血液肿瘤患者代理决策者预立医疗照护计划参与度及其影响因素研究

背景预立医疗照护计划（ACP）的实施可以帮助患者在丧失决策能力时得到与其价值观、目标和偏好相符合的医疗、护理服务。在ACP实施过程中,代理决策者作为主要参与者,担任着重要角色。当前,国内有关血液肿瘤患者代理决策者ACP参与度现状及其影响因素的研究较少。目的了解血液肿瘤患者代理决策者ACP参与度现状并分析其影响因素,以期为本土化ACP实施策略的制定提供参考与依据,并在一定程度上促进ACP在国内的推广。方法采用便利抽样法,抽取2020年10月至2021年3月于中国医学科学院血液病医院接受治疗的235例血液肿瘤患者的代理决策者为研究对象。采用一般资料调查表、中文版代理决策者预立医疗照护计划参与调查问卷（C-ACP-17-SDM）、中文版疾病不确定感家属量表（C-MUIS-FM）、简易应对方式问卷（SCSQ）、社会支持评定量表（SSRS）对其进行调查,比较不同特征血液肿瘤患者代理决策者C-ACP-17-SDM得分情况,采用Pearson相关分析血液肿瘤患者代理决策者C-ACP-17-SDM得分与C-MUIS-FM、SCSQ、SSRS得分的相关性,采用多重线性回归分析血液肿瘤患者代理决策者ACP参与度的影响因素。结果235例血液肿瘤患者代理决策者C-ACP-17-SDM得分为（52.23±13.57）分,C-MUIS-FM得分为（66.43±12.54）分,SCSQ的积极应对维度得分为（24.34±6.94）分、消极应对维度得分为（9.87±4.25）分,SSRS总得分为（40.33±6.78）分。男性、参与过临终医疗决策、了解生命支持、听说过ACP的代理决策者的C-ACP-17-SDM得分相应地高于女性、未参与过临终医疗决策、不了解生命支持、未听说过ACP的代理决策者,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。血液肿瘤患者代理决策者C-ACP-17-SDM得分与C-MUIS-FM总得分及不明确性维度、缺乏澄清维度得分呈线性负相关,与SCSQ的积极应对维度得分呈线性正相关。血液肿瘤患者代理决策者性别、是否参与过临终医疗决策、是否了解生命支持、是否听说过ACP、疾病不确定感水平、积极应对水平是影响其ACP参与度的因素（P<0.05）。结论血液肿瘤患者代理决策者ACP参与度处于中等偏上水平,医护人员在ACP实施前可鼓励男性、参与过临终医疗决策的家属作为血液肿瘤患者的代理决策者,并通过对代理决策者进行ACP相关知识宣教、为其讲解血液肿瘤相关知识、引导其采取积极的方式应对决策压力,提高血液肿瘤患者代理决策者ACP参与度。     

病人知情同意权的几个辩证法问题

以知情同意为核心的病人自主权是医疗服务和现代医患关系新的支撑点.在人体实验、放弃治疗等领域,充分尊重病人的知情同意权具有极大的现实意义.然而,医生的解释说明、医疗干预和亲属代理同意则构成了对知情同意的限制.因此,必须辩证理解知情同意的内涵,以最大限度地保障病人利益.     

论恶性肿瘤患者的放弃治疗——消极安乐死

在临床工作中,恶性肿瘤患者确诊后放弃治疗的现象极为常见,对恶性肿瘤患者放弃治疗其实就是一种消极的、被动的安乐死,是严重违背我们的社会伦理准则和医学宗旨的,通过分析其原因,对解决办法进行了初步的探讨。     

眼科放弃治疗的伦理学研究

放弃治疗有广义与狭义之分,广义的放弃治疗在各个专业和轻重不同的疾病中都存在.经济困难仍是眼科放弃治疗的主要问题.部分无光感眼疾患者不要过早放弃治疗,应尽力救治.误诊漏诊致病变由可治变为不可治的放弃治疗要尽量避免.治疗性放弃对临床医生是一个全新的概念,医生在特殊情况下对某些可治性疾病可采用放弃治疗的方法.     

医疗决策中自主性审视及临床实践策略 ——以肾病综合征患者为例

以肾病综合征为例对慢性病患者医疗决策中的自主性进行了分析,发现患者存在信息、表述、功能、决策以及执行五大维度的自主性;尊重患者自主性可以让患者作出符合其最大利益的决定,是相关医疗决策制定的基础,但慢性疾病医疗决策中尊重患者自主性也面临着部分慢性病患者自主性受限、医疗信息沟通不畅或资源匮乏弱化慢性病患者医疗决策自主性以及健康素养和健康管理能力的差异影响患者自主性发挥等问题。以肾病综合征患者为例,提出认清慢性病患者自主性的局限性,灵活运用不同方式尊重患者自主性;提升临床医务人员沟通能力与共同决策经验,实现充分尊重患者自主性;提升患者健康素养和健康管理能力,以实现对患者自主性的尊重的临床实践策略。     

尊重患者自主权 控制医疗费用支出

从医学伦理学理论和医疗工作实践两个方面探求医疗费用支出居高不下的成因和解决这一问题的方法。医患代理关系中的父权主义和供需关系中的追求医疗服务收益最大化使医疗费用居高不下。在理论上,尊重患者的自主权,采取双方决策机制有利于克服这一成因造成的问题。在实践中,应采用患者介入医疗决策、医保机构审核、促使医患双方信息对称以及道德与法律保障等方式来落实对患者自主权的尊重,这可以在一定程度上有效控制医疗费用的支出。     

病人知情同意权的几个辩证法问题

以知情同意为核心的病人自主权是医疗服务和现代医患关系新的支撑点。在人体实验、放弃治疗等领域,充分尊重病人的知情同意权具有极大的现实意义。然而,医生的解释说明、医疗干预和亲属代理同意则构成了对知情同意的限制。因此,必须辩证理解和知情同意的内涵,以最大限度地保障病人利益。     

自主性原则在儒家道德语境中遭遇到的困难

基于调研和访谈的数据,发现当前中国医疗领域中的“自主性原则”在很大程度上得到医患双方的认同和推崇,但同时这种认同和推崇却有着一定的界限.在最重要的医疗决策环节,医患双方都倾向于认为,患者主动地放弃自主权利,由医生作出决定,才是最好的方式.并且在医患双方的心目中,最理想的医患关系模式是具有明显家长制特征的“信托关系”,而不是完全的患者自主.一方面,医生行善与患者自主在儒家的道德哲学中是相互矛盾的,导致行善与自主难以共存;另一方面,儒家生命伦理认为,患者自主在一定程度上构成了对医生品质的否定,因而对于自主性的推崇无法得到文化上的认同.     

急性白血病和淋巴瘤患者参与治疗方案决策情况的调查

目的：调查急性白血病和淋巴瘤患者在治疗方案决策中期望和实际参与的现状。方法采用问卷调查的方式,使用“决策参与期待量表”对108例急性白血病和淋巴瘤患者进行调研。结果患者期望家属参与治疗方案决策程度及家属实际参与程度的符合率为55．56％（κ＝0．4427,P ＜0．001）,患者期望自己参与决策方式及实际参与方式的符合率为62．96％（κ＝0．5302,P ＜0．001）,与男性相比,女性参与治疗方案决策更为被动（χ2＝35．3519,P ＜0．001）。与文化程度较高患者相比,文化程度较低患者参与治疗方案决策更为被动（χ2＝25．4045,P ＜0．001）。结论急性白血病和淋巴瘤患者大多数由家属全权代表和依赖或比较依赖医生作出医疗决定,主动参与决策的患者较少。     

全科医学小词典——循证医学(Evidence Based Medicine,EBM)

循证医学是指遵循科学依据的医学.其核心思想是医疗决策(即病人的处理,治疗指南和医疗政策的制定等)应在现有的最好的临床研究依据基础上作出,同时也重视结合个人的临床经验.     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.