Hand-Assisted Laparoscopic Donor Nephrectomy: A Comparative Study With Conventional Open Donor Nephrectomy in a Single Chinese Center

Background

Traditional open donor nephrectomy (ODN) is associated with good outcomes and excellent allograft function; nevertheless, it causes too much injury to the donor. Hand-assisted laparoscopic donor nephrectomy (HLDN) may accomplish these goals with less damage. We compared the outcomes of the hand-assisted with the traditional open approach. We also investigated whether the availability of the HLDN approach affected a donor's decision and why he or she selected HLDN versus ODN.

Materials and Methods

We retrospectively analyzed donor and allograft outcomes for the first 65 patients undergoing HLDN at our institution compared with those of 32 patients undergoing traditional ODN. Patient data were obtained from medical record reviews and telephone interviews.

Results

HLDN and ODN were successfully completed in 97 (100%) donors. No conversion to open operation occurred among the HLDN group. The mean (standard deviation) operative durations were 157.92 (23.79) minutes for HLDN and 103.21 (19.63) minutes for ODN (P = .000), and hospital stays were 5.00 (1.54) days for the HLDN group and 6.59 (0.79) days for the ODN group (P = .000). There was no significant difference between the 2 groups in postoperative donor (P = .541) and recipient (P = .337) renal functions. The primary reason encouraging donors was family obligations and bonds (70.1%); the availability of HLDN did encourage the decision (29.9%). Although all renal donors were aware of the option of HLDN, 28 selected ODN because of financial reasons, another 4 patients due to safety concerns. The main reasons for choosing HLDN instead of ODN were less postoperative pain (60%) and cosmetic concerns (29.2%).

Conclusions

HLDN was safe and feasible to procure a normally functional organ for live donor transplantation. The availability of the HLDN approach did affect a donor's decision. The main reason for choosing HLDN instead of ODN was less postoperative pain.     

腹腔镜与开放行肾部分切除术的临床疗效比较

目的：比较腹腔镜下与开放行肾部分切除术治疗肾肿瘤的效果。方法：回顾性分析2007年1月～2010年7月肾部分切除术41例,其中腹腔镜肾部分切除术18例,开放肾部分切除术23例,对两种方法的临床效果进行比较。结果：腹腔镜组和开放组术中出血量分别为（200±35）ml、（363±48）ml,进食时间分别为（2．7士1．0）d、（3．8±1．3）d,住院时间分别为（13．2±3．0）d、（16．4±4．3）d,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。两组术后引流管留置时间分别为（3．7±1．3）d、（4．7士1．4）d,两组比较无明显差异（P〉0．05）。腹腔镜组和开放组手术时间分别为（137土95）min、（125±52）min,热缺血时间分别为（27．8i2．1）min、（17．8±8．6）min,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论：与开放肾部分切除术相比,腹腔镜肾部分切除术具有失血量少、术后进食快、住院时间短等优点,但手术时间和。肾热缺血时间稍长。     

Hand-Assisted Retroperitoneoscopic Donor Nephrectomy Compared to Anterior Approach Open Donor Nephrectomy: Improved Long-Term Physical Component Score in Health-Related Quality of Life in Living Kidney Donors

BackgroundHealth-related quality of life (HRQL), fatigue, anxiety, and depression are crucial for the living kidney donor (LKD). Follow-up data for HRQL of LKDs comparing surgical techniques, especially regarding hand-assisted retroperitoneoscopic donor nephrectomy (HARP), are sparse. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of abdominal wall trauma minimized by HARP in comparison to open anterior approach donor nephrectomy (AA) on HRQL and additional psychosocial aspects of LKDs during the long-term follow-up.Material and MethodsThis is a cross-sectional study comparing psychosocial aspects of LKD between HARP and AA.ResultsThis study included 100 LKDs (68 HARP, 28 AA, and 4 were excluded secondary to incomplete data). The time to follow-up was 22.6 ± 11.7 (HARP) vs 58.7 ± 13.9 (AA) months (P < .005). Complications ≥3a° due to Clavien-Dindo classification was 0% in both groups. There were higher scores in all physical aspects for HARP donors vs AA donors at that time (physical function: 89.8 ± 14.6 vs 80.0 ± 19.9, P = .008, and the physical component score: 53.9 ± 7.6 vs 48.6 ± 8.5, P = .006). One year later (follow-up time + 12 months), HRQL for HARP donors was still higher. Mental items showed no significant differences. HARP donors showed better physical scores compared to the age-matched nondonor population (AA donors had lower scores). Neither the Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory-20 (MFI-20) or the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) showed any differences between the 2 groups. Fatigue scores were higher for HARP and for AA compared to the age-matched population.ConclusionsLKDs undergoing HARP showed better physical performance as part of HRQL in the long-term follow-up.     

Risks of Living Donor Nephrectomy

Introduction

There is good evidence that long-term graft survival is superior when living donors are used for kidney transplantation. Nevertheless, an assessment of potential risks associated with living donation is of particular interest.

Patients and Methods

In this single-center study, we evaluated the renal function of 31 kidney living donors (1997-2003) at 2-13.2 years after nephrectomy. The purpose of this study was to evaluate perioperative complications, renal function, new-onset proteinuria, and hypertension.

Results

Living related donation was performed in all cases. The average time after donation was 5.7 ± 2.4 years. The mean age at nephrectomy was 46.3 ± 9.0 years (range, 25-64), and 26 (83.9%) donors were females. Twelve patients (29%) were older than 50 years. The left kidney was used in 25 patients (80.6%). Surgical complications occurred in 2 patients. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) decreased from 116.9 ± 23 to 77.7 ± 19.2 mL/min/1.73 m² (P < .001). Five patients (16.1%) developed a postdonation GFR between 50 and 60 mL/min/1.73 m². Patients with lower GFR values after uninephrectomy showed lower predonation values (P < .05). Older patients (>50 years) displayed lower postdonation GFR than younger ones. We did not observe an increased prevalence of low postdonation GFR over time nor significant differences in protein excretion and blood pressure.

Conclusions

Living donor nephrectomy appears to be an acceptably safe intervention. Despite a reduction in GFR, the postdonation incidence of hypertension was low and proteinuria was not observed in any donor, even among previously hypertensive patients. Rigorous donor follow-up is recommended to identify persons at risk.     

Hand-Assisted Laparoscopic Versus Open Donor Nephrectomy: A Retrospective Comparison of Perioperative and Functional Results in a Tertiary Care Center in Mexico

Background

Laparoscopic nephrectomy for living donors is the current procedure of choice. Hand-assisted laparoscopic donor nephrectomy (HALDN) is the variation of this technique currently used in our institution. Though the advantages and disadvantages have been described for this procedure, the graft function compared with open surgery has been shown to be equal. We compared the outcomes of patients undergoing the former standard open donor nephrectomy (ODN) versus the current HALDN technique.

Methods

In this retrospective, comparative, and analytic study we reviewed our institutional database of renal transplantation procedures from January 2005 to April 2011 for perioperative variables and 1-year follow-up data. Donor renal function was evaluated with serum creatinine concentrations and estimated glomerular filtration rates with the Chronic Kidney Disease–Epidemiology formula. Complications were reported with the Clavien-Dindo classification.

Results

The 190 consecutive donors included 99 ODN and 91 HALDN, who did not show baseline differences. ODN had a shorter mean operative time (217 ± 57.5 vs 270 ± 60.1 minutes) and shorter warm ischemia time (2.12 ± 1.4 vs 4.62 ± 2.7 minutes). HALDN had less operative blood loss (274.4 ± 198.1 vs 202.99 ± 157.1 mL) and shorter in-hospital stay (5.58 ± 2.2 vs 4.23 ± 1.8 days). There were no significant differences in 30-day surgical complications or transfusion requirements. No graft loss was reported. No difference in renal function was observed between the groups at days 1–2 or months 1, 6, or 12 after nephrectomy.

Conclusions

Laparoscopic surgery has replaced conventional open surgery for living renal donors. HALDN is a safe and successful procedure compared with ODN. It is now the procedure of choice in our institution.     

Laparoscopic Live Donor Nephrectomy: Comparison of Outcomes Right Versus Left

Objective

To compare outcomes between right- and left-sided laparoscopic live donor nephrectomy (LDN). Left LDN (LLDN) remains the side of choice whenever possible because the left renal vein is longer; however, there are some donors in whom the right kidney is taken for donation due to anatomical or functional reasons. Right LDN (RLDN) is perceived to be difficult due to anatomical factors. Therefore, many surgeons have a bias for left kidney donation or will do right side donation as an open donor nephrectomy. At our institution, we routinely perform RLDN when indicated and herein compare the outcomes between right- and left-sided LDN.

Minimally Invasive and Open Donor Nephrectomy: Lessons Learned From a French Multicenter Experience

BackgroundWe evaluated different techniques of donor nephrectomy.MethodsOutcomes of 4 surgical approaches (open surgery [OS], standard laparoscopy [SL], hand-assisted laparoscopy [HAL], and robot-assisted la`paroscopy [RAL]) were compared.ResultsA total of 264 nephrectomies were performed: 65 in the OS group, 65 in the SL group, 65 in the HAL group, and 69 in RAL group. Operative time was longer for the RAL group (P < .001) with a mean time of 202 minutes (RAL), 182 minutes (OS), 173 minutes (SL), and 157 minutes (HAL). Complications (P = .002) and consumption of morphine derivates (P = .31) were lower for the RAL group (P = .0002). The visual analog scale pain scores (P = .002), hospital stay (P = .023), and time to return to full activities (P = .79) were higher for OS.ConclusionsThe 4 different nephrectomy surgical approaches had similar favorable results. The robot-assisted technique presented as an alternative option, with low incidence of complications, less pain, and results comparable to the other techniques.     

后腹腔镜活体供肾切取术手术并发症分析

目的探讨后腹腔镜下活体亲属供肾切取术供体和供肾相关手术并发症的发生和处理。方法2003年12月～2009年1月行后腹腔镜下活体亲属供肾切取术117例,常规取腰部3个穿刺点入路,在肾脂肪囊内游离肾脏后,输尿管游离至肾脏下极7～8cm处剪断,肾动脉和肾静脉用直线切割器（Endo-cut）切断或用Hem-o-lok（Weck,USA）夹闭后剪断,立即取出肾脏用4℃肾脏保存液灌注肾脏。用直线切割器处理肾血管3例,用Hem-o-lok处理肾血管114例。结果117例供肾切取术均获得成功,无供体死亡,无中转开放手术,无围手术期输血,无移植肾功能延迟恢复。发生供体手术并发症5例（4.3%）：术中出血2例,均术中止血;术后腹膜后血肿3例,均经保守治疗后血肿吸收。发生供肾相关并发症8例（6.8%）：直线切割器造成供肾动脉额外分支1例,3支肾动脉分支分别与髂外动脉和髂内动脉的2个分支吻合;供肾浅裂伤2例,均用可吸收线缝合;供肾被膜下血肿2例,1例未处理,1例行被膜切开术,均未影响移植肾功能;供肾输尿管并发症3例,肾移植术后10d拔除移植肾输尿管支架管后出现输尿管膀胱吻合口漏尿,再次手术吻合后均获得成功。13例出现供体并发症和供肾相关并发症者,随访15～62个月,平均50个月,供体未发现其他并发症,血尿常规、肝肾功能、血糖及腹部B超正常;供肾B超检查形态正常,肾功能正常。结论后腹腔镜下活体亲属供肾切取术安全可靠,手术并发症发生可能与手术学习曲线有关,不断改进技术可能会减少手术并发症的发生。     

Effects of Radiation on Protein Oxidation and Lipid Peroxidation in the Brain Tissue

Radiation produces reactive oxygen species that modify macromolecules such as protein and lipid by oxidation and act in many pathological processes, causing serious damage to the brain. This study sought to evaluate the effects of radiation and the protective effect of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on the brain tissue of guinea pigs based on the levels of lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation. Thirty-two guinea pigs were divided into groups of eight animals each: control group (group I); radiation group (group II); NAC group (group III), and NAC administered before radiation exposure group; (group IV). Guinea pigs in groups II and IV were exposed to Co⁶⁰ radiotherapy using the Source-Axis-Distance = 80 technique. The levels of protein carbonyl content and malondialdehyde (MDA), which is a marker for lipid peroxidation, were investigated by the Evans-Levine and Uchiyama-Mihara methods, respectively. The protein carbonyl and MDA levels of group II were significantly greater than those of group I (P < .01). The protein carbonyl and MDA levels of group IV were lower than those of group II. The difference between the MDA levels of group IV and group II was significant (P < .01); however, the difference in protein carbonyl levels between the two groups was not significant. The results indicated that radiation increased protein oxidation and lipid peroxidation in the brain, and NAC administration before radiation exposure may aid in the treatment by decreasing protein and lipid oxidation.     

Determinants of Laparoscopic Donor Nephrectomy Outcomes

Background

Pure laparoscopic donor nephrectomy (LDN) is a unique intervention because it carries known risks and complications, yet carries no direct benefit to the donor. Therefore, it is critical to continually examine and improve quality of care.

Objective

To identify factors affecting LDN outcomes and complications.

Design, setting, and participants

A retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data for 1204 consecutive LDNs performed from March 2000 through August 2012.

Intervention

LDN performed at an academic training center.

Outcome measurements and statistical analysis

Using multivariable regression, we assessed the effect of age, sex, body mass index (BMI), laterality, and vascular variation on operative time, estimated blood loss (EBL), complications, and length of stay.

Results and limitations

The following variables were associated with longer operative time (data given as parameter estimate plus or minus the standard error): female sex (9.09 ± 2.43; p < 0.001), higher BMI (1.03 ± 0.32; p = 0.001), two (7.87 ± 2.70; p = 0.004) and three or more (22.45 ± 7.13; p = 0.002) versus one renal artery, and early renal arterial branching (5.67 ± 2.82; p = 0.045), while early renal arterial branching (7.81 ± 3.85; p = 0.043) was associated with higher EBL. Overall, 8.2% of LDNs experienced complications, and by modified Clavien classification, 74 (5.9%) were grade 1, 13 (1.1%) were grade 2a, 10 (0.8%) were grade 2b, and 2 (0.2%) were grade 2c. There were no grade 3 or 4 complications. Three or more renal arteries (odds ratio [OR]: 2.74; 95% CI, 1.05–7.16; p = 0.04) and late renal vein confluence (OR: 2.42; 95% CI, 1.50–3.91; p = 0.0003) were associated with more complications. Finally, we did not find an association of the independent variables with length of stay. A limitation is that warm ischemia time was not assessed.

Conclusions

In our series, renal vascular variation prolonged operative time and was associated with more complications. While complicated donor anatomy is not a contraindication of LDN, surgical decision-making should take into consideration these results.     

腹腔镜活体供肾切除(LLDN)的并发症及其处理:加州大学洛杉矶分校(UCLA)的经验

1991年Clayman首先开展了腹腔镜肾切除术.在过去的15年中,腹腔镜肾脏外科手术得到了巨大的发展.1995年,Ratner等人首次开展了腹腔镜活体供肾切除(LLDN),因其与开放手术相比具有创伤小的优势,因此使肾脏活体供者数量大大增加.     

Laparoscopic and Open Partial Nephrectomy: A Matched-Pair Comparison of 200 Patients

Background

Laparoscopy is currently challenging the role of the open approach for nephron-sparing surgery (NSS), yet comparative studies on this issue are scant.

Objective

To compare surgical, oncologic, and functional outcomes after laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (LPN) and open partial nephrectomy (OPN).

Design, setting, and participants

We undertook matched-pair (age, sex, tumour size) analysis of patients who underwent elective NSS for renal masses either by laparoscopic (Klagenfurt) or open (Vienna) access.

Measurements

Surgical data, complications, histologic and oncologic data, and short- and long-term renal function of the open and laparoscopic groups were compared.

Results and limitations

In total, 200 patients matched for age, sex, and tumour size entered the study after either LPN or OPN and were followed for a mean of 3.6 yr. Surgical, ischemia, and hospitalisation times were shorter in the LPN group (p < 0.001). Blood loss and complication rates were comparable in both groups. Malignant tumours were pT1 stage renal-cell cancer only in both groups. The positive surgical margin (PSM) rate was 4% after LPN and 2% after OPN (p = 0.5); positive margins were not a risk factor for disease recurrence. Kaplan-Meier estimates of 5-yr local recurrence-free survival (RFS) were 97% after LPN and 98% after OPN (p = 0.8); the respective numbers for distant free survival were 99% and 96% (p = 0.2). Five-year overall survival (OS) for patients with pT1 stage renal cell carcinoma (RCC) was 96% after LPN and 85% after OPN. The decline in glomerular filtration rate at the last available follow-up (LPN: 10.9%; OPN: 10.6%) was similar in both groups (p = 0.8). We recognise the retrospective nature, limited follow-up, and sample size as shortcomings of this study.

Conclusions

In experienced hands, LPN provides similar results compared to open surgery. PSM rates were comparable after LPN and OPN. Current experience questions the indication of secondary nephrectomy in these patients.     

后腹腔镜手术切除结核性无功能肾与开放手术的临床比较

目的：探讨后腹腔镜手术切除结核性无功能肾的安全性与疗效。方法：将36例结核性无功能肾患者,按手术方式分为后腹腔镜组和开放手术组,比较两组手术时间、术中出血量、术后住院时间、并发症等方面的差异。结果：后腹腔镜组手术中转开放手术2例,开放手术组手术均获成功;后腹腔镜组肠功能恢复时间平均2．10天。显著少于开放手术组2．79天（P〈0．05）;镇痛剂使用平均0．71次,显著少于开放手术组1．87次（P〈0．05）。结论：后腹腔镜手术切除结核性无功能肾创伤小,恢复快,有学习曲线,安全可行。     

对肥胖和非肥胖患者行肾部分切除术腹腔镜与开放手术的比较

目的 本研究目的在于比较肥胖和非肥胖患者行开放肾部分切除术(OPN)和腹腔镜肾部分切除术(LPN)的围术期状态的比较.方法 我们分析比较了进行OPN的56名患者(28名肥胖患者,28名非肥胖患者)和进行LPN的112名患者(56名肥胖患者,56名非肥胖患者)的围术期的相关数据.结果 接受OPN的肥胖患者比接受LPN的肥胖患者,手术时间更长(285.9±69.7min对195.2±59.8min),失血量更多(484.5±272.1ml对391.7±308.6ml),肾动脉夹闭时间更长(44.4±12.8min对28.2±10.5min),术中并发症更多(14.3%对1.8%),术后并发症更多(35.7%对17.9%),住院时间更长(6.4±2.8天对3.2±2.2天).对比行LPN的肥胖患者和非肥胖患者,除了肥胖患者失血量(391.7±308.6ml对280.9±202.1ml)较多外,其他围手术期的结果相似.最后,对比接受OPN和LPN的非肥胖患者,行LPN的患者手术时间更短(248.9±45.0min对181.1±62.4min),失血量更少(412.4±274.6ml对280.9±202.1ml),术中并发症更少(21.4%对1.8%),住院时间更短(6.3±2.8天对3.2±1.6天).结论 肥胖和非肥胖患者,腹腔镜肾部分切除比开放肾部分切除术的围手术期效果显著提高.