我军免疫规划工作现状及建议

通过对国家及军内外免疫规划接种情况进行对比分析,结合军队传染病发病的现状,指出了我军免疫预防接种工作还存在"政策不完善、疫苗种类少、冷链系统不完善、基础研究薄弱"等4个主要问题,并对进一步加强我军的免疫规划接种工作提出了:修订<军队预防接种管理办法>;建立健全部队免疫规划网络,加强对免疫规划专业人才队伍培养;开展预防接...     

新时期军队传染病预防和控制面临的形势与策略

为了解和掌握军队传染病面临的形势，提出预防策略，在广泛收集有关资料的基础上，着重阐述了军队现阶段传染病防制的外围形势、传染病对军队人员健康的危害和对军事行动的影响，以及未来战争中的传染病问题。根据我军实际，提出了以下几点相应的防制策略：①坚持预防为主方针，运用新医学模式指导军队传染病防制工作；②搞好国防前哨和战略要地的流行病学调查，进一步加强疾病监测工作；③全面提高突发事件的应急处理能力；④加强传染病防制领域的科学研究，以适应新时期军队传染病预防与控制的需要     

田阳县免疫规划工作存在问题及对策

免疫规划工作是利用生物制品有计划地对目标人群进行免疫接种,是预防和控制相关传染病最经济、最有效的手段。搞好免疫规划工作,降低针对传染病的发病率,对保护目标人群特别是儿童的健康,提高民族素质具有十分重要的意义。目前,我县各乡(镇)免疫规划工作发展极不平衡,一些乡(镇)     

军队传染病防制及其流行病学研究的成绩和经验

军队作为国家和社会的一个重要组成部分,其疾病状况与国家和社会人群疾病状况密切相关。但由于军队的特殊性,其疾病的发生和流行也有特点。尤其是传染病,在生活高度集中、流动性大、任务特殊（如守土戎边、抢险救灾、作战等）的军队人群中更易发生和传播,甚至发生规模不等的爆发和流行,其危害和对军队战斗力的影响往往较其它疾病更为严重。因此,对传染病的防制一直是军队卫生防病工作的重点,也是军队流行病学研究的主要领域。建国５０年来,我军在传染病防制和流行病学研究方面取得了巨大成绩,也积累了不少成功经验,但依然面作者单…     

军队在职中高级干部医疗保健工作研究

如何做好新形式下军队在职中高级干部医疗保健工作,建立具有我军特色的健康保健管理模式,提高军队在职中高级干部的健康保健水平,是医务工作者面临的新挑战。文章阐明了做好军队在职中高级干部医疗保健工作是我军质量建设、提高战斗力的必然要求;分析了做好军队在职中高级干部医疗保健工作面临的形势与困难,就如何创造性地开展在职中高级干部医疗保健工作进行了论述。     

不同人群对免疫规划影响的研究进展

<正>国家免疫规划(原称"计划免疫")是指按照国家或者省、自治区、直辖市确定的疫苗品种、免疫程序或者接种方案,在人群中有计划地进行预防接种,以预防和控制针对传染病的发生和流行。中国自1978年开始实施儿童计划免疫以来,不断提高疫苗接种率,有效地预防和控制,甚至消灭了免疫规划疫苗针对传染病。2007年,扩大国家免疫规划实施,免疫规划疫苗增加到14种,可预防15种传染病。实施免疫规划的目的是为了保     

军队精神疾病专科中心建设

为探讨新时期军队精神病专科中心的建设与发展,本文分析了军队精神病专科中心目前的现状,在建设和发展中所面临问题,并从健全精神卫生管理机构、坚持专科发展方向、改革医疗管理模式、促进专业人才队伍建设、加强人文管理及远程医疗网络建设、完善防治体系等方面提出了相应对策。为我军军队精神病专科中心的建设与发展提供经验,为职能部门制定军队精神卫生工作规划提供参考。     

探讨社区免疫规划管理措施

目的探讨社区免疫规划管理措施,旨在更好地促进社区免疫工作顺利开展。方法针对社区免疫规划管理现状进行分析,并在此基础上通过加强管理工作、提高常规免疫接种率、实行电脑登记、开通查询功能、规范户籍管理、依法开展免疫规划工作、提供人性化服务以及政府加强管理等方法进行社区免疫规划管理。结果通过相关措施有效地确保社区儿童身体健康。结论免疫预防是当前我国预防各种传染病的主要措施,免疫规划的目的是预防、消除以及控制传染病。通过制定相关的管理措施能够促进免疫规划工作顺利开展,具有现实意义。     

对军队传染病监测的几点认识

军队是一个特殊的战斗集体，无论平时还是战时，都将遇到大量的传染病防治问题，传染病监测仍然是我军疾病监测的主要内容。（１）未来我军传染病监测的基本任务是收集疫情信息；分析动态分布与发展规律；预测和通报流行态势；鉴定病原体型别、毒力和影响因素等。（２）未来我军传染病监测的总趋势是从生物自然因素所致传染病的监测扩大到社会因素所致传染病的监测；从分段监测扩大到全程或终生监测；从个人监测扩大到群体监测；从垂直单线型监测扩大到网络型监测。（３）未来我军传染病监测的水平走向是监测的自觉性将进一步增强；监测的程序将进一步规范；监测的针对性将进一步加强。     

中国深化医疗改革十年免疫规划助力全民健康

在深化医疗改革的十年中,中国免疫规划工作取得了显著进展和成绩,预防接种成为国家基本公共卫生服务项目之一,免疫规划服务体系更加完善,疫苗可预防传染病的发病处于历史较低水平。免疫规划工作落实"预防为主"的方针,在加强重大传染病防控、完善传染病监测预警机制、继续实施扩大国家免疫规划、适龄儿童国家免疫规划疫苗接种率维持在较高水平、建立预防接种异常反应补偿保险机制等方面发挥了巨大作用,助力了《健康中国2030"规划纲要》的"共建共享、全民健康"战略。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.