输尿管插管定位ESWL治疗输尿管阴性结石126例

目的：探讨输尿管插管体外冲击波碎石（ESWL）治疗输尿管阴性结石的效果。方法：行患侧输尿管插管，逆行输尿管造影，用X线定位，明确结石部位后碎石治疗。对ESWL不能定位和ESWL治疗无效者，选用输尿管镜气压弹道碎石或输尿管切开取石。结果：在126例输尿管结石中有7例输尿管结石未插入输尿管导管或导管脱落者未行ESWL治疗，119输尿管结石例行ESWL治疗，103例经ESWL治愈，有16例行输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术治愈，有7例输尿管结石行输尿管切开取石，126例均随访3～12个月，患侧无输尿管结石，肾积水消失或明显减轻。结论：输尿管插管定位ESWL治疗输尿管阴性结石效果好，不需要麻醉，费用低，对ESWL治疗无效者行输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术治疗，明显提高了治疗效果，二者配合使用，绝大部分输尿管阴性结石不需要开放手术治疗。     

经尿道输尿管肾镜钬激光碎石术治疗上尿路结石

目的探讨经输尿管肾镜联合钬激光腔内治疗输尿管结石的有效性及安全性。方法分析2005年1月～2006年12月收治的经输尿管肾镜钬激光治疗输尿管结石206例的临床资料。其中181例伴有患侧轻、中度肾盂积水,IVP患肾不显影19例,28例同时合并结石远端输尿管狭窄,57例合并有息肉或肉芽组织包裹,26例为体外冲击波碎石术（ESWL）治疗失败。结果206例中195例单次手术碎石成功,单次手术结石粉碎率达94．7％（195／206）。平均手术时间25min,术中无输尿管穿孔等并发症发生,平均住院日5.5d。10例结石在钬激光碎石过程中移位于肾盏或结石残留,术后再行ESWL治愈;1例双侧输尿管结石,因输尿管狭窄无法人镜,中转开放手术。结论输尿管肾镜联合钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管结石有效、安全,可作为输尿管结石特别是中下段结石首选的治疗方法。     

不同类型输尿管结石治疗方法的探讨

目的：探讨不同类型输尿管结石治疗方法选择.方法：根据结石的大小、病程、肾积水情况、结石在输尿管的部位及输尿管本身的病变,对700例输尿管结石进行分类,并对其治疗方法进行回顾性分析.结果：本组均行饮水和药物排石其中Ⅰ类结石4周内结石排净率98.6%,4例行体外冲击波碎石（ESWL）治疗;Ⅱa类结石均行ESWL治疗,4周内结石排净率94.6%,转输尿管镜下碎石1例,开放手术8例;Ⅱb类结石行ESWL治疗者99例,周内结石排净率66.6%.转开放手术28例（当时无输尿管镜设备）,转输尿管镜下碎石5例,行输尿管镜下碎石56例,4周内结石排净率96.4%,失败2例转开放手术;Ⅲ类结石行输尿管镜下碎石5例,失败2例转开放手术,1例结合ESWL后治愈,开放手术8例,全部成功.结论：Ⅰ类输尿管结石,因结石小,病程短,肾积水轻,首选饮水和药物排石治疗;Ⅱa类输尿管结石首选ESWL;Ⅱb类输尿管结石位于输尿管中下段,输尿管镜操作容易,因此首选输尿管镜气压弹道碎石;Ⅲ类输尿管结石需尽快解除梗阻,有经验的术者可尝试榆尿管镜气压弹道碎石,但以开放手术为妥.     

钬激光和EMS在经皮肾镜治疗鹿角型肾结石中的临床疗效比较

目的比较经皮肾镜采用钬激光和第四代EMS（Electro Medical Systems,EMS）碎石清石系统治疗复杂性肾结石的临床疗效及安全性。方法回顾性分析经皮肾镜联合钬激光或第四代EMS碎石清石系统治疗鹿角型肾结石患者832例的临床资料,观察平均碎石清石时间、平均出血量、近期和远期结石清除率及手术严重并发症等指标,比较两种碎石方法的疗效及安全性。结果832例患者均一期成功建立经皮肾镜通道,所有病例均单通道碎石。钬激光组术后5d结石清除率为76．0％,平均碎石时间（51±6．3）min,平均碎石清石时间（97±5．6）min,平均出血量（75．3±7．6）ml。EMS组术后5d结石清除率为83．5％,平均碎石清石时间为（78±5．0）min,平均出血量（65±7．0）ml。术后1个月时钬激光组和EMS组结石排除率分别为87．0％和91．8％。两组相比,EMS组的平均碎石清石时间、术中出血量、近期及远期结石清除率均优于钬激光组（P〈0．05）。所有病例均未出现顽固性高热、严重血尿、肾周血肿、气胸、穿孔、肾功能损伤等严重并发症。结论经皮肾镜联合EMS碎石清石系统治疗鹿角型肾结石与钬激光相比,具有更加安全、高效的优势。但对于质地较硬的结石两者联合可取得更好的效果。     

体外冲击波碎石治疗泌尿系结石8702例临床总结

目的探讨体外震波碎石（ESWL）治疗泌尿系结石的临床效果。方法回顾性分析ESWL治疗的8702例泌尿系病人的临床资料。结果7572例泌尿系结石2月内排尽；673例6月内排尽；376例未排尽；81例无效，无效者在最后一次治疗后1月行开放性手术。结论ESWL是治疗泌尿系结石的首选方法，安全有效，易被患者接受，但要注意病例的选择。     

体外冲击波碎石治疗上尿路阴性结石的研究

探讨X线定位系统碎石机治疗泌尿系阴性结石的定位方法。应用国产HX902型碎石机,采用静脉尿路造影术（IVU）和逆行尿路造影术（RGU）定位法,X线双重定位碎石机进行体外冲击波碎石术（ESWL）,治疗泌尿系阴性结石63例,首次碎石治愈率为87.3％（55／63）。观察上尿路不同部位阴性结石的碎石效果,首次碎石治愈率分别为：肾阴性结石40％（2／5）;输尿管上中段阴性结石88.24％（30／34）;输尿管下段阴性结石95.83％（23／24）,疗效满意。提出了利用双束交叉X线定位碎石机,通过尿路造影协助,对阴性结石进行ESWL治疗时的几种定位方法,认为X线定位碎石机,只要在尿路造影协助下,治疗阴性结石可取得同样良好效果。     

经皮肾镜钬激光治疗复杂性肾结石疗效观察

目的探讨经皮肾穿刺（PcNL）钬激光碎石治疗复杂性肾结石的效果。方法本组23例复杂性肾结石,9例为鹿角形结石,8例为铸形结石,6例为多发性结石。2％利多卡因局部麻醉,B超引导下穿刺,扩张至F20时留置鞘,肾镜下采用钬激光碎石及取石,分1-3次碎石处理,间隔3～5d。结果全部病例均一次穿刺成功,穿刺1个通道者15例,穿刺2个通道者8侧。1次治疗9例,2次治疗11例,3次治疗3例。结石总排尽率82．6％（19／23侧）,手术时间为1．6～4．4h,平均3．1h,术后除1例血尿,1例发热以外无明显并发症。结论局麻下经皮肾镜钬激光治疗复杂性肾结石,安全有效,术后并发症少。     

预置双J管预防肾结石ESWL术后并发症157例分析

体外冲击波碎石（ESWL）术是目前治疗尿路结石的首选方法，但在治疗〉2cm肾结石时，ESWL所致“石街”以及由其导致的发热、脓肾等并发症，会对患肾功能造成一定损伤，严重者可导致急性梗阻性肾损伤。近期，我们对肾结石157例预置双J管后行ESWL治疗，预防并发症效果满意。现分析报告如下。     

前列腺增生合并输尿管结石的同期腔内治疗

目的探讨同期腔内治疗前列腺增生合并输尿管结石的手术方法。方法采用输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术及经尿道前列腺电切术，同期腔内治疗前列腺增生合并输尿管结石患者72例。结果输尿管结石排净率为87．5％（63／72）；61例（84．7％）患者随访6-24个月，Qmax平均增至16．1ml／s，Qave平均增至10．5ml／s，RU平均降至16ml。IPSS平均8分。各项指标与术前相比，差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论完善的围手术期系统治疗以及熟练的手术操作技能，可使同期行前列腺电切术及输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术成为能一次处理两种疾病、避免两次麻醉风险、患者痛苦少及治疗费用低的手术方式。     

ESWL治疗肾下盏结石6230例疗效分析

自1980年体外冲击波碎石术（Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, ESWL）问世以来,ESWL已成为上尿路结石的重要治疗手段。肾下盏结石在肾结石中占有很高的比例,而ESWL对肾下盏结石的排空率较低。笔者对1988～2007年以来行ESWL治疗的6230例肾下盏结石进行了回顾性调查,旨在探讨肾下盏结石治疗的有效方法,现将结果报道如下：     

标准单通道EMS系统治疗肾鹿角形结石的疗效分析

目的探讨超声引导下标准单通道经皮肾镜气压弹道联合超声碎石清石(EMS)系统治疗肾鹿角形结石的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2009年1月—2013年6月我科应用超声引导下标准单通道EMS系统治疗的30例肾鹿角形结石患者的临床资料。结果 12例(40%)尝试多次穿刺,肾盂结石梗阻解除率100%;首次结石完全清除13例(43.3%),对残留结石行体外震波碎石12例(40%),二期手术5例(16.7%)。有3例(10%)术后输血,10例(33.3%)术后短期发热,无肾切除、血气胸、腹腔脏器损伤、感染性休克等严重并发症发生。结论超声引导下标准单通道EMS系统治疗肾鹿角形结石安全有效,但穿刺难度较大,结石残留率高,感染并发症多见。     

B超引导下经皮微通道输尿管镜碎石治疗上尿路结石

目的：探讨超声引导下微创经皮输尿管镜取石术（MPCNL）在上尿路结石治疗中的临床疗效及其应用价值。方法：回顾性分析超声引导下微创经皮输尿管镜取石术128例临床资料。结果：128例患者中,一期取净结石90例,二期取净结石19例,中转开放手术1例;20例术后2月仍有残留结石,行体外冲击波碎石（ESWL）后排净。平均手术时间120 min,平均出血量80 mL,平均住院8 d,该组结石取尽率达85.2%;术后无继发性出血、尿外渗、肾盂输尿管穿孔及气胸、腹腔脏器损伤等严重并发症发生。结论：超声引导下行MPCNL治疗上尿路结石具有微创、高效、安全和并发症少等优势,患者术后恢复快,具有临床推广应用价值。     

CT值在输尿管结石ESWL术中的应用价值探讨

目的利用非增强螺旋CT（non-contrast helical computerized tomography,NCHCT）测定结石的CT值,结合输尿管结石体外冲击波碎石术（extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy,ESWL）疗效,探讨CT值在临床中应用价值。方法对79例输尿管结石长径在0.6～1.5 cm拟行ESWL治疗的输尿管单发结石患者,行非增强螺旋CT检查并测定结石的CT值,分为平均CT值〈750 HU组和平均CT值〉750 HU组,经过ESWL术后,观察两组结石清除率及有效率,分析两组间的基本特征和冲击次数及碎石效果。结果与结石CT值〉750 HU组相比,〈750 HU组所需冲击次数少,结石清除率高。两组比较（P〈0.05）,差异有统计学意义。结论 NCHCT的结石平均CT值能有效预测输尿管结石ESWL术疗效。结石CT值〈750 HU易于粉碎,结石清除率高,应首选ESWL术;而CT值〉750 HU结石清除率低,可考虑首选腔镜下碎石或开放手术取石。     

The "in situ" treatment of ureteral calculi with extracorporeal lithotripsy]

The authors report on 80 cases of ureteral calculi treated with in situ extracorporeal shock wave (ESWL), with no retrograde or antegrade maneuvers. Success rate was high (97.5%). Forty-two calculi were located in the proximal ureter above the sacroiliac joint; 10 were in the pre-sacral ureter, and 28 in the pelvic ureter, below the inferior border of the sacroiliac joint. After ESWL, double-J stents were positioned in 5 patients and nephrostomy was performed in 4 cases with positioning of 7-F pig-tail catheters; 8 patients (10%) underwent additional post-lithotripsy urologic and radiologic examinations. Lithotripsy having failed in 2 patients (2.5%), surgery with ureterolithotomy was performed. In situ ESWL of ureteral calculi emerges from this trial as the treatment of choice and not as an alternative to urologic maneuvers or open surgery with ureterolithotomy: the latter methods are necessary only after ESWL failure.     

多尼尔腔内泌尿外科工作站在上尿路结石中的综合应用

目的 探讨多尼尔腔内泌尿外科工作站在上尿路结石一站式微创治疗的功效。方法总结262例上尿路结石患者经输尿管镜钬激光碎石术、微造瘘经皮肾镜钬激光碎石术、体外冲击波碎石术的临床资料。结果239例患者一次碎石成功,占91、2％。结石排净253例,占96．5％。结论在多尼尔腔内泌尿外科工作站内采用体外冲击波碎石术联合腔内碎石技术的一站式综合治疗是处理上尿路结石的最佳手段,具有创伤小、效果好、方便、快捷的优势,值得临床推广应用。     

Percutaneous nephrostomy in conjunction with ESWL in treatment of nephrolithiasis

The use of percutaneous nephrostomies (PCNs) in 1456 patients (1660 kidneys) treated with extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (ESWL) was evaluated. In this group, 138 PCNs (130 patients) were performed in 133 kidneys. Forty-seven percent of PCNs were placed in patients with staghorn calculi; 24% were for stones in the renal pelvis, and 20% for ureteral stones. The most common indication for PCN was fever and obstruction (57%). In 15%, the indications were failure to decompress an obstructed system from a retrograde direction, clogged double-J ureteral stents, and perforation of the ureter. Prophylactic PCN placement in the treatment of staghorn calculi and large stones in the renal pelvis accounted for 12%. Five percent were placed for miscellaneous other reasons, and for 11% there was no documentation of the indication because they were placed before the patients came to our center. Localization of the collecting system for optimal placement of PCN is unique in ESWL patients because the residual stone fragments provide natural contrast. This eliminates the need for administration of contrast material in 50% of the patients. Twenty-six percent of PCN tracts were subsequently used for other procedures (e.g., percutaneous nephrolithotomy, fragment irrigation, ureteral stone manipulation). Bleeding complications from PCN occurred in 7%. Other minor complications occurred in 12% of cases. PCN is a useful adjuvant to ESWL treatment of kidney stones. Although its major use is to relieve urinary tract obstruction, it is also used as a preliminary step in planning other percutaneous interventional procedures. This is particularly the case in the treatment of large bulky stones in the renal pelvis and staghorn calculi.     

Renal stone disease treated with extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy: short-term observations in 100 patients

The immediate posttreatment findings are described for 100 patients who underwent extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) for renal stone disease. Excretory urography was performed both before and 24-72 hours after ESWL. In 21 patients, stones were completely disintegrated, and stone fragments were passed rapidly. Stones were fragmented but not passed entirely within 24-72 hours in 76 patients. There was no appreciable effect on stones in three patients. In nine of 27 patients who had mild to severe ureteral obstruction caused by stone fragments, relief procedures (retrograde ureteral manipulation or percutaneous stone extraction) were necessary. Overall, 70 patients experienced successful stone disintegration without complications. Continued investigation is needed to determine prevalence of residual calculi, reversibility of acute effects of ESWL on the kidney, and possible development of late hypertension.     

ESWL型矿石机治疗上尿路结石5000例临床疗效研究

８年来应用国产ＥＳＷＬ碎石机治疗上尿路结石５０００例,占同期收治该病的９７．２９％。肾结石治疗成功率９８．１３％,复治率３８．５０％。输尿管结石治疗成功率９７．９９％,复治率２８．９％。复杂性肾结石占１９．３０％,９０％以上的复杂性肾结石复治后收到满意效果。随访６个月￣８年,结石复发１７６例,复发率３．５２％。ＥＳＷＬ治疗后结石复发与碎石存留、ＥＳＷＬ治疗次数、尿路感染、代谢因素和尿路梗阻、性别等     

经皮肾镜大功率钬激光碎石术治疗复杂性肾结石疗效分析

目的：观察对复杂性的肾结石患者予以微造瘘下经皮肾镜行钬激光碎石的临床效果。方法自2008年11月～2012年11月以来,治疗的136例复杂性的肾结石患者临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果118例患者一期行单通道的碎石取石：在术后的5-7天予以泌尿系平片的复查,其中108例结石达到一次取净,其一期清石率约为79.4％（108/136）,其余10例为残留的小结石,予以体外的震波碎石。4例行中转开放式手术：其中2例患者术中出血较明显,以致视野模糊,经剥皮鞘后压迫5 min即好转,而继续操作却仍见出血,遂决定予以二期手术,而患者家属则要求实施开放式手术取石;其中2例由于通道迷失予以再次穿刺,但失败后中转为开放式手术。14例由于结石残留的较多行二期的碎石或者取石。其手术时间为105～220 min,（119.8＆#177;40.5）min。其术后住院为8～13天,（11.5＆#177;1.8）天。全部患者均未予双通道以及多通道的取石,均未出现肠管损伤或者胸膜损伤等临床并发症,均未出现穿刺失败,均未出现术中以及术后的大出血,没有输血,并且无一例出现术后的感染。136例经随访6～30个月,（19.5＆#177;8.5）月,有6例出现结石复发,经体外的震波碎石后均治愈。结论对复杂性的肾结石患者予以微造瘘下经皮肾镜行钬激光碎石,不仅高效安全,而且具有创伤小,与出血少,以及恢复快,和结石的清除率高等优点。