆大鼠。治疗5周后,以Morris水迷宫定位航行试验和空间探索试验来检测大鼠的学习记忆能力,乙酰胆碱转移酶(ChAT)免疫组织化学染色观察海马CA1区胆碱能神经元数目的变化。结果治疗组大鼠海马CA1区胆碱能神经元数目较痴呆组明显增多。结论皮下注射bFGF后能迁移至海马,诱导海马产生具有ChAT活性神经元,所产生的ChAT活性神经元可能就是胆碱能神经元。     

白藜芦醇对阿尔茨海默病合并糖尿病大鼠的氧化应激作用

目的观察白藜芦醇对阿尔茨海默病合并糖尿病大鼠模型脑内氧化应激的作用。方法动物随机分为对照组、阿尔茨海默病合并糖尿病模型组、白藜芦醇对照组和白藜芦醇治疗组。模型组采用链脲佐菌素腹腔内注射诱导出糖尿病的大鼠模型,在脑立体定位仪的指导下把凝聚态的Aβ_(1-40)注射到糖尿病大鼠脑内的双侧海马内,白藜芦醇对照组和白藜芦醇治疗组从术后1周开始每天给予25mg/kg的白藜芦醇灌胃,持续4周。采用Morris水迷宫试验检测大鼠学习记忆水平,同时测定大鼠脑皮质和海马组织乙酰胆碱酯酶(AchE)和胆碱乙酰转移酶(ChAT)的活性以及与氧化应激有关的丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)及谷胱甘肽(GSH)活性的变化情况。结果与对照组相比,阿尔茨海默病合并糖尿病模型组大鼠的学习记忆能力明显下降(P0.05),且脑皮质和海马组织内AchE活性明显升高(P0.05),而ChAT的活性却明显降低(P0.05);阿尔茨海默病合并糖尿病模型组脑皮质和海马组织内MDA的活性与对照组相比明显升高(P0.05),而SOD及GSH活性却明显降低(P0.05)。与阿尔茨海默病合并糖尿病模型组相比,白藜芦醇治疗组上述指标的变化程度均明显减轻(P0.05)。结论白藜芦醇可明显提高阿尔茨海默病合并糖尿病大鼠的学习记忆能力,其作用机制通过调节脑组织内乙酰胆碱代谢以及氧化应激反应实现。     

bFGF对血管性痴呆大鼠海马乙酰胆碱含量及胆碱酯酶活性的影响

目的皮下注射碱性成纤维细胞生长因子于血管性痴呆大鼠,研究用药前后大鼠乙酰胆碱含量及胆碱酯酶活性的变化。方法制作VD大鼠模型,随机取用VD大鼠模型12只,分治疗组6只,痴呆组6只。另外,取假手术组6只。皮下注射碱性成纤维细胞生长因子于治疗组中的血管性痴呆大鼠。治疗5周后,以Morris水迷宫定位航行试验和空间探索试验来检测大鼠的学习记忆能力,观察乙酰胆碱含量及胆碱酯酶活性的变化。结果治疗组大鼠学习记忆能力较痴呆组明显提高,治疗组乙酰胆碱含量较痴呆组明显提高,胆碱酯酶活性明显降低。结论皮下注射碱性成纤维细胞生长因子能明显提高血管性痴呆大鼠乙酰胆碱含量,降低胆碱酯酶活性。     

Physical and Sexual Abuse and Neglect and Eating Disorder Symptoms

For eating-disordered patients with a history of post-traumatic stress, childhood abuse and neglect, and dissociative disorder, eating behavior symptoms may function as a rational response to unmetabolized traumatic experiences. This paper will review trauma-based theory, dissociation, abreactive, and ego-states therapy as they apply to eating disorder patients.     

Efficacy and Effectiveness of Child and Adolescent Psychotherapy and Pharmacotherapy

Decades of intervention research have produced a rich body of evidence on the effects of psychotherapies and pharmacotherapies with children and adolescents. Here we summarize and critique that evidence. We review findings bearing on the efficacy of psychosocial treatments and medications under controlled experimental conditions. We also report evidence, where available, on the effectiveness of both classes of treatment with clinically referred youth treated in real-world clinical contexts. In general, the large body of evidence on efficacy contrasts sharply with the small base of evidence on effectiveness. Addressing this gap through an enriched research agenda could contribute importantly to linking scientific inquiry and clinical practice—to the benefit of both ventures. This is one element of a multifaceted agenda for future research and for synthesis of research, which will require the interplay of multiple disciplines related to child and adolescent mental health.     

Presence and severity of anorexia and bulimia among male and female Omani and non-Omani adolescents

OBJECTIVE: The population of Oman is a heterogeneous mix of nationalities providing a natural setting for studying the cross-cultural differences in the presence and severity of eating disorders as well as an opportunity for evaluating the performance of measurement instruments for these disorders. METHOD: Disordered eating screening instruments (the Eating Attitude Test and the Bulimic Investigatory Test) were administered to Omani teenagers, non-Omani teenagers, and Omani adults. RESULTS: On the Eating Attitude Test, 33% of Omani teenagers (29.4% females and 36.4% males) and 9% of non-Omani teenagers (7.5% of males and 10.6% females) showed a propensity for anorexic-like behavior. On the Bulimic Investigatory Test, 12.3% of Omani teenagers showed a propensity for binge eating or bulimia (13.7% females and 10.9% males). Among the non-Omani teenagers, 18.4% showed a tendency toward bulimia, with females showing a slightly greater tendency than males. In contrast, barely 2% of Omani adults showed either a presence of or a severity of disorderly behavior with food. CONCLUSION: Omani teenagers scored significantly higher than other ethnic groups and Omani adults. This finding is discussed in the light of emerging evidence from many parts of the world suggesting that cultural transition, compounded by demographic constraints, plays a significant role in abnormal eating attitudes.     

Physical and Sexual Abuse and Neglect and Eating Disorder Symptoms

Abstract

For eating-disordered patients with a history of post-traumatic stress, childhood abuse and neglect, and dissociative disorder, eating behavior symptoms may function as a rational response to unmetabolized traumatic experiences. This paper will review trauma-based theory, dissociation, abreactive, and ego-states therapy as they apply to eating disorder patients.     

Micro-affirmations and Recovery for Persons with Mental Health and Alcohol and Drug Problems: User and Professional Experience-Based Practice and Knowledge

Recurrent factors contributing to a recovery process from co-occurring mental health and addiction problems mentioned by users and professionals have been analyzed as part of working alliances and helpful relationships. Still, we lack knowledge about how helpful relationships are developed in daily practice. In this article, we focus on the concrete construction of professional helpful relationships. Forty persons in recovery and fifteen professionals were interviewed. The interviews were analyzed according to thematic analysis, resulting in three themes presented as paradoxes (1) My own decision, but with the help of others; (2) The need for structures and going beyond them; and (3) Small trivial things of great importance. Micro-affirmations have a central role in creating helpful relationships by confirming the individuals involved as more than solely users or professionals. More attention and appreciation should be paid to practices involving micro-affirmations.

     

Opiate and digitalis receptor assays distinguish between neuroexcitant and inactive organochlorines and between anesthetics and convulsants

Specific binding of [3H]naloxone to rat brain tissue in vitro was inhibited by the excitant organochlorinated insecticides (OCI), by ether (E) and octanol (OCT), and by the convulsant indoklon (IND) and its anesthetic isomer, isoindoklon (ISO). In the presence of 100 mM NaCl the inhibition of naloxone binding by E, OCT and ISO was greatly potentiated, whereas that by OCI and IND was attenuated. KCl (100 mM) was equally effective as NaCl on the action of anesthetics, but the effect of the excitant drugs was, in contrast to NaCl, unaffected by KCl. Specific binding of [3H]ouabain in the absence of Na, was depressed by anesthetics and enhanced by neuroexcitants. In the presence of NaCl, which by itself inhibits ouabain binding to brain, both anesthetics and excitants enhanced ouabain binding. DDE, a non-insecticidal analog of DDT, and the dimethyl derivative of the OCI, lindane, were inactive in the receptor assays. These observations point to a unique isolated system which responds consistently to anesthetic agents as a class and, in a different way, to neuroexcitant compounds.