56例隐匿性乳腺癌临床病理特征分析及诊疗策略探讨

背景与目的：隐匿性乳腺癌发病隐匿,诊断困难,治疗策略不确定,是乳腺癌领域的难点和热点。本研究探讨了隐匿性乳腺癌的临床病理特征及诊疗策略。方法：对56例隐匿性乳腺癌患者在术前采用乳腺彩超、钼靶、磁共振及PET/CT检查,对比不同检查方法对隐匿性乳腺癌可疑原发灶检出率及病理符合率的差异。治疗方案采用新辅助化疗、乳腺癌改良根治术、保乳+腋窝淋巴结清扫术、腋窝淋巴结清扫术,术后行化疗+放疗。结果：乳腺超声、X线、MRI、PET/CT对乳腺可疑原发灶的检出率分别为7.14%（4/56）、29.41%（15/51）、37.50%（18/48）和16.28%（7/43）;结合术后病理学检查发现其病理符合率分别为66.67%（2/3）、50.00%（7/14）、50.00%（9/18）和50.00%（3/6）;26例患者乳腺超声、X线及MRI均未发现可疑原发灶,其中21例接受病理学检查,阳性率为14.29%（3/21）;对39例乳腺癌改良根治术标本行乳腺病理切片检查,检出原发灶15例,检出率38.46%。根据St. Gallen指南分子分型标准,Luminal A型、Luminal B型、HER-2阳性型和三阴性型比例分别为7.14%、46.43%、12.50%和33.93%。术后随访52例,随访时间10~104个月,中位时间35个月,复发转移4例,死亡0例。检出原发灶的15例患者中,复发或转移2例;未检出原发灶的24例患者中,无复发或转移;行新辅助化疗17例,达病理学完全缓解（pathological complete response,PCR）2例,复发或转移2例;行乳腺癌改良根治术39例,复发或转移2例;行保乳+腋窝清扫8例,复发或转移2例;腋窝清扫9例,无复发或转移。结论：乳腺MRI检查在隐匿性乳腺癌的排除性诊断中有重要价值;乳腺超声、X线及MRI均未发现可疑原发灶的患者其乳腺病理原发灶检出率较低;隐匿性乳腺癌的治疗策略可选择新辅助化疗、乳腺癌改良根治术、保乳+腋窝清扫术、腋窝清扫术;乳腺病理学未检出原发灶的患者复发转移率低于检出原发灶者。     

隐匿性乳腺癌7例临床分析及文献复习

背景与目的：隐匿性乳腺癌是临床较少见的特殊类型乳腺癌,本文拟就其诊断、治疗和预后作一探讨。方法：选择自1990年5月-2001年5月在我院胸外科收治的7例隐匿性乳腺癌的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果;本组全为女性,占同期乳腺癌的0.59%,临床症状以腋下肿块为首发症状,体查双乳均未解及明显肿块。术前行腋下肿块或细针穿刺,均找到癌细胞。本组全作乳腺钼靶X线照片,1例考虑乳腺癌可能。3例作双乳B超检查,1例考虑乳腺癌。本组5例行Halsted根治术,2例行良改根治术,术后4例在乳腺大体标本找到原发病灶,3例为浸润性导管癌,1例为导管内癌。术后2例予辅助化疗加放疗,5例予辅助化疗,4例予口服三苯氧胺治疗。本组全部随访,均仍生存,3例生存巳超过2年半,最长1例生存巳达7年。结论：临床上对女性腋窝肿块应高度警惕隐性乳腺癌的可能,术前予细针穿刺、腋下肿块活检（或加ER、PR检测）对帮助诊断有好处;乳腺钼靶照片和乳腺B超对乳腺原发病灶的检出率较低,多需术后乳腺大体标本病理切片确诊。治疗方法多采用乳腺癌根治术或改良根治术,术后辅以化疗、放疗等综合治疗,预后优于或相似于乳腺内肿块且伴有腋下淋巴结转移的乳腺癌。     

隐匿性乳腺癌36例诊治分析

回顾分析临沂市肿瘤医院乳腺外科收治的36例隐匿性乳腺癌(OBC)患者的临床资料,并结合文献进行讨论。所有病例腋下肿物均经切检病理确诊。乳腺钼靶检查2例诊断为乳腺癌,3例患者为可疑乳腺癌;乳房彩超检查1例诊为乳腺癌,3例患者为可疑乳腺癌。行改良根治术28例,乳腺癌根治术4例,保留乳房手术2例,腋窝淋巴结清除加全乳放疗2例。30例患者获得随访,15例生存时间>5年。回顾分析结果提示,对腋下肿块应行切除活检以明确诊断;乳腺钼靶、彩超及腋下肿物激素受体检测有一定价值;乳腺核磁共振扫描能够提高OBC的检出率。手术方式宜采用改良根治术或保留乳房后全乳照射,并辅以化疗及内分泌治疗等以提高长期生存率。     

乳腺癌胸肌间淋巴结清扫的临床意义

目的探讨乳腺癌胸肌间淋巴结(IPNs)的检出率、阳性率及其临床意义。方法对200例行改良根治术的乳腺癌患者,记录其IPNs检出、转移情况,分析其与患者年龄、原发肿瘤部位、肿瘤大小、腋窝淋巴结转移、临床分期、病理类型及分子分型的关系。结果 IPNs检出率为23.0%,转移率为4.0%。IPNs转移患者肿瘤原发灶较大,肿瘤位于中央者较多,腋窝淋巴结转移数目较多,临床分期较晚,分子分型以HER2+最多,差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.05)。结论对中央区原发肿瘤灶较大、腋窝淋巴结较大、Ⅱb期以上乳腺癌患者,改良根治术中应清扫IPNs并单独送病理检查,有助于术后合理选择综合治疗方案及准确判断预后。     

隐匿性乳腺癌的诊断和治疗

目的分析隐匿性乳腺癌的诊断、治疗及其预后情况,总结其诊断及治疗经验。方法回顾性分析47例隐匿性乳腺癌的诊断治疗方法以及各种方法治疗的效果。结果23例患者接受了同侧乳腺改良根治术,18例患者仅行同侧腋窝淋巴结清扫术,6例患者在腋窝淋巴结活检证实为隐匿性乳腺癌后未行进一步手术治疗。行改良根治术组与仅行腋窝清扫组两者间总生存率差异无显著性(P=0.646),但后者复发率(33.3%,6/18)明显高于前者(8.7%,2/23),两者无病生存率比较差异有显著性(P=0.008)。结论腋窝淋巴结活检及免疫组化分析对隐匿性乳腺癌的诊断具有重要意义,治疗方式首选改良根治术并辅以化放疗综合治疗。     

隐性乳腺癌四例报告

我院１９９２年６月～１９９７年６月,共收治乳腺癌４５０例,其中隐性乳腺癌４例（占０．９％）,总结报告如下。１　临床资料例１：女,３６岁。左腋窝孤立肿块３个月,于１９９２年１２月２０日入院,左腋窝２ｃｍ×２ｃｍ×２ｃｍ肿块、质硬,乳房触诊未发现肿块。局部肿块切除,活检为乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结转移。手术行乳腺癌改良根治术,切片示左乳腺导管浸润癌,中分化,淋巴结转移２／４。术后放、化疗,随诊２年无复发。例２：女,５２岁。左腋窝及锁骨下肿块６个月,于１９９４年６月８日入院。左腋窝３ｃｍ×３ｃｍ×４ｃｍ肿块,质…     

乳腺癌新辅助化疗疗效评价方法的比较

目的 比较查体、超声和钼靶在乳腺癌新辅助化疗(NAC)疗效评价中的差异.方法 通过查体、超声和钼靶分别测量、记录141例NAC患者肿瘤状况,分析治疗前后原发灶、淋巴结的变化.结果 全组中晚期患者居多,Ⅰ期仅占8.5%.化疗前查体的乳腺肿块较超声检查明显偏大(P＜0.01).评价疗效时,原发灶查体误判完全缓解(CR)率高达46.8%(22/47),而超声误判残留率为84.0%(21/25).43例行钼靶检查患者中,有23例(53.5%)患者困难以测量肿块大小而无法评价疗效;5例有钙化的患者,虽化疗后肿块缩小,但钙化范围无变化.在治疗中,25例有效患者行原发灶空芯针穿刺,在9例穿刺病理阴性者中,仅有3例达pCR;16例穿刺阳性者均未达pCR.超声检查怀疑腋窝淋巴结转移的患者,通过空芯针穿刺的病理阳性率为88.3%(53/60),超声检查不怀疑者仍有20.0%(1/5)为阳性.24例超声未探及腋窝肿大淋巴结患者中,有9例(37.5%)前哨淋巴结活检阳性.化疗前淋巴结病理阳性患者64例,化疗后转阴36例(56.3%).全组原发灶及淋巴结均达病理完全缓解(pCR)者21例,占14.9%(21/141).结论 乳腺癌患者化疗前对腋窝淋巴结进行空芯针穿刺或前哨淋巴结活检明确病理状态非常重要,查体、超声及铜靶检查对原发灶肿瘤大小的判断都有相当的误差,可采用病灶穿刺来评价NAC的疗效,但对结果 的判断还需综合分析.     

隐匿性乳腺癌的诊治探讨

目的探讨隐匿性乳腺癌的临床特点及诊治方法。方法对9例隐匿性乳腺癌患者的临床资料及疗效进行回顾性分析。结果术后9例患者中6例找到乳腺癌原发灶（3~8 mm）,随访1~8年,7例行乳腺癌改良根治术的患者中5例未出现局部复发或远处转移,1例术后1年发现骨转移灶,另1例术后1.5年死于脑、肺及骨转移;2例行保乳术的患者均无局部复发或远处转移。结论对有腋窝淋巴结转移腺癌而无明显原发癌灶的女性患者,应高度警惕隐匿性乳腺癌。治疗宜采用保乳术联合腋窝淋巴结清扫术,辅以全乳腺及区域淋巴结引流区放疗、化疗、内分泌治疗以及可能的靶向治疗。     

隐性乳腺癌6例诊治体会

目的探讨隐性乳腺癌的诊断及治疗.方法回顾分析本院诊治的6例隐性乳腺癌病人,并结合文献进行讨论.结果本组病例腋下肿块针吸或切检获诊,5例根治术或改良根治术者随访17个月～14年无癌复发或转移.结论对腋下肿块应行针吸细胞学检查或切除活检,以明确诊断,乳腺钼靶X线片,近红外线扫描及腋下肿块激素受体检测有一定价值.手术方式宜采用根治术或改良根治术,并辅以化疗、放疗及内分泌治疗等,以提高长期生存率.肿瘤防治杂志,2001,8(特)294-295     

乳腺癌前哨淋巴结预测腋窝淋巴结的价值

目的　探讨乳腺癌前哨淋巴结的定位及其临床实用价值。方法　术前 10分钟在乳腺癌肿块周围或者取活检的空腔周围注射 2 %亚甲蓝溶液 2～ 3ml,常规行改良根治术或根治术 ,然后将染成蓝色的前哨淋巴结及未染色的腋窝其他淋巴结分别送病检 ,比较病检结果。结果　 72例患者有 6 7例 (93.1% )发现前哨淋巴结 ,平均每例2～ 5枚。其中 6 5例前哨淋巴结位于 水平 ,2例位于 水平。前哨淋巴结对腋窝淋巴结状况预测的准确性、敏感性、特异性分别为 98.5 %、97.4 %和 10 0 .0 %。结论　前哨淋巴结能够准确地反应腋窝淋巴结的组织学状况。对于早期乳腺癌可以根据前哨淋巴结活检来决定是否行腋窝淋巴结清扫。     

隐匿性乳腺癌诊治探讨

目的探讨隐匿性乳腺癌诊断和治疗方法。方法对我院1991年8月至2001年7月收治的11例隐匿性乳腺癌患者进行回顾性研究。结果本组11例均为女性，年龄最小44岁，最大70岁，中位年龄55岁。首发症状均为腋窝肿物，左侧4例，右侧7例。合并锁骨上淋巴结转移2例。查乳腺钼靶片8例、CT2例均阴性。查乳腺超声8例，发现同侧乳腺肿物3例。手术行改良根治术4例，腋窝淋巴清扫3例，腋窝肿物切除2例，锁骨上淋巴结活检2例。术后按乳腺癌治疗方案行放化疗和内分泌治疗。随访8个月至9年6个月。死亡3例，5年生存率54．5％（6／11）。结论对于女性患者经病理证实的腋窝淋巴结转移性腺癌。如无其他脏器原发癌证据，即使乳腺未发现肿物亦应考虑为隐匿性乳腺癌，受体测定有助于诊断。治疗应根据乳腺癌治疗规范进行综合治疗。手术可行改良根治或根治性保乳术，对于乳腺无原发癌证据者可行腋窝淋巴清扫术。     

44例隐匿性乳腺癌临床分析

目的 分析隐匿性乳腺癌的诊断、治疗及预后情况,总结其诊断和治疗经验.方法 回顾性分析44例隐匿性乳腺癌患者的临床资料,44例隐匿性乳腺癌患者中,16例行乳腺癌根治术,19例行乳腺癌改良根治术,1例行保留乳腺的腋下淋巴结清扫,8例仅行腋下肿物切除.结果 在接受乳腺癌根治术的35例患者中,有4例(11.4%)在术后病理切片中发现原发灶,原发灶的最大直径为0.6～2.5 cm,其中3例为浸润性导管癌,1例为黏液腺癌;另有3例可在标本中见不典型增生.全组有38例患者获得随访,随访时间为12～132个月.32例行手术治疗且获得随访的患者中,2例死亡,3例术后局部复发并带瘤生存;未接受进一步手术治疗患者中,有2例分别于确诊后16和41个月后因浸润性导管癌行乳腺根治术;其余患者均无病生存.结论 对以腋下淋巴结肿大为惟一临床表现、经肿物活检确认为转移性腺癌的女性患者,应高度怀疑隐匿性乳腺癌的可能性.隐匿性乳腺癌的治疗方式可采用腋窝淋巴结清扫后全乳放疗或乳腺癌根治术.

Abstract：

Objective To summarize the experience of diagnosis and treatment of occult breast cancer in 44 cases. Methods Clinicopathological data of 44 cases of occult breast cancer initially presenting axillary mass alone treated in our department during Jan 1997 to Dec 2008 were retrospectively analyzed. Results The 44 patients with occult breast cancer accounted for 0.42% of all breast cancer patients admitted to our hospital and institute in the same period. The surgery included radical mastectomy in 16 cases, modified radical mastectomy in 19 cases, axillary clearance in 1 case, and simple axillary node excision in 8 cases. Follow-up, ranging from 12-132 months, was available in 38 cases. Among 32 cases who underwent mastectomy or axillary clearance, 2 cases died of distant metastases and 3 cases were still alive with local recurrence at the time of analysis. In two out of six cases who refused further surgical treatment received mastectomy 16 months and 41 months after the primary diagnosis of occult breast cancer, respectively. Others were alive without evidence of recurrence or metastases at the time of analysis. Conclusions Occult breast cancer should be taken into consideration in cases presenting with axillary metastasis of unknown primary origin. The treatment of occult breast cancer should include modified radical mastectomy/radical mastectomy or breast conserving surgery combined with breast irradiation.     

隐匿性乳腺癌的诊断和治疗

目的 探讨隐匿性乳腺癌的诊断、治疗及预后.方法 收集23例隐匿性乳腺癌患者的临床和随访资料,并进行分析.结果 23例患者均为女性,平均57.7岁.术前行影像学检查22例,其中行乳腺超声检查17例,8例发现可疑结节;行乳腺钼靶摄片9例,阳性3例;行乳腺MRI检查2例,1例发现异常钙化.20例行同侧乳腺癌改良根治术,16例进行化疗,4例放疗.随访期间,2例患者发生肺转移,其中1例多处转移.结论 术前排除其他部位原发癌的可能后,表现为腋窝淋巴结转移癌的患者即可诊断隐匿性乳腺癌.对隐匿性乳腺癌,乳腺必须进行治疗,可行乳腺癌改良根治术或腋窝淋巴结清扫+全乳放疗.     

40例男性乳腺癌随访资料分析

背景与目的 :探讨男性乳腺癌的临床特点 ,治疗方法和影响预后的因素。 材料与方法 :回顾性总结40例男性乳腺癌的临床特点和治疗方法 ,分析其影响预后的因素。 结果 :全部病例经手术后病理检查确诊。全组患者治疗后的5、10年生存率分别为65 %、52.5 %。根治术与改良根治术患者的5、10年生存率分别为72.2 %、71.4 %。腋窝部淋巴结转移率为62.5 %。 结论 :男性乳腺癌比女性病程长 ,更具有激素依赖性。容易发生腋窝淋巴结转移 ,预后较差。治疗上首选改良根治术并根据不同情况辅以放疗、化疗和内分泌治疗。     

Management of locoregional recurrent breast cancer

The influence of radiation and/or chemotherapy on locoregional tumor control and survival in patients treated for recurrent breast cancer after radical or modified radical mastectomy is retrospectively evaluated in 164 patients treated between 1972 and 1983 at the University of Texas M. D. Anderson Hospital. Treatment consisted of radiation alone in 57 patients, chemotherapy alone in 50 patients, and a combination of radiation and chemotherapy in 57 patients. Important differences in the composition of these three groups include a preponderance of postmenopausal women (44% vs. 32%) and more patients with four or more positive axillary nodes at the time of initial mastectomy (32% vs. 18%) in the radiotherapy group. Locoregional control of recurrent cancer was achieved in 65% of patients with radiotherapy compared to 46% of patients with chemotherapy (P = 0.049) and 67% with chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The addition of chemotherapy produced a trend toward improved disease-free survival rates. The two prognostic factors affecting tumor control and survival in this study are the tumor burden of the recurrence and the histologic axillary node status at the time of the initial mastectomy.     

Occult breast cancer: A case report and review of the literature

We report a case of a 44-yar-old woman with occult breast cancer presenting as an axillary mass in whom sonography was able to detecct an involved internal mammary node also, thus helping to establish a diagnosis of breast cancer. The patient underwent extended radical mastectomy, including internal mammary lymphadenectomy. Microscopy of the removed specimen failed to find a primary breast cancer lesion. Metastatic cancer was seen in the palpable axillary node, another resected axillary node and a removed internal mammary node. The estrogen and progesterone receptor analysis of the axillary node were negative. Since occult breast cancer was found highly potential for metastasizing to the infraclavicular or internal mammary nodes, it is reasonable to treat such patients in the same way as those with palpable breast cancer, with adjuvant chemotherapy.     

Occult breast carcinoma: a report of four cases and review of literature

We report four occult carcinoma breast cases in which extensive axillary node metastases was the first manifestation. Upper outer quadrentectomy with axillary dissection was done in three patients while modified radical mastectomy was done in one. Primary tumor could be found in three patients, one had squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) & two had infiltrating duct carcinoma (IDC). However primary tumor was not detected in breast tissue of the fourth patient. Extensive lymph node metastases were found in three out of 14,15 out of 15(SCC), 24 out of 24 and 1 out of three axillary nodes respectively. Results of immunohistochemical staining for estrogen and progesterone receptors on three cases were negative. All patient received postoperative radiotherapy and chemotherapy. We have reviewed the literature and discussed the approach to diagnosis and management in female patients presenting with metastatic carcinoma in the axillary nodes with emphasis on the appropriate pre-treatment evaluation.