临床路径在腹腔镜异位妊娠手术患者管理中的应用

[目的]研究临床路径(Clinical Pathway,CP)在腹腔镜异位妊娠手术患者的质量管理和费用控制中的作用。[方法]将60例腹腔镜异位妊娠手术患者随机分实验组和对照组,每组各30例,实验组按制订好的医、护患临床路径表实施每日诊疗,护理,康复工作,对照组采用常规医疗护理方法。[结果]实验组患者平均住院日和平均住院费用明显低于对照组(P≤0.01),患者满意度评分显著高于对照组(P≤0.05)。[结论]临床路径应用于腹腔镜异位妊娠手术,使患者可以得到高品质,低住院费用的医疗服务。     

乡镇医院实施单病种临床路径管理效果分析

目的 探讨单病种临床路径管理方法在乡镇医院中的应用效果 ,为同类医院不断改进医疗质量提供参考依据。方法 以平均住院日、平均住院费用、平均药费、治愈好转率等指标作为评价标准,对比分析四种单病种(社区获得性肺炎、腹股沟斜疝、臀肌挛缩、输尿管中下段结石)在实施临床路径管理前后的效果。结果 四种病种实施临床路径管理前后在平均住院日、平均药费方面差别具有统计学意义(p＜0.05),三种病种在平均住院费用方面差异具有统计学意义(p＜0.05),一种病种在术前平均住院日方面具有统计学意义(p＜0.05)。结论 在乡镇医院实施单病种临床路径管理效果是显著的,不仅可以有效缩短平均住院日,而且可以控制医疗费用的不合理增长,我们应该鼓励这一管理模式在乡镇医院中的应用。     

临床路径管理在肾结石患者中的应用及变异分析

目的探讨临床路径（CP）管理在经皮肾镜钬激光碎石术治疗肾结石患者中的应用及变异分析。方法 180例符合CP管理入径标准者,按既定肾结石CP管理流程进行诊疗操作（CP组）。将此前196例非CP管理患者作为对照组,对比2组间平均住院日、术后无石率、平均住院花费以及其中药品费用所占的百分比、患者出院满意度评分等量化指标的差异,并对其中变异情况进行分析。结果 CP组入径率41.67%,变异率达58.33%,导致变异的主要原因在于医、患对CP管理流程的认识偏差;CP组在平均住院日、平均住院花费及患者满意度优于对照组,具有统计学差异（P〈0.05）。术后无石率、平均住院费用、药品所占住院费用百分比2组未见统计学差异。结论 CP管理可有效缩短PCNL手术患者平均住院日,降低医疗费用、提高患者满意度。加强CP管理的医患教育是推行CP管理的关键。     

单病种临床路径管理经济效果分析

目的 探讨单病种临床路径管理的应用效果.方法 在某三甲医院接收的住院患者中,随机抽取5个病种200例患者作为观察组,实施临床路径管理;另随机选取同时期同样5个病种200例患者作为对照组,实施常规管理.结果 观察组的平均住院时间和住院费用明显低于对照组,且观察组对治疗和护理的满意度明显高于对照组,其差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 单病种临床路径管理对提高医疗服务质量具有重要作用,临床应加以推广.     

单病种临床路径与DRGs成本控制绩效研究与实践

通过对某一单病种实施临床路径与DRGs成本控制前后的对比分析,评价单病种临床路径和DRGs成本控制应用于临床管理的效果。结果显示,应用临床路径和DRGs成本控制可以明显改善医疗服务质量、缩短平均住院日、降低平均住院费用和提高病人满意度。     

儿外科四个单病种临床路径实施效果分析

[目的]探讨临床路径方法在儿科手术单病种的运用，为住院患者合理医疗费使用和改进医疗质量的实践提供参考。[方法]对广州市儿童医院2006年5月18日～12月31日的儿外科手术单病种（单侧腹股沟斜疝修补术、直肠病损切除术）和2006年10月1月～12月31日（唇裂修补术、鞘膜积液手术）共4个病种，分别实施了临床路径管理（CP组）作为实验组，与2005年1月1日～2005年12月30日末实施临床路径的4个相同病种用传统医疗护理管理（非CP组）对照组进行对比分析，以各组平均住院日、住院费用等作为评价指标。[结果]实施了CP组管理与非CP组管理的患者比较，4个病种在住院费用方面差异有统计学意义。有2个病种在住院时间方面差异有统计学意义。[结论]临床路径应用于儿科部份手术单病种，可以明显降低住院费用，缩短住院时间，提高病人满意度。     

临床护理路径在膝骨性关节炎患者关节镜手术中的应用效果评价

目的 评价临床护理路径在膝骨性关节炎患者关节镜手术中的应用效果.方法 将本科室90例做关节镜手术的膝骨性关节炎患者,随机分为观察组和对照组两组,分别应用临床护理路径和常规护理进行护理,比较两组在住院日、住院费用、健康知识达标和并发症方面的差异.结果 观察组和对照组在平均住院日、平均住院费用、对护理工作满意度及健康教育达标和并发症的比较存在明显差异（P＜0.05）,观察组优于对照组.结论 应用临床护理路径护理关节镜手术患者可缩短住院口、减少住院费用、增加患者对护理满意度和提高患者健康教育达标和并发症的比较,提高护理质量.     

DRGs IE15组在临床路径管理前后的费用影响分析

目的 探讨临床路径对DRGs付费IE15组费用的影响.方法 对某三级甲等医院骨关节科2012年DRGs试点IE15组146例病历实行临床路径管理,分析其平均住院费用和平均住院日的情况,并与2011年166例病历未实行临床路径管理的结果进行比较.结果 某三级甲等医院骨关节科IE15组实行临床路径管理后的平均住院费用（10 463.65元）和平均住院日（4.03天）明显低于实行临床路径管理前的平均住院费用（11 373.27元）和平均住院日（4.90天） （分别有P＜0.05和P＜0.000 l）.结论 临床路径可以降低DRGs的费用和住院日.     

临床路径管理实施效果分析

目的 评价实施临床路径管理对医疗质量的影响.方法 将2012年实施临床路径管理的结节性甲状腺肿(单侧)、老年性白内障(单眼)和腹股沟疝(单侧)3个病种共计977例出院患者作为路径组,将2010年未实施临床路径管理的相同治疗方式的3个相同病种1043例出院患者作为对照组,对两组相同病种进行比较;选择老年性白内障路径组124例变异病例进行变异分析.结果 3个病种实施临床路径管理后,平均住院日、平均住院费用和住院药费占比3项评价指标较未实施时呈不同程度降低;患者满意度较前提高;腹股沟疝和结节性甲状腺肿2个病种的抗茵药物合理应用各项指标有明显提高,各指标差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05);老年性白内障路径组发生变异的主要原因是合并其它疾病、患者双眼手术和部门休假致延迟.结论 临床路径管理能有效缩短平均住院日,控制医疗费用的增长,提高患者满意度,促进合理用药;对变异发生情况进行分析,采取改进措施,可实现医疗质量的持续改进.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术临床路径应用效果分析

[目的]评价临床路径(Clinicalpathway,CP)应用于腹腔镜胆囊切除术临床的效果。[方法]48例腹腔镜胆囊切除术患者,24例实施临床路径管理(CP组),24例实施传统的医疗护理(非CP组),以住院时间、住院费用、满意度等评价指标进行比较。[结果]CP组与非CP组住院时间分别为(7.30±1.40)d和(11.40±3.00)d(t=-6.067,P=0.000);住院费用分别为(5995.70±748.90)元和(8723.80±1077.20)元(t=-10.187,P=0.000);满意度分别为(98.75±2.22)%和(95.00±6.27)%(t=2.762,P=0.008)。两组在住院时间、住院费用、满意度方面差异有显著性。[结论]临床路径应用于腹腔镜胆囊切除术,可以明显缩短住院时间,降低住院费用,提高满意度。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.