椎弓根螺钉联合椎间植骨融合器治疗腰椎滑脱症的远期疗效分析

[目的]探讨椎弓根螺钉系统联合椎间植骨融合器治疗峡部不连性腰椎滑脱症的远期疗效。[方法]自1996年10月~2002年10月本组收治峡部不连性腰椎滑脱症105例,随访资料齐全者86例。所有患者均行椎弓根螺钉系统复位滑脱,椎间植骨融合器行椎间融合固定。62例患者中1枚融合器从后斜向前呈45°植入,24例为2枚融合器从后向前垂直植入。随访测定固定节段的椎体间有无移位、滑脱有无复发,比较术前、术后2周及随访时固定椎间隙高度与近端第2椎间隙高度比值的变化。[结果]随访2~8年,平均35个月。根据NaKai评分标准,本组优56例,良13例,可17例,优良率为80.23%。Ⅰ度腰椎滑脱19例术后全部解剖复位;Ⅱ度腰椎滑脱51例中5例遗留Ⅰ度滑脱;Ⅲ度腰椎滑脱16例中4例留有Ⅰ度滑脱。末次随访时使用1枚融合器或2枚融合器所固定的椎间隙高度与近端第2椎间隙高度的比值与术后2周时的比值相比有所减低,滑脱无复发。[结论]椎弓根螺钉加椎间植骨融合器治疗腰椎滑脱症手术疗效满意,显著提高融合率,预防神经根管狭窄、神经卡压的发生,减少术后断钉和滑脱复发等问题。     

单枚融合器附加椎弓根螺钉系统在腰椎滑脱治疗中的应用

目的探索以单枚椎间融合器后斜向植入附加椎弓根螺钉系统内固定的后路腰椎椎体间融合术治疗腰椎滑脱症.方法1997年7月～2000年8月,我们收治了各类腰椎滑脱症65例患者(男32例,女33例.年龄28～58岁,平均43岁).其中,峡部型滑脱症(Ⅰ～Ⅱ°)26例,退行性滑脱症25例,腰椎后路减压术后滑脱症7例,发育不良性腰椎滑脱症5例,外伤性滑脱症2例.均有一年以上的下腰痛和/或下肢根性症状且保守治疗无效.所有患者均在减压的基础上行病变节段的单枚螺纹式椎间融合器(BAK)的后斜向植入并附加用椎弓根螺钉系统内固定.结果65例中有59例平均随访达18月,皆达到临床融合.临床效果评价优42例,良14例,无改善3例,差0例.患者主观评定满意41例,基本满意15例,可3例所有患者均无融合器的移位及椎弓根螺钉松动,患者主观满意率93%.结论经侧后方斜向植入单枚螺纹状椎间融合器并附加椎弓根螺钉内固定的后路腰椎椎体间融合术式能充分完成后路减压,并能保证可靠的融合,适用于滑脱程度严重、滑脱倾向大的患者,不失为一种比较理想的治疗各种腰椎滑脱症的术式.     

椎弓根螺钉内固定结合椎体间植骨术治疗腰椎滑脱症的疗效观察

目的探讨应用后路椎板减压、椎弓根螺钉复位固定、椎体间植骨术治疗峡部裂性腰椎滑脱症的临床效果。方法对43例峡部裂性腰椎滑脱症行后路减压、椎弓根螺钉复位固定结合椎体间植骨术治疗。评价术后滑脱复位和椎间植骨愈合情况。结果随访6～24个月,平均14.6个月。术后6～12个月复查腰椎X线片,4例植骨区仍有透亮影,2例出现滑脱椎体复位丢失。结论椎弓根螺钉复位固定、后路腰椎椎体间植骨融合术治疗峡部裂性腰椎滑脱症疗效满意,植骨愈合率高。     

椎弓根螺钉内固定结合椎体问植骨术治疗腰椎滑脱症的疗效观察

目的 探讨应用后路椎板减压、椎弓根螺钉复位固定、椎体间植骨术治疗峡部裂性腰椎滑脱症的临床效果.方法 对43例峡部裂性腰椎滑脱症行后路减压、椎弓根螺钉复位固定结合椎体间植骨术治疗.评价术后滑脱复位和椎问植骨愈合情况.结果 随访6～24个月,平均14.6个月.术后6～12个月复查腰椎X线片,4例植骨区仍有透亮影,2例出现滑脱椎体复位丢失.结论 椎弓根螺钉复位固定、后路腰椎椎体问植骨融合术治疗峡部裂性腰椎滑脱症疗效满意,植骨愈合率高.     

椎体间撑开复位在Ⅱ°峡部型腰椎滑脱症治疗中的作用

目的　观察椎体间撑开复位辅以短节段固定治疗Ⅱ°峡部型腰椎滑脱症的临床效果。方法　采用斜向单枚椎间融合器行椎体间撑开复位 ,再附加椎弓根螺钉系统短节段固定治疗 37例Ⅱ°峡部型腰椎滑脱症 ,随访 12～ 6 0个月 ,定期拍摄X线片观察其融合率。结果　所有病例均在术后 12～ 18个月获得骨性融合 ,其中 15例在 1年后即融合。滑移复位情况 :34例术后滑移程度小于 10 % ,3例小于 2 0 %。临床效果评价 :优 2 3例 ,良 14例 ,无改善 0例 ,差 0例。结论　峡部型腰椎滑脱症外科治疗的目的是在彻底的神经根、硬膜囊减压基础上的可靠融合 ,并通过辅以短节段内固定的椎体间撑开 ,恢复腰椎良好力线的前提下行有限复位。     

开窗单枚椎间融合器结合提拉复位系统治疗腰椎滑脱症

目的 探讨开窗单枚椎间融合器结合提拉复位系统治疗Ⅰ、Ⅱ度腰椎滑脱症的临床疗效.方法 采用后路椎弓根提拉复位滑脱椎体,椎板间开窗式入路,潜行减压,扩大神经根管,切除部分髓核组织,单枚插入型椎间融合器结合提拉系统"撑开-压缩"复位,并在峡部植骨治疗Ⅰ、Ⅱ度腰椎滑脱症31例.结果 术后平均随访12个月,手术完全复位30例,JOA评分平均26.6分,椎体全部融合.无明显神经损伤并发症发生,术后X线片显示植骨区骨密度随时间延长而加深,椎体间高度无丢失,椎弓根钉系统无断裂和松动.结论 开窗单枚椎间融合器结合提拉复位系统治疗腰椎滑脱症,具有操作简单、创伤小、并发症少、安全有效的优点.     

腰5椎体Ⅱ度以上峡部裂性滑脱的手术策略

目的探讨腰5椎体Ⅱ度以上峡部裂性滑脱的手术治疗策略。方法 2003年8月～2008年10月,应用经椎间孔腰椎间融合（transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion,TLIF）技术,以小关节突为中心椎管减压、椎间隙松解撑开复位、椎弓根钉棒系统补充复位固定、椎间隙打压植骨联合椎间融合器技术治疗腰5椎体Ⅱ度以上峡部裂性滑脱26例。结果经18～36个月（平均30个月）随访,滑脱椎体复位无丢失,椎间隙高度维持良好,下腰椎生理弧度恢复正常,椎弓根螺钉无断裂、松动,融合器无移位、沉降。25例获骨性融合。根据NaKai评分标准,优良率为84.6%。结论采用TLIF技术治疗腰5椎体Ⅱ度以上滑脱,神经根管减压是影响疗效的关键因素,滑脱椎体复位有利于神经根减压以及椎间融合率的提高,椎体间融合是维持长期疗效的基础。     

SRS复位固定加Cage椎间融合治疗腰椎滑脱症

目的 探讨应用SRS椎弓根系统复位固定、后路全椎板减压加斜向植入单枚Cage的椎间融合术治疗腰椎滑脱症的疗效.方法 对69例腰椎滑脱症采用全椎板减压、SRS椎弓根系统复位固定,并以后路单枚椎间融合器后斜向植人技术进行治疗.结果 滑脱椎体均获得骨性融合.根据MacNab评定标准,优良率为98.5%.术后无内固定物松动、断裂、椎间融合器下沉等并发症.结论 SRS椎弓根系统和单枚Cage在治疗腰椎滑脱症中具有协同作用,可增强腰椎固定后的稳定性,提高了椎间融合率,是治疗腰椎滑脱症的理想术式.     

椎弓根钉系统固定联合单枚融合器椎间植骨融合治疗腰椎滑脱症

治疗腰椎椎体滑脱症的手术方法很多,经后路椎体间融合术(posterior lum-bar interbody fusion,PLIF)因具有有效撑开椎间隙,恢复前、中柱承重及融合率高等优点,已在国内外得到公认[1].我院自2004-03-2007-05,采用椎弓根钉置入同时行单枚融合器椎间植骨融合术治疗腰椎滑脱症,术中采用先半椎板或全椎板减压,椎弓根螺钉固定.撑开椎间隙,体外辅助提拉复位同时行钉棒复位,椎间隙前1/4植入骨粒再行单枚融合器椎间植骨融合术治疗腰椎滑脱症28例,取得良好疗效,现报告如下:     

椎间融合器加提拉复位系统治疗腰椎滑脱症

目的探讨应用椎体提拉复位系统(spondylolisthesis reducation system,SRS)加单侧椎间融合器融合治疗峡部不连性腰椎滑脱症的疗效。方法自1998年2月至2005年6月治疗36例峡部不连性腰椎滑脱患者,手术对椎管和神经根管进行减压,用SRS对椎体进行复位内固定,后方斜向单个椎间融合器植入椎间融合,并在峡部植骨。按椎体复位、JOA评分、融合及内固定稳定程度和椎间隙高度变化等进行疗效评价。结果36例患者获6个月~7年的随访,手术完全复位35例,JOA评分平均26.8分,椎体全部融合,无内固定松动,椎间高度变化平均为1.7 mm。结论SRS加单侧椎间融合器是治疗峡部不连性腰椎滑脱症的有效方法。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.